1
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Chang WY, Shi D, Jiang XQ, Jiang JD, Zhao Y, Ren XK, Yang S, Chen EQ. Precise polyethylene derivatives bearing mesogenic side-chains: delicate self-assembly depending on graft density. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01856e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Precise polyethylene derivatives bearing mesogenic side-chains demonstrate a sophisticated side-chain spacing effect on the local coupling and spatial arrangement of the backbone and side-chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ying Chang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education
- Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
| | - Dong Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education
- Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
| | - Xu-Qiang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education
- Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
| | - Jia-Di Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education
- Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Xiang-Kui Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education
- Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
| | - Er-Qiang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education
- Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry
- Peking University
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2
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Messmer D, Sánchez-Ferrer A, Tacke S, Yu H, Nüsse H, Klingauf J, Wepf R, Kröger M, Halperin A, Mezzenga R, Schlüter AD. Can one determine the density of an individual synthetic macromolecule? SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:6547-6556. [PMID: 31359025 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01220f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dendronized polymers (DPs) are large and compact main-chain linear polymers with a cylindrical shape and cross-sectional diameters of up to ∼15 nm. They are therefore considered molecular objects, and it was of interest whether given their experimentally accessible, well-defined dimensions, the density of individual DPs could be determined. We present measurements on individual, deposited DP chains, providing molecular dimensions from scanning and transmission electron microscopy and mass-per-length values from quantitative scanning transmission electron microscopy. These results are compared with density values obtained from small-angle X-ray scattering on annealed bulk specimen and with classical envelope density measurements, obtained using hydrostatic weighing or a density gradient column. The samples investigated comprise a series of DPs with side groups of dendritic generations g = 1-8. The key findings are a very large spread of the density values over all samples and methods, and a consistent increase of densities with g over all methods. While this work highlights the advantages and limitations of the applied methods, it does not provide a conclusive answer to the question of which method(s) to use for the determination of densities of individual molecular objects. We are nevertheless confident that these first attempts to answer this challenging question will stimulate more research into this important aspect of polymer and soft matter science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Messmer
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Polymer Chemistry & Polymer Physics, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Antoni Sánchez-Ferrer
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Food and Soft Materials, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Sebastian Tacke
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Polymer Chemistry & Polymer Physics, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Harald Nüsse
- Institute of Medial Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Klingauf
- Institute of Medial Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Roger Wepf
- Institute of Medial Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Kröger
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Polymer Chemistry & Polymer Physics, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Avraham Halperin
- Laboratoire de Spectrometrie Physique, CNRS University Joseph Fourier, BP 87, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères cedex, France
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Food and Soft Materials, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - A Dieter Schlüter
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Polymer Chemistry & Polymer Physics, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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3
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Dutertre F, Bang KT, Vereroudakis E, Loppinet B, Yang S, Kang SY, Fytas G, Choi TL. Conformation of Tunable Nanocylinders: Up to Sixth-Generation Dendronized Polymers via Graft-Through Approach by ROMP. Macromolecules 2019; 52:3342-3350. [PMID: 31496546 PMCID: PMC6727591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined dendronized polymers (denpols) bearing high-generation dendron are attractive nano-objects as high persistency provides distinct properties, contrast to the random coiled linear polymers However, their syntheses via graft-through approach have been very challenging due to their structural complexity and steric hindrance retarding polymerization. Here, we report the first example of the synthesis of poly(norbornene) (PNB) containing ester dendrons up to the sixth generation (G6) by ring-opening metathesis polymerization. This is the highest generation ever polymerized among dendronized polymers prepared by graft-through approach, producing denpols with molecular weight up to 1960 kg/mol. Combination of size-exclusion chromatography, light scattering, and neutron scattering allowed a thorough structural study of these large denpols in dilute solution. A semiflexible cylinder model was successfully applied to represent both the static and dynamic experimental quantities yielding persistent length (l p), cross-sectional radius (R cs), and contour length (L). The denpol persistency seemed to increase with generation, with l p reaching 27 nm (Kuhn length 54 nm) for PNB-G6, demonstrating a rod-like conformation. Poly(endo-tricycle[4.2.2.0]deca-3,9-diene) (PTD) denpols exhibited larger persistency than the PNB analogues of the same generation presumably due to the higher grafting density of the PTD denpols. As the dendritic side chains introduce shape anisotropy into the denpol backbone, future work will entail a study of these systems in the concentrated solutions and melts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Dutertre
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, FO.R.T.H, PO Box 1527, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Ki-Taek Bang
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Emmanouil Vereroudakis
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, FO.R.T.H, PO Box 1527, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Department
of Materials Science & Technology, University
of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Benoit Loppinet
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, FO.R.T.H, PO Box 1527, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sanghee Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yun Kang
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - George Fytas
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, FO.R.T.H, PO Box 1527, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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4
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Kröger M, Schlüter AD, Halperin A. Branching Defects in Dendritic Molecules: Coupling Efficiency and Congestion Effects. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401312p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kröger
- Polymer
Physics, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A. Dieter Schlüter
- Laboratory
of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10,
HCI J 541, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Avraham Halperin
- Université Grenoble 1/CNRS, LIPhy UMR 5588, 38041 Grenoble, France
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5
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Kim KO, Choi TL. Synthesis of Dendronized Polymers via Macromonomer Approach by Living ROMP and Their Characterization: From Rod-Like Homopolymers to Block and Gradient Copolymers. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401132u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Oh Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National
University,
Seoul, 151-747, Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National
University,
Seoul, 151-747, Korea
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6
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Zheng JF, Liu X, Chen XF, Ren XK, Yang S, Chen EQ. Hemiphasmidic Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymer: From Smectic C Phase to Columnar Phase with a Bundle of Chains as Its Building Block. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:641-645. [PMID: 35607078 DOI: 10.1021/mz3001435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized a new hemiphasmidic side-chain liquid crystalline polymer (P-n, n is the number of carbons in alky tail of the side chain, n = 4-12) using free radical polymerization. The side chain of P-n has a biphenyl in the middle, linked to the polystyrene backbone and to the terminal phenyl group with three alkyl tails via only methyleneoxy units. Upon increasing n, the mesophase of P-n changes from bilayer smectic C to hexagonal columnar (Φh) phase with the a-dimension of ∼6 nm. Both of the mesophases are long-range ordered, which can be well aligned by simple shearing. The oriented Φh shows a quite low rotational disorder around the shear direction. Most likely, the Φh phase takes a bundle of chains (e.g., ∼five chains) rather than a single chain as its building block. This "multi-chain model" of the Φh phase may represent a new type of self-assembly in side-chain polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering and Key
Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering and Key
Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering and Key
Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiang-Kui Ren
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering and Key
Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering and Key
Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Er-Qiang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering and Key
Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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7
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Kim KO, Choi TL. Synthesis of Rod-Like Dendronized Polymers Containing G4 and G5 Ester Dendrons via Macromonomer Approach by Living ROMP. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:445-448. [PMID: 35585737 DOI: 10.1021/mz300032w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High generation dendronized polymers with high molecular weight were synthesized by ROMP via macromonomer approach. The polymerization was achieved in living manner and the macromolecules exhibited rod-like conformation. Correlation between the monomer structures and the conformation of the final polymers was investigated in detail. The rigid rod conformation in solution was confirmed by both light scattering and viscometric analysis and the single polymer chains were visualized by AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Oh Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747,
Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747,
Korea
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8
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Dendronization: A Useful Synthetic Strategy to Prepare Multifunctional Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/polym4010355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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9
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Costa LI, Storti G, Morbidelli M, Zhang X, Zhang B, Kasëmi E, Schlüter AD. Kinetics of Free Radical Polymerization of Spacerless Dendronized Macromonomers in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2002189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. I. Costa
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, ETHZ, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, HCI F-129, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - G. Storti
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, ETHZ, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, HCI F-129, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M. Morbidelli
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, ETHZ, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, HCI F-129, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - X. Zhang
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, ETHZ, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, HCI J-541, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - B. Zhang
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, ETHZ, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, HCI J-541, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - E. Kasëmi
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, ETHZ, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, HCI J-541, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A. D. Schlüter
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, ETHZ, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, HCI J-541, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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10
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Browne W, Geissler PL. The susceptibility of α-helical secondary structure to steric strain: Coarse-grained simulation of dendronized polypeptides. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:145102. [PMID: 20950049 DOI: 10.1063/1.3498780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The propensity of a peptide chain for adopting helical secondary structure can be modulated not only through the solvation properties of its side chains but also through their size and shape. Here we examine a coarse-grained model for dendronized polypeptides that focuses on the susceptibility of α-helical structure to the steric strain exerted by hydrophilic pendant groups. Undecorated molecules exhibit a pronounced transition from random coil to helix upon cooling [J. P. Kemp and J. Z. Y. Chen, Biomacromolecules 2, 389 (2001)]. As gauged by specific heat and by order parameters characterizing helicity at several length scales, this transition is quite robust to the introduction of first- and second-generation dendron side chains. More highly branched side chains, however, reduce the entropy of compact states so severely that helical ordering is undetectable over the entire temperature range accessible to our importance sampling methods. Consistent with experimental observations for side chains comparable to those of our model in volume-excluding size and shape, we find the backbone of these third-generation molecules to assume a distended rodlike state that is both stiff and achiral.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Browne
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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11
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Xie HL, Jie CK, Yu ZQ, Liu XB, Zhang HL, Shen Z, Chen EQ, Zhou QF. Hierarchical Supramolecular Ordering with Biaxial Orientation of a Combined Main-Chain/Side-Chain Liquid-Crystalline Polymer Obtained from Radical Polymerization of 2-Vinylterephthalate. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:8071-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ja101184u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- He-Lou Xie
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan Province, China, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
| | - Chang-Kai Jie
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan Province, China, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
| | - Zhen-Qiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan Province, China, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
| | - Xuan-Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan Province, China, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
| | - Hai-Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan Province, China, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
| | - Zhihao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan Province, China, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
| | - Er-Qiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan Province, China, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
| | - Qi-Feng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan Province, China, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
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12
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A conformation study of polyelectrolyte-dendritic surfactant complexes in dilute solutions. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-010-9037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Rosen BM, Wilson CJ, Wilson DA, Peterca M, Imam MR, Percec V. Dendron-Mediated Self-Assembly, Disassembly, and Self-Organization of Complex Systems. Chem Rev 2009; 109:6275-540. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900157q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1066] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brad M. Rosen
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Christopher J. Wilson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Mohammad R. Imam
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
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14
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Voit BI, Lederer A. Hyperbranched and Highly Branched Polymer Architectures—Synthetic Strategies and Major Characterization Aspects. Chem Rev 2009; 109:5924-73. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900068q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 942] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte I. Voit
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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15
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Fox ME, Szoka FC, Fréchet JMJ. Soluble polymer carriers for the treatment of cancer: the importance of molecular architecture. Acc Chem Res 2009; 42:1141-51. [PMID: 19555070 DOI: 10.1021/ar900035f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy can destroy tumors and arrest cancer progress. Unfortunately, severe side effects (treatment is usually a series of injections of highly toxic drugs) often restrict the frequency and size of dosages, much to the detriment of tumor inhibition. Most chemotherapeutic drugs have pharmacokinetic profiles with tremendous potential for improvement. Water-soluble polymers offer the potential to increase drug circulation time, improve drug solubility, prolong drug residence time in a tumor, and reduce toxicity. Cytotoxic drugs that are covalently attached to water-soluble polymers via reversible linkages more effectively target tumor tissue than the drugs alone. Macromolecules passively target solid tumor tissue through a combination of reduced renal clearance and exploitation of the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect, which prevails for fast-growing tumors. Effective drug delivery involves a balance between (i) elimination of the polymeric drug conjugate from the bloodstream by the kidneys, liver, and other organs and (ii) movement of the drug out of the blood vasculature and into the tumor (that is, extravasation). Polymers are eliminated in the kidney by filtration through pores with a size comparable to the hydrodynamic diameter of the polymer; in contrast, the openings in the blood vessel structures that traverse tumors are an order of magnitude greater than the diameter of the polymer. Thus, features that may broadly be grouped as the "molecular architecture" of the polymer, such as its hydrodynamic volume (or molecular weight), molecular conformation, chain flexibility, branching, and location of the attached drug, can greatly impact elimination of the polymer from the body through the kidney but have a much smaller effect on the extravasation of the polymer into the tumor. Molecular architecture can in theory be adjusted to assert essentially independent control over elimination and extravasation. Understanding how molecular architecture affects passage of a polymer through a pore is therefore essential for designing polymer drug carriers that are effective in passively delivering a drug payload while conforming to the requirement that the polymers must eventually be eliminated from the body. In this Account, we discuss examples from in vivo studies that demonstrate how polymer architectural features impact the renal filtration of a polymer as well as tumor penetration and tumor accumulation. In brief, features that inhibit passage of a polymer through a pore, such as higher molecular weight, decreased flexibility, and an increased number of polymer chain ends, help prevent elimination of the polymer by the kidneys and can improve blood circulation times and tumor accumulation, thus improving therapeutic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Fox
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Francis C. Szoka
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0446
| | - Jean M. J. Fréchet
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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16
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Das J, Fréchet JMJ, Chakraborty AK. Self-Assembly of Dendronized Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:13768-75. [DOI: 10.1021/jp902927p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayajit Das
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Division of Material Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - J. M. J. Fréchet
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Division of Material Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Arup K. Chakraborty
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Division of Material Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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17
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18
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Efthymiopoulos P, Vlahos C, Kosmas M. Theoretical Study on the Size and the Shape of Linear Dendronized Polymers in Good and Selective Solvents. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801609f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Costas Vlahos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Marios Kosmas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Costa LI, Kasëmi E, Storti G, Morbidelli M, Walde P, Schlüter AD. Dendronized Polymers via Macromonomer Route in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Macromol Rapid Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Xie D, Jiang M, Zhang G, Chen D. Hydrogen-Bonded Dendronized Polymers and Their Self-Assembly in Solution. Chemistry 2007; 13:3346-53. [PMID: 17205594 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Frechet-type benzyl ether dendrons of second and third generations with a carboxyl group (G2, G3) at the apex site could attach to poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP), forming hydrogen-bonded dendronized polymers (HB denpols) in their common solvent, chloroform. The HB denpols show unique self-assembly behavior, forming vesicles in the common solvent under ultrasonic treatment. The structure and morphology of the vesicles were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), static light scattering (SLS), SEM, TEM, and AFM. The size of the vesicles decreases and the thickness of the vascular membrane increases as the molar ratio of Gx/PVP increases. The hydrogen bonding, pi-pi aromatic stacking of the dendrons, and the considerable difference in architecture between the dendron Gx and PVP are the main factors facilitating the assembly of the HB denpols in the common solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Xie
- Department of Macromolecular Science and The Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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McKeown NB, Badriya S, Helliwell M, Shkunov M. The synthesis of robust, polymeric hole-transport materials from oligoarylamine substituted styrenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b614235d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Christopoulos DK, Terzis AF, Vanakaras AG, Photinos DJ. Helix formation in linear achiral dendronized polymers: A computer simulation study. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:204907. [PMID: 17144740 DOI: 10.1063/1.2378630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a molecular simulation study of the structure of linear dendronized polymers. We use excluded volume interactions in the context of a generic coarse grained molecular model whose geometrical parameters are tuned to represent a poly(paraphenylene) backbone with benzyl ether, Frechet-type dendrons. We apply Monte Carlo sampling in order to investigate the formation of packing-induced chiral structures along the polymer backbone of these chemically achiral systems. We find that helical structures can be formed, usually with defects consisting of domains with reversed helical handedness. Clear signs of helical arrangements of the dendrons begin to appear for dendritic generation g=4, while for g=5 these arrangements dominate and perfect helices can be observed as equilibrium structures obtained from certain types of starting configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Christopoulos
- Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
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23
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Lee CC, Fréchet JMJ. Synthesis and Conformations of Dendronized Poly(L-lysine). Macromolecules 2005; 39:476-481. [PMID: 18833337 DOI: 10.1021/ma052078b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dendronized polymers based on a poly(L-lysine) backbone have been synthesized up to the fourth generation. The hydroxyl-terminated polymers are completely water-soluble, which makes them good candidates for drug delivery applications. The dendronized polypeptide backbones are helical at lower generations, but undergo a dramatic conformational change from alpha-helical to disordered upon increasing the dendron size to the third generation. This conformational change, attributed to steric repulsions between dendrons, is supported by spectroscopic measurements while chain extension upon dendronization is confirmed by scanning force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron C Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460 and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
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Nyström AM, Furó I, Malmström E, Hult A. Bulk properties of dendronized polymers with tailored end-groups emanating from the same backbone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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