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Vaske B, Schaube M, Meiners F, Ross JH, Christoffers J, Wittstock G. Modification and Patterning of Self‐Assembled Monolayers Using Electrogenerated Etchants and Homogeneous Scavenging Reactions in a Scanning Electrochemical Microscope. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Britta Vaske
- Institute of Chemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg 2 6111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Maximilian Schaube
- Institute of Chemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg 2 6111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Frank Meiners
- Institute of Chemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg 2 6111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Jan Henning Ross
- Institute of Chemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg 2 6111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Jens Christoffers
- Institute of Chemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg 2 6111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- Institute of Chemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg 2 6111 Oldenburg Germany
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2
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Čiegis R, Katauskis P, Skakauskas V. Modelling competition of the enzyme-catalysed glucose oxidation and redox reactions in scanning electrochemical microscopy. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-019-01584-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Strutwolf J, Zhang J, Unwin PR. Investigation of Molecular Transfer Processes across Phospholipid Monolayers by the Combined Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy-Langmuir Trough Technique. PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/1468607x247749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has emerged as a powerful techniquefor inducing and monitoring molecular transfer processes across water/air and liquid/liquid interfaces. At the same time, the Langmuir trough technique is a well established method for controlling the lateral pressure of molecular films of amphiphilic molecules at interfaces. A combination of both methods allows the investigation of the permeability of monolayers in a defined state. A brief introduction of the SECM technique and the experimental set-up is presented. The application of the combined SECM- Langmuir trough technique to measure passive diffusion of small molecules (O2 and Br2) across phospholipid monolayers is then reviewed. Phospholipid monolayers at liquid/liquid and liquid/air interfaces serve as simple biomimetic models for biomembranes and the results of the combined SECM- Langmuir trough measurements have implications for understanding passive diffusion across cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Strutwolf
- Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland and University of Tübingen, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, #04-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Ivanauskas F, Morkvenaite-Vilkonciene I, Astrauskas R, Ramanavicius A. Modelling of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy at Redox Competition Mode Using Diffusion and Reaction Equations. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Schwager P, Dongmo S, Fenske D, Wittstock G. Reactive oxygen species formed in organic lithium–oxygen batteries. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:10774-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07145c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen species has been assumed to occur during the charging reaction of lithium-oxygen batteries with organic electrolytes. Here we show independently by fluorescence microscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy that superoxide is also formed and released into the solution during the discharge reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schwager
- Carl von Ossietzky University
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
- Center of Interface Science
- Institute of Chemistry
- D-26111 Oldenburg
| | - Saustin Dongmo
- Carl von Ossietzky University
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
- Center of Interface Science
- Institute of Chemistry
- D-26111 Oldenburg
| | - Daniela Fenske
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM
- D-28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- Carl von Ossietzky University
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
- Center of Interface Science
- Institute of Chemistry
- D-26111 Oldenburg
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Yu Y, Sun T, Mirkin MV. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy of Single Spherical Nanoparticles: Theory and Particle Size Evaluation. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7446-53. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yu
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College - CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Tong Sun
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College - CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College - CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
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Abodi L, Gonzalez-Garcia Y, Dolgikh O, Dan C, Deconinck D, Mol J, Terryn H, Deconinck J. Simulated and measured response of oxygen SECM-measurements in presence of a corrosion process. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Leonhardt K, Avdic A, Lugstein A, Pobelov I, Wandlowski T, Wu M, Gollas B, Denuault G. Atomic Force Microscopy-Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Influence of Tip Geometry and Insulation Defects on Diffusion Controlled Currents at Conical Electrodes. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2971-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac103083y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Leonhardt
- School of Chemistry, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Amra Avdic
- Solid State Electronics Institute, Vienna University of Technology, Floragasse 7, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alois Lugstein
- Solid State Electronics Institute, Vienna University of Technology, Floragasse 7, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilya Pobelov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wandlowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ming Wu
- CEST Competence Centre for Electrochemical Surface Technology, Viktor-Kaplan-Strasse 2, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Bernhard Gollas
- CEST Competence Centre for Electrochemical Surface Technology, Viktor-Kaplan-Strasse 2, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Guy Denuault
- School of Chemistry, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Nunes Kirchner C, Träuble M, Wittstock G. Diffusion and reaction in microbead agglomerates. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2626-35. [PMID: 20222673 DOI: 10.1021/ac100168z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy has been used to analyze the flux of p-aminonophenol (PAP) produced by agglomerates of polymeric microbeads modified with galactosidase as a model system for the bead-based heterogeneous immunoassays. With the use of mixtures of enzyme-modified and bare beads in defined ratio, agglomerates with different saturation levels of the enzyme modification were produced. The PAP flux depends on the intrinsic kinetics of the galactosidase, the local availability of the substrate p-aminophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (PAPG), and the external mass transport conditions in the surrounding of the agglomerate and the internal mass transport within the bead agglomerate. The internal mass transport is influenced by the diffusional shielding of the modified beads by unmodified beads. SECM in combination with optical microscopy was used to determine experimentally the external flux. These data are in quantitative agreement with boundary element simulation considering the SECM microelectrode as an interacting probe and treating the Michaelis-Menten kinetics of the enzyme as nonlinear boundary conditions with two independent concentration variables [PAP] and [PAPG]. The PAPG concentration at the surface of the bead agglomerate was taken as a boundary condition for the analysis of the internal mass transport condition as a function of the enzyme saturation in the bead agglomerate. The results of this analysis are represented as PAP flux per contributing modified bead and the flux from freely suspended galactosidase-modified beads. These numbers are compared to the same number from the SECM experiments. It is shown that depending on the enzyme saturation level a different situation can arise where either beads located at the outer surface of the agglomerate dominate the contribution to the measured external flux or where the contribution of buried beads cannot be neglected for explaining the measured external flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Nunes Kirchner
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, CIS-Center of Interface Science, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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Pust SE, Salomo M, Oesterschulze E, Wittstock G. Influence of electrode size and geometry on electrochemical experiments with combined SECM-SFM probes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:105709. [PMID: 20160335 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/10/105709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Gold electrodes integrated into silicon scanning force microscopy (SFM) probes allow the acquisition of spatially correlated data for sample morphology (via SFM) and local electrochemical reactivity via scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The lateral resolution of both techniques is controlled by different properties of the integrated probes. The topographic tracking provided by the SFM mechanism allows the realization of very small working distances for the SECM measurements. Microfabrication technology was used in order to reduce the size of the active electrode area of the tip into the sub-100 nm regime. The functionality of the probes was tested using electrochemical methods. Experiments revealed that the response could be quantitatively compared to numerical simulation. The low working distance, in combination with the small size of the active electrode area, allows for high lateral resolution in the SECM images. This is illustrated with different model substrates that cover a range of different rate constants and illustrate the dependence of the SECM contrast on the local kinetics of the sample in the sub-micrometre size range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha E Pust
- Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Center of Interface Science, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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New oxygen evolution anodes for metal electrowinning: investigation of local physicochemical processes on composite electrodes with conductive atomic force microscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-009-0033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pust SE, Maier W, Wittstock G. Investigation of Localized Catalytic and Electrocatalytic Processes and Corrosion Reactions with Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2008.5426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractScanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has developed into a very versatile tool for the investigation of solid-liquid, liquid-liquid and liquid-gas interfaces. The arrangement of an ultramicroelectrode (UME) in close proximity to the interface under study allows the application of a large variety of different experimental schemes. The most important have been named feedback mode, generation-collection mode, redox competition mode and direct mode. Quantitative descriptions are available for the UME signal, depending on different sample properties and experimental variables. Therefore, SECM has been established as an indispensible tool in many areas of fundamental electrochemical research. Currently, it also spreads as an important new method to solve more applied problems, in which inhomogeneous current distributions are typically observed on different length scales. Prominent examples include devices for electrochemical energy conversion such as fuel cells and batteries as well as localized corrosion phenomena. However, the direct local investigation of such systems is often impossible. Instead, suitable reaction schemes, sample environments, model samples and even new operation modes have to be introduced in order to obtain results that are relevant to the practical application. This review outlines and compares the theoretical basis of the different SECM working modes and reviews the application in the area of electrochemical energy conversion and localized corrosion with a special emphasis on the problems encountered when working with practical samples.
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Cortés-Salazar F, Träuble M, Li F, Busnel JM, Gassner AL, Hojeij M, Wittstock G, Girault HH. Soft Stylus Probes for Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2009; 81:6889-96. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900887u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cortés-Salazar
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Markus Träuble
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Fei Li
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Busnel
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Anne-Laure Gassner
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Mohamad Hojeij
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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Burchardt M, Träuble M, Wittstock G. Digital Simulation of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Approach Curves to Enzyme Films with Michaelis−Menten Kinetics. Anal Chem 2009; 81:4857-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9004919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Burchardt
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Center of Interface Science, Institute of Pure and Applied Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Markus Träuble
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Center of Interface Science, Institute of Pure and Applied Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Center of Interface Science, Institute of Pure and Applied Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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Laforge FO, Sun P, Mirkin MV. Physicochemical Applications of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470259498.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Wittstock G, Burchardt M, Pust SE, Shen Y, Zhao C. Scanning electrochemical microscopy for direct imaging of reaction rates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:1584-617. [PMID: 17285666 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Not only in electrochemistry but also in biology and in membrane transport, localized processes at solid-liquid or liquid-liquid interfaces play an important role at defect sites, pores, or individual cells, but are difficult to characterize by integral investigation. Scanning electrochemical microscopy is suitable for such investigations. After two decades of development, this method is based on a solid theoretical foundation and a large number of demonstrated applications. It offers the possibility of directly imaging heterogeneous reaction rates and locally modifying substrates by electrochemically generated reagents. The applications range from classical electrochemical problems, such as the investigation of localized corrosion and electrocatalytic reactions in fuel cells, sensor surfaces, biochips, and microstructured analysis systems, to mass transport through synthetic membranes, skin and tissue, as well as intercellular communication processes. Moreover, processes can be studied that occur at liquid surfaces and liquid-liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Wittstock
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Reine und Angewandte Chemie und Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
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Wittstock G, Burchardt M, Pust S, Shen Y, Zhao C. Elektrochemische Rastermikroskopie zur direkten Abbildung von Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sun P, Laforge FO, Mirkin MV. Scanning electrochemical microscopy in the 21st century. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:802-23. [PMID: 17287874 DOI: 10.1039/b612259k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fundamentals of and recent advances in scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) are described. The focus is on applications of this method to studies of systems and processes of active current interest ranging from nanoelectrochemistry to electron transfer reactions and electrocatalysis to biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
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