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Guo D, Wei Y, Zybin SV, Liu Y, Huang F, Goddard WA. Detonation Performance of Insensitive Nitrogen-Rich Nitroenamine Energetic Materials Predicted from First-Principles Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations. JACS AU 2024; 4:1605-1614. [PMID: 38665641 PMCID: PMC11040668 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Because of the excellent combination of high detonation and low sensitivity properties of the 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) energetic material (EM), it is useful to explore new energetic derivatives that start with the FOX-7 structure. However, most such derivatives are highly sensitive, making them unsuitable for EM applications. An exception is the new nitroenamine EM, 1,1-diamino-2-tetrazole-2-nitroethene (FOX-7-T) (synthesized by replacing a nitro group with a tetrazole ring), which exhibits good stability. Unfortunately, FOX-7-T shows an unexpected much lower detonation performance than FOX-7, despite its higher nitrogen content. To achieve an atomistic understanding of the insensitivity and detonation performance of FOX-7 and FOX-7-T, we carried out reactive molecular dynamics (RxMD) using the ReaxFF reactive force field and combined quantum mechanics MD (QM-MD). We found that the functional group plays a significant role in the initial decomposition reaction. For FOX-7, the initial decomposition involves only simple hydrogen transfer reactions at high temperature, whereas for FOX-7-T, the initial reaction begins at much lower temperature with a tetrazole ring breaking to form N2, followed by many subsequent reactions. Our first-principles-based simulations predicted that FOX-7-T has 34% lower CJ pressure, 15% lower detonation velocity, and 45% lower CJ temperature than FOX-7. This is partly because a larger portion of the FOX-7-T mass gets trapped into condensed phase carbon clusters at the CJ point, suppressing generation of gaseous CO2 and N2 final products, leading to reduced energy delivery. Our findings suggest that the oxygen balance is an important factor to be considered in the design of the next generation of high-nitrogen-containing EMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhou Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- State
Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sergey V. Zybin
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenglei Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Powell MS, Sakano MN, Cawkwell MJ, Bowlan PR, Brown KE, Bolme CA, Moore DS, Son SF, Strachan A, McGrane SD. Insight into the Chemistry of PETN Under Shock Compression Through Ultrafast Broadband Mid-Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7031-7046. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Powell
- Maurice J. Zucrow Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, Purdue University, 500 Allison Rd., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Shock and Detonation Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - M. N. Sakano
- Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering, School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - M. J. Cawkwell
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - P. R. Bowlan
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - K. E. Brown
- Shock and Detonation Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - C. A. Bolme
- Shock and Detonation Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - D. S. Moore
- Shock and Detonation Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - S. F. Son
- Maurice J. Zucrow Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, Purdue University, 500 Allison Rd., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - A. Strachan
- Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering, School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - S. D. McGrane
- Shock and Detonation Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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3
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Winey JM, Zimmerman K, Dreger ZA, Gupta YM. Structural Transformation and Chemical Stability of a Shock-Compressed Insensitive High Explosive Single Crystal: Time-Resolved Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6521-6527. [PMID: 32786234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the considerable interest in insensitive high explosives (IHE) as a safer alternative to conventional high explosives, a good understanding of the low sensitivity of IHEs to shock initiation is lacking. In particular, real-time measurements to directly probe the molecular-level response of shock-compressed IHE single crystals constitute an important need. To address this need, plate impact experiments were conducted to determine time-resolved changes in the Raman spectra of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7) single crystals-a representative IHE crystal-shock-compressed up to 20 GPa longitudinal stress. The Raman measurements examined vibrational frequencies from 800 to 1500 cm-1 with 15 ns time resolution and were conducted at several peak stresses. At 4-6 GPa, two new Raman peaks appeared, in addition to the original peaks, consistent with onset of the α'-ε structural transformation reported previously in static compression work. The measured spectra indicated completion of the transformation at 10 GPa. Raman data to 20 GPa showed neither additional transformations nor any indication of chemical decomposition. This finding, though consistent with recent continuum measurements, is in marked contrast to the chemical decomposition observed at lower stresses in shock-compressed conventional high explosive single crystals. Our Raman results support the previous suggestion that strengthening of intra- and intermolecular bonds, because of the α'-ε structural transformation, plays a significant role in the insensitivity of FOX-7 single crystals to shock initiation. The present work, in conjunction with previous static compression studies, provides the first experimental insight into the molecular-level response of a shock-compressed IHE single crystal and can serve as a bench mark for theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Winey
- Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816, United States
| | - Kurt Zimmerman
- Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816, United States
| | - Zbigniew A Dreger
- Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816, United States.,RDT&E Department, Naval Surface Warfare Center IHEODTD, Indian Head, Maryland 20640, United States
| | - Yogendra M Gupta
- Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816, United States.,Department of Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2814, United States
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Averkiev BB, Dreger ZA, Chaudhuri S. Density Functional Theory Calculations of Pressure Effects on the Structure and Vibrations of 1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7). J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:10002-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jp508869n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris B. Averkiev
- Institute
for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816, United States
| | - Zbigniew A. Dreger
- Institute
for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816, United States
| | - Santanu Chaudhuri
- Institute
for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816, United States
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Dreger ZA, Gupta YM. High Pressure–High Temperature Polymorphism and Decomposition of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN). J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:5306-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jp404283a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew A. Dreger
- Institute for Shock Physics and Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816, United States
| | - Yogendra M. Gupta
- Institute for Shock Physics and Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816, United States
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Hemmi N, Zimmerman KA, Dreger ZA, Gupta YM. High spectral resolution, real-time, Raman spectroscopy in shock compression experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:083109. [PMID: 21895235 DOI: 10.1063/1.3627444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of Raman measurements to examine molecular changes associated with shock-induced structural and chemical changes in condensed materials often poses two challenging requirements: high spectral resolution and significantly reduced background light. Here, we describe an experimental method that addresses these requirements and provides better quality data than the time resolved approach used previously. Representative measurements are presented for shock compression of two energetic crystals: pentaerythritol tetranitrate and cyclotrimethylene trinitramine. The high spectral resolution data have provided insight into molecular changes that could not be obtained from lower-resolution, time-resolved methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hemmi
- Institute for Shock Physics and Department of Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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Abstract
This review discusses new developments in shock compression science with a focus on molecular media. Some basic features of shock and detonation waves, nonlinear excitations that can produce extreme states of high temperature and high pressure, are described. Methods of generating and detecting shock waves are reviewed, especially those using tabletop lasers that can be interfaced with advanced molecular diagnostics. Newer compression methods such as shockless compression and precompression shock that generate states of cold dense molecular matter are discussed. Shock compression creates a metallic form of hydrogen, melts diamond, and makes water a superionic liquid with unique catalytic properties. Our understanding of detonations at the molecular level has improved a great deal as a result of advanced nonequilibrium molecular simulations. Experimental measurements of detailed molecular behavior behind a detonation front might be available soon using femtosecond lasers to produce nanoscale simulated detonation fronts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana D. Dlott
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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9
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Vibrational spectroscopy of nitroaromatic self-assembled monolayers under extreme conditions. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Dang NC, Dreger ZA, Gupta YM, Hooks DE. Time-Resolved Spectroscopic Measurements of Shock-Wave Induced Decomposition in Cyclotrimethylene Trinitramine (RDX) Crystals: Anisotropic Response. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:11560-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp106892c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nhan C. Dang
- Institute for Shock Physics and Department of Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816, United States, and Dynamic & Energetic Materials Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Zbigniew A. Dreger
- Institute for Shock Physics and Department of Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816, United States, and Dynamic & Energetic Materials Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Yogendra M. Gupta
- Institute for Shock Physics and Department of Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816, United States, and Dynamic & Energetic Materials Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Daniel E. Hooks
- Institute for Shock Physics and Department of Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816, United States, and Dynamic & Energetic Materials Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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Emmons ED, Fallas JC, Kamisetty VK, Chien WM, Covington AM, Chellappa RS, Gramsch SA, Hemley RJ, Chandra D. High-pressure Raman spectroscopy of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:5649-56. [PMID: 20384383 DOI: 10.1021/jp9092892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High-pressure Raman spectroscopy has been used to study tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (C(CH(2)OH)(3)NH(2), Tris). Molecules with globular shapes such as Tris have been studied thoroughly as a function of temperature and are of fundamental interest because of the presence of thermal transitions from orientational order to disorder. In contrast, relatively little is known about their high-pressure behavior. Diamond anvil cell techniques were used to generate pressures in Tris samples up to approximately 10 GPa. A phase transition was observed at a pressure of approximately 2 GPa that exhibited relatively slow kinetics and considerable hysteresis, indicative of a first-order transition. The Raman spectrum becomes significantly more complex in the high-pressure phase, indicating increased correlation splitting and significant enhancement in the intensity of some weak, low-pressure phase Raman-active modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Emmons
- Division of Materials Science, MS 388, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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Miao MS, Dreger ZA, Winey JM, Gupta YM. Density Functional Theory Calculations of Pressure Effects on the Vibrational Structure of α-RDX. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:12228-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jp807285u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Miao
- Institute for Shock Physics and Department of Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816
| | - Z. A. Dreger
- Institute for Shock Physics and Department of Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816
| | - J. M. Winey
- Institute for Shock Physics and Department of Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816
| | - Y. M. Gupta
- Institute for Shock Physics and Department of Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816
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Patterson JE, Dreger ZA, Miao M, Gupta YM. Shock wave induced decomposition of RDX: time-resolved spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:7374-82. [PMID: 18642891 DOI: 10.1021/jp800827b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved optical spectroscopy was used to examine chemical decomposition of RDX crystals shocked along the [111] orientation to peak stresses between 7 and 20 GPa. Shock-induced emission, produced by decomposition intermediates, was observed over a broad spectral range from 350 to 850 nm. A threshold in the emission response of RDX was found at about 10 GPa peak stress. Below this threshold, the emission spectrum remained unchanged during shock compression. Above 10 GPa, the emission spectrum changed with a long wavelength component dominating the spectrum. The long wavelength emission is attributed to the formation of NO2 radicals. Above the 10 GPa threshold, the spectrally integrated intensity increased significantly, suggesting the acceleration of chemical decomposition. This acceleration is attributed to bimolecular reactions between unreacted RDX and free radicals. These results provide a significant experimental foundation for further development of a decomposition mechanism for shocked RDX (following paper in this issue).
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Patterson
- Institute for Shock Physics and Department of Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2816, USA
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Patterson JE, Dreger ZA, Gupta YM. Shock Wave-Induced Phase Transition in RDX Single Crystals. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:10897-904. [PMID: 17718475 DOI: 10.1021/jp079502q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The real-time, molecular-level response of oriented single crystals of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine (RDX) to shock compression was examined using Raman spectroscopy. Single crystals of [111], [210], or [100] orientation were shocked under stepwise loading to peak stresses from 3.0 to 5.5 GPa. Two types of measurements were performed: (i) high-resolution Raman spectroscopy to probe the material at peak stress and (ii) time-resolved Raman spectroscopy to monitor the evolution of molecular changes as the shock wave reverberated through the material. The frequency shift of the CH stretching modes under shock loading appeared to be similar for all three crystal orientations below 3.5 GPa. Significant spectral changes were observed in crystals shocked above 4.5 GPa. These changes were similar to those observed in static pressure measurements, indicating the occurrence of the alpha-gamma phase transition in shocked RDX crystals. No apparent orientation dependence in the molecular response of RDX to shock compression up to 5.5 GPa was observed. The phase transition had an incubation time of approximately 100 ns when RDX was shocked to 5.5 GPa peak stress. The observation of the alpha-gamma phase transition under shock wave loading is briefly discussed in connection with the onset of chemical decomposition in shocked RDX.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Patterson
- Institute for Shock Physics and Department of Physics, Washington State University Pullman, Washington 99164-2816, USA
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