1
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Liquid-crystalline 1,4-benzoquinone derivative: Self-assembling behavior and redox properties. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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2
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Xu X, Chen Q, Narita A. Synthesis and Characterization of Dibenzo[<i>hi,st</i>]ovalene as a Highly Fluorescent Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Its π-Extension to Circumpyrene. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiushang Xu
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
| | - Qiang Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
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3
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Abstract
Supramolecular polymers are non-covalent assemblies of unimeric building blocks connected by secondary interactions and hold great promises due to their dynamic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sebastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry CV4 7AL
- UK
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
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4
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Li M, Zajaczkowski W, Velpula G, Jänsch D, Graf R, Marszalek T, Parekh SH, Zagranyarski Y, Mali K, Wagner M, De Feyter S, Li C, Müllen K, Pisula W. Transformation from helical to layered supramolecular organization of asymmetric perylene diimides via multiple intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Chem Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01911a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The solid-state supramolecular organization of asymmetric perylene diimide is transformed from helical to layered self-assembly after thermal annealing.
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5
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Ochs NAK, Lewandowska U, Zajaczkowski W, Corra S, Reger S, Herdlitschka A, Schmid S, Pisula W, Müllen K, Bäuerle P, Wennemers H. Oligoprolines guide the self-assembly of quaterthiophenes. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5391-5396. [PMID: 31191896 PMCID: PMC6540903 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05742g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligoprolines of differing lengths control the self-assembly of quaterthiophenes into mono-layered or double-layered sheets, or helically twisted ribbons.
Control over the molecular organization of π-conjugated oligothiophenes into different types of supramolecular assemblies is key to their use in organic electronics but difficult to achieve as these chromophores have a pronounced tendency to aggregate. Herein we show that oligoprolines, which do not self-assemble on their own, control the self-assembly of quaterthiophenes. Spectroscopic, microscopic, and diffraction studies with quaterthiophene–oligoproline conjugates revealed the formation of mono- or double-layered sheets or, alternatively, helically twisted ribbons – depending on the length of the oligoproline. The dimensions of the nanoscopic objects, which extend into the micrometer regime, correlate with the molecular dimensions of the quaterthiophene–oligoproline building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nellie A K Ochs
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland .
| | - Urszula Lewandowska
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland .
| | - Wojciech Zajaczkowski
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany .
| | - Stefano Corra
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland .
| | - Stephan Reger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials , University of Ulm , Germany .
| | - Andreas Herdlitschka
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland .
| | - Sylvia Schmid
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials , University of Ulm , Germany .
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany . .,Department of Molecular Physics , Faculty of Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Zeromskiego 116 , 90-924 Lodz , Poland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany .
| | - Peter Bäuerle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials , University of Ulm , Germany .
| | - Helma Wennemers
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland .
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6
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Haketa Y, Bando Y, Sasano Y, Tanaka H, Yasuda N, Hisaki I, Maeda H. Liquid Crystals Comprising π-Electronic Ions from Porphyrin-Au III Complexes. iScience 2019; 14:241-256. [PMID: 30981960 PMCID: PMC6463747 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrin–AuIII complexes were found to act as π-electronic cations, which can combine with various counteranions, including π-electronic anions. Single-crystal X-ray analyses revealed the formation of assemblies with contributions of charge-by-charge and charge-segregated assemblies, depending on the geometry and electronic state of the counteranions. Porphyrin–AuIII complexes possessing aliphatic alkyl chains formed dimension-controlled ion-pairing assemblies as thermotropic liquid crystals, whose ionic components were highly organized by π–π stacking and electrostatic interactions. Ion pairs based on porphyrin–AuIII complexes as π-electronic cations were prepared Porphyrin–AuIII complexes formed ion-pairing assemblies in combination with anions Aliphatic substituents in the cations provided liquid crystalline mesophases
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Haketa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yuya Bando
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Sasano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yasuda
- Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Green Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan.
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7
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Röder N, Marszalek T, Limbach D, Pisula W, Detert H. Tetrakis(oxadiazolylphenyl)pyrazines: New St. Andrew's Cross-Shaped Liquid Crystals. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:463-469. [PMID: 30512235 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
π-Conjugated molecules with the shape of St. Andrew's cross have been synthesized via fourfold Huisgen reaction. Four 2,5-diaryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol arms are attached to a central pyrazine nucleus. These fluorescent stars, when decorated with a rim of eight alkoxy side chains are discotic liquid crystals. Depending on the substitution pattern, the width of the liquid phase varies within a broad range of 25 °C to 250 °C. In their liquid crystalline phase, the molecules assemble in a typical hexagonal columnar supramolecular arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Röder
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55118, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tomasz Marszalek
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Daniel Limbach
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55118, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Heiner Detert
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55118, Mainz, Germany
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8
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Bader K, Wöhrle T, Öztürk E, Baro A, Laschat S. Encapsulating propeller-like columnar liquid crystals with an aromatic outer shell: influence of phenoxy-terminated side chains on the phase behaviour of triphenylbenzenes. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6409-6414. [PMID: 29938735 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00590g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring of phase transition temperatures of columnar liquid crystals by side chain variation is often associated with an undesired change in the mesophase type and/or geometry. To overcome this problem phenoxy-terminated side chains rather than alkyl side chains were grafted onto triphenylbenzenes, which resulted in reduced clearing points, while melting points were little affected. More importantly, helical columnar self-assembly was not compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korinna Bader
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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9
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Hu Y, Dössel LF, Wang XY, Mahesh S, Pisula W, De Feyter S, Feng X, Müllen K, Narita A. Synthesis, Photophysical Characterization, and Self-Assembly of Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene/Benzothiadiazole Donor-Acceptor Structure. Chempluschem 2017; 82:1030-1033. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunbin Hu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Lukas F. Dössel
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Sankarapillai Mahesh
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics; Department of Chemistry; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan, 200 F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Department of Molecular Physics; Faculty of Chemistry; Lodz University of Technology; Zeromskiego 116 90-924 Lodz Poland
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics; Department of Chemistry; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan, 200 F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed); & Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry; Dresden University of Technology; Walther-Hempel-Bau Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
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10
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Sundholm D, Rauhalahti M, Özcan N, Mera-Adasme R, Kussmann J, Luenser A, Ochsenfeld C. Nuclear Magnetic Shieldings of Stacked Aromatic and Antiaromatic Molecules. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:1952-1962. [PMID: 28287722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dage Sundholm
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A.I. Virtanens plats
1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Rauhalahti
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A.I. Virtanens plats
1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nergiz Özcan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A.I. Virtanens plats
1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raúl Mera-Adasme
- Departamento
de Ciencias del Ambiente, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 3363, 9170022 Estación Central, Chile
| | - Jörg Kussmann
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), München D-81377, Germany
| | - Arne Luenser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), München D-81377, Germany
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11
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Sarbu A, Hermet P, Maurin D, Djurado D, Biniek L, Diebold M, Bantignies JL, Mésini P, Brinkmann M. Supramolecular organization of a H-bonded perylene bisimide organogelator determined by transmission electron microscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and polarized infra-red spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:32514-32525. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06761e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Polarized FTIR and TEM helps determine the supramolecular organization of PBI gelators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Hermet
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier
- UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- 34095 Montpellier
- France
- Institut Laue Langevin
| | - David Maurin
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb
- UMR 5221 CNRS-Université de Montpellier
- 34095 Montpellier
- France
| | | | - Laure Biniek
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- F67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | | | - Jean-Louis Bantignies
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb
- UMR 5221 CNRS-Université de Montpellier
- 34095 Montpellier
- France
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12
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Keerthi A, Hou ICY, Marszalek T, Pisula W, Baumgarten M, Narita A. Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene with Different Acceptor Units for Tuning Optoelectronic Properties. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:2710-2714. [PMID: 27459304 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC)-based donor-acceptor dyads were synthesized with three different acceptor units, through two pathways: 1) "pre-functionalization" of monobromo-substituted hexaphenylbenzene prior to the cyclodehydrogenation; and 2) "post-functionalization" of monobromo-substituted HBC after the cyclodehydrogenation. The HBC-acceptor dyads demonstrated varying degrees of intramolecular charge-transfer interactions, depending on the attached acceptor units, which allowed tuning of their photophysical and optoelectronic properties, including the energy gaps. The two synthetic pathways described here can be complementary and potentially be applied for the synthesis of nanographene-acceptor dyads with larger aromatic cores, including one-dimensionally extended graphene nanoribbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Keerthi
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ian Cheng-Yi Hou
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tomasz Marszalek
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Martin Baumgarten
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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13
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Luenser A, Kussmann J, Ochsenfeld C. Computation of indirect nuclear spin–spin couplings with reduced complexity in pure and hybrid density functional approximations. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:124103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4962260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Luenser
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU Munich) and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM, LMU Munich), Butenandtstr. 5–13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Kussmann
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU Munich) and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM, LMU Munich), Butenandtstr. 5–13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU Munich) and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM, LMU Munich), Butenandtstr. 5–13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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14
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Wöhrle T, Wurzbach I, Kirres J, Kostidou A, Kapernaum N, Litterscheidt J, Haenle JC, Staffeld P, Baro A, Giesselmann F, Laschat S. Discotic Liquid Crystals. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1139-241. [PMID: 26483267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wöhrle
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Iris Wurzbach
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Kirres
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Antonia Kostidou
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadia Kapernaum
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Juri Litterscheidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Christian Haenle
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Staffeld
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Angelika Baro
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank Giesselmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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15
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Eccher J, Zajaczkowski W, Faria GC, Bock H, von Seggern H, Pisula W, Bechtold IH. Thermal Evaporation versus Spin-Coating: Electrical Performance in Columnar Liquid Crystal OLEDs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:16374-16381. [PMID: 26168313 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The electrical responses of a columnar liquid crystal (a diimidodiester derivative of benzo[ghi]perylene) deposited either by spin-coating or by thermal evaporation into a typical OLED device are compared. For the spin-coated film, homeotropic alignment was induced by thermal annealing, which enhanced the charge carrier mobility significantly. For the evaporated films, homeotropic alignment could not be obtained by annealing. However, a degree of rectification higher than 3 orders of magnitude was achieved, even without annealing, with an electrical response similar to the response of the aligned spin-coated film. A trap-limited space-charge-limited current model was used to extract the charge carrier mobility directly from the current-voltage curves. Grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering confirmed the homeotropic alignment of the annealed spin-coated film, whereas the columns are mostly oriented parallel to the surface in the evaporated case. In a field-effect transistor with bottom-gate bottom-contact geometry, the evaporated film exhibited a typical behavior of an n-type transistor. The degree of intermolecular order is thereby strongly dependent on the deposition method where vacuum deposition leads to a higher order. This higher order, however, impedes reorientation by annealing of the evaporated film but leads to improved charge transport between the electrodes even without homeotropic alignment of columnar liquid crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Eccher
- †Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- ‡Department of Electronic Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse 23, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Gregório C Faria
- §Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, PoB.:369, 13560-970 São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | | | - Heinz von Seggern
- ‡Department of Electronic Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse 23, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- ∥Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- #Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ivan H Bechtold
- †Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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16
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Krieg M, Reicherter F, Haiss P, Ströbele M, Eichele K, Treanor MJ, Schaub R, Bettinger HF. Construction of an Internally B3N3-Doped Nanographene Molecule. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:8284-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201412165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Krieg M, Reicherter F, Haiss P, Ströbele M, Eichele K, Treanor MJ, Schaub R, Bettinger HF. Aufbau eines intern B3N3-dotierten Nanographenmoleküls. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201412165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Park S, Cho BK. Sequential phase transformation of propeller-like C3-symmetric liquid crystals from a helical to ordered to disordered hexagonal columnar structure. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:94-101. [PMID: 25370808 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02004a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report thermally induced intercolumnar phase transitions of C3-symmetric liquid crystals (LCs) bearing a triazole-based propeller-like aromatic mesogen. Since the constituting aromatic rings are conjugated through rotatable single bonds, the mesogenic shape is tuneable depending on the degree of conformational motion. Molecule 1 with ninefold octyl peripheries shows a hexagonal columnar liquid crystalline phase transition from ordered mesogenic stacking to disordered mesogenic stacking upon heating. On the other hand, molecule 2 with sixfold octyl peripheries displays a helical hexagonal columnar phase with the P6/mmm space group at ambient temperature as well as the ordered and disordered hexagonal columnar phases at higher temperatures. The intracolumnar helical order can be understood by an interdigitated stacking of the propeller-like mesogens along the columnar axis and the optimized space-filling. Notably, all the intercolumnar phase transformations in this study are revealed as second-order transitions. The thermodynamic nature agrees well with the fact that the conformational motions of the C3-symmetric aromatic mesogen change abruptly with each columnar transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-Do 448-701, Korea.
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19
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Hinkel F, Cho D, Pisula W, Baumgarten M, Müllen K. Alternating Donor-Acceptor Arrays from Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene and Benzothiadiazole: Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Self-Assembly. Chemistry 2014; 21:86-90. [PMID: 25410616 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hinkel
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz (Germany), Fax: (+49) 6131-379-350
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20
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Shao Y, Gan Z, Epifanovsky E, Gilbert AT, Wormit M, Kussmann J, Lange AW, Behn A, Deng J, Feng X, Ghosh D, Goldey M, Horn PR, Jacobson LD, Kaliman I, Khaliullin RZ, Kuś T, Landau A, Liu J, Proynov EI, Rhee YM, Richard RM, Rohrdanz MA, Steele RP, Sundstrom EJ, Woodcock HL, Zimmerman PM, Zuev D, Albrecht B, Alguire E, Austin B, Beran GJO, Bernard YA, Berquist E, Brandhorst K, Bravaya KB, Brown ST, Casanova D, Chang CM, Chen Y, Chien SH, Closser KD, Crittenden DL, Diedenhofen M, DiStasio RA, Do H, Dutoi AD, Edgar RG, Fatehi S, Fusti-Molnar L, Ghysels A, Golubeva-Zadorozhnaya A, Gomes J, Hanson-Heine MW, Harbach PH, Hauser AW, Hohenstein EG, Holden ZC, Jagau TC, Ji H, Kaduk B, Khistyaev K, Kim J, Kim J, King RA, Klunzinger P, Kosenkov D, Kowalczyk T, Krauter CM, Lao KU, Laurent AD, Lawler KV, Levchenko SV, Lin CY, Liu F, Livshits E, Lochan RC, Luenser A, Manohar P, Manzer SF, Mao SP, Mardirossian N, Marenich AV, Maurer SA, Mayhall NJ, Neuscamman E, Oana CM, Olivares-Amaya R, O’Neill DP, Parkhill JA, Perrine TM, Peverati R, Prociuk A, Rehn DR, Rosta E, Russ NJ, Sharada SM, Sharma S, Small DW, Sodt A, Stein T, Stück D, Su YC, Thom AJ, Tsuchimochi T, Vanovschi V, Vogt L, Vydrov O, Wang T, Watson MA, Wenzel J, White A, Williams CF, Yang J, Yeganeh S, Yost SR, You ZQ, Zhang IY, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Brooks BR, Chan GK, Chipman DM, Cramer CJ, Goddard WA, Gordon MS, Hehre WJ, Klamt A, Schaefer HF, Schmidt MW, Sherrill CD, Truhlar DG, Warshel A, Xu X, Aspuru-Guzik A, Baer R, Bell AT, Besley NA, Chai JD, Dreuw A, Dunietz BD, Furlani TR, Gwaltney SR, Hsu CP, Jung Y, Kong J, Lambrecht DS, Liang W, Ochsenfeld C, Rassolov VA, Slipchenko LV, Subotnik JE, Van Voorhis T, Herbert JM, Krylov AI, Gill PM, Head-Gordon M. Advances in molecular quantum chemistry contained in the Q-Chem 4 program package. Mol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2014.952696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1769] [Impact Index Per Article: 176.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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21
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Zielinska A, Leonowicz M, Li H, Nakanishi T. Controlled self-assembly of alkylated-π compounds for soft materials — Towards optical and optoelectronic applications. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Xiao Q, Sakurai T, Fukino T, Akaike K, Honsho Y, Saeki A, Seki S, Kato K, Takata M, Aida T. Propeller-Shaped Fused Oligothiophenes: A Remarkable Effect of the Topology of Sulfur Atoms on Columnar Stacking. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:18268-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4092769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiao
- School
of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Sakurai
- School
of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukino
- School
of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kouki Akaike
- RIKEN
Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Honsho
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akinori Saeki
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kato
- RIKEN
SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1
Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Masaki Takata
- RIKEN
SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1
Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Takuzo Aida
- School
of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- RIKEN
Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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23
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Yan X, Li B, Li LS. Colloidal graphene quantum dots with well-defined structures. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:2254-62. [PMID: 23150896 DOI: 10.1021/ar300137p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
When the size of a semiconductor crystal is reduced to the nanometer scale, the crystal boundary significantly modifies electron distribution, making properties such as bandgap and energy relaxation dynamics size dependent. This phenomenon, known as quantum confinement, has been demonstrated in many semiconductor materials, leading to practical applications in areas such as bioimaging, photovoltaics, and light-emitting diodes. Graphene, a unique type of semiconductor, is a two-dimensional crystal with a zero bandgap and a zero effective mass of charge carriers. Consequently, we expect new phenomena from nanometer-sized graphene, or graphene quantum dots (QDs), because the energy of charge carriers in graphene follows size-scaling laws that differ from those in other semiconductors. From a chemistry point of view, graphene is made of carbon, an element for which researchers have developed a whole branch of chemistry. Thus, it is possible to synthesize graphene QDs through stepwise, well-controlled organic chemistry, achieving structures with an atomic precision that has not been possible for any other semiconductor materials. Recently, we developed a new solubilizing strategy that led to synthesis of stable colloidal graphene QDs with more than 100 conjugated carbon atoms, allowing us to study their properties in a new size regime. In this Account, we review our recent progress working with the colloidal graphene QDs, including their synthesis and stabilization, tuning of their properties, and new phenomena in energy relaxation dynamics. In particular, we have observed extraordinarily slow "electron cooling"--the relaxation of electrons from high excited states to lower ones. With further investigation, these high-energy electrons could potentially be harvested in solar energy applications, for example, creating more efficient photovoltaic cells. We discuss additional emerging opportunities with these new materials and current challenges, hoping to draw the interest of researchers in various fields to overcome these obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Binsong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Liang-shi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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24
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Gomez-Esteban S, Pezella M, Domingo A, Hennrich G, Gómez-Lor B. Solvent-Dependent Truxene-Based Nanostructures. Chemistry 2013; 19:16080-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Shu J, Dudenko D, Esmaeili M, Park JH, Puniredd SR, Chang JY, Breiby DW, Pisula W, Hansen MR. Coexistence of helical morphologies in columnar stacks of star-shaped discotic hydrazones. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:11075-86. [PMID: 23829567 DOI: 10.1021/ja4029186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Discotic hydrazone molecules are of particular interest as they form discotic phases where the discs are rigidified by intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Here, we investigate the thermotropic behavior and solid-state organizations of three discotic hydrazone derivatives with dendritic groups attached to their outer peripheries, containing six, eight, and ten carbons of linear alkoxy chains. On the basis of two-dimensional wide angle X-ray scattering (2DWAXS), the elevated temperature liquid crystalline (LC) phases were assigned to a hexagonal columnar (Colh) organization with nontilted hydrazone discs for all three compounds. With WAXS, advanced solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) techniques, and ab initio computations, the compounds with six and ten carbons of achiral alkoxy side chains were further subjected to studies at 25 °C, revealing complex crystalline phases with rigid columns and flexible side chains. This combined approach led to models of coexisting helical columnar stacking morphologies for both systems with two different tilt/pitch angles between successive hydrazone molecules. The differences in tilt/pitch angles between the two compounds illustrate that the columns with short alkoxy chains (six carbons) are more influenced by the presence of other stacks in their vicinity, while those with long side chains are less tilted due to a larger alkoxy (ten carbons) buffer zone. The formation of different packing morphologies in the crystalline phase of a columnar LC has rarely been reported so far, which suggests the possibility of complex stacking structures of similar organic LC systems, utilizing small molecules as potential materials for applications in organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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26
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Flaig D, Beer M, Ochsenfeld C. Convergence of Electronic Structure with the Size of the QM Region: Example of QM/MM NMR Shieldings. J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 8:2260-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ct300036s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Flaig
- Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU),
Butenandtstrasse 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Matthias Beer
- Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU),
Butenandtstrasse 7, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU),
Butenandtstrasse 7, D-81377 München, Germany
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27
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New chiral discotics with helical organization of the mesophase—liquid crystalline derivatives of dibenzotetraaza[14]annulene. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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van Houtem MHCJ, Benaskar F, Fitié CFC, Martín-Rapún R, Vekemans JAJM, Meijer EW. Helical self-assembly and co-assembly of fluorinated, preorganized discotics. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:5898-908. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25385b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Nieto-Ortega B, Casado J, López Navarrete JT, Hennrich G, Ramírez FJ. On the Origin of the Chiro-Optical Activity in Supramolecular Assemblies: A Quantum Chemical Study of C3 Octopolar Systems. J Chem Theory Comput 2011; 7:3314-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ct200505s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Belén Nieto-Ortega
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Casado
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Gunter Hennrich
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
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30
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Yamamoto Y. Electroactive Nanotubes from π-Conjugated Discotic Molecules. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20100272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Metzroth T, Hoffmann A, Martín-Rapún R, Smulders MMJ, Pieterse K, Palmans ARA, Vekemans JAJM, Meijer EW, Spiess HW, Gauss J. Unravelling the fine structure of stacked bipyridine diamine-derived C3-discotics as determined by X-ray diffraction, quantum-chemical calculations, Fast-MAS NMR and CD spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00292e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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32
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Pisula W, Feng X, Müllen K. Tuning the columnar organization of discotic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:3634-3649. [PMID: 20652899 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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33
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van Houtem M, Martín-Rapún R, Vekemans J, Meijer E. Desymmetrization of 3,3′-Bis(acylamino)-2,2′-bipyridine-Based Discotics: The High Fidelity of Their Self-Assembly Behavior in the Liquid-Crystalline State and in Solution. Chemistry 2010; 16:2258-71. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Zienau J, Kussmann J, Ochsenfeld C. Quantum-chemical simulation of solid-state NMR spectra: the example of a molecular tweezer host–guest complex. Mol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970903476647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Medjanik K, Kutnyakhov D, Nepijko SA, Schönhense G, Naghavi S, Alijani V, Felser C, Koch N, Rieger R, Baumgarten M, Müllen K. Electronic structure of large disc-type donors and acceptors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:7184-93. [DOI: 10.1039/b926999a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have attracted enormous interest due to their unique electronic and optoelectronic properties as well as the potential applications in organic electronics. This article reviews the progress in the modern synthesis of large PAHs with different sizes, shapes, edge structures, and substituents. Due to their outstanding self-organization characteristics, the discotic liquid-crystalline properties, self-assembled nanostructures on the surfaces, as well as the application in electronic devices will be discussed.
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38
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De Greef TFA, Smulders MMJ, Wolffs M, Schenning APHJ, Sijbesma RP, Meijer EW. Supramolecular Polymerization. Chem Rev 2009; 109:5687-754. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900181u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1869] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom F. A. De Greef
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten M. J. Smulders
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Wolffs
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert P. H. J. Schenning
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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39
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Martín-Rapún R, Byelov D, Palmans ARA, de Jeu WH, Meijer EW. Lyomesophases of C3-symmetrical bipyridine-based discs in alkanes: an X-ray diffraction study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:8794-8801. [PMID: 20050050 DOI: 10.1021/la9003017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the role of alkane solvents in the self-assembly process of pi-conjugated molecules is well recognized but hardly understood. Here we present our results on the X-ray diffraction studies that we conducted to gain insight into the supramolecular structure of mixtures of a bipyridine-based molecule (1) with alkanes. Independent of the alkane used (linear or branched), above x(w) > 0.06 (with x(w) being the weight fraction of 1) the mixtures show lyotropic liquid-crystalline behavior. The nature of the lyomesophase depends only on x(w) and not on the nature of the alkane (linear or branched). A columnar rectangular phase is present when x(w) > 0.66. Upon dilution of 1, a columnar hexagonal phase is assigned first (0.50 < x(w) < 0.65), and finally a columnar nematic phase is observed when x(w) < 0.50. Concentration-dependent SAXD measurements revealed that the dilution of 1 can be viewed as a swelling process. First, solvent molecules occupy space between the columns formed by 1, which are not disrupted. This process can quantitatively be described by a 2D swelling model. Only at lower concentrations does 3D swelling start as the columns start breaking into shorter fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Martín-Rapún
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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40
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Pisula W, Zorn M, Chang JY, Müllen K, Zentel R. Liquid Crystalline Ordering and Charge Transport in Semiconducting Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 30:1179-202. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Feng X, Marcon V, Pisula W, Hansen MR, Kirkpatrick J, Grozema F, Andrienko D, Kremer K, Müllen K. Towards high charge-carrier mobilities by rational design of the shape and periphery of discotics. NATURE MATERIALS 2009; 8:421-426. [PMID: 19363476 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Discotic liquid crystals are a promising class of materials for molecular electronics thanks to their self-organization and charge transporting properties. The best discotics so far are built around the coronene unit and possess six-fold symmetry. In the discotic phase six-fold-symmetric molecules stack with an average twist of 30 degrees, whereas the angle that would lead to the greatest electronic coupling is 60 degrees. Here, a molecule with three-fold symmetry and alternating hydrophilic/hydrophobic side chains is synthesized and X-ray scattering is used to prove the formation of the desired helical microstructure. Time-resolved microwave-conductivity measurements show that the material has indeed a very high mobility, 0.2 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). The assemblies of molecules are simulated using molecular dynamics, confirming the model deduced from X-ray scattering. The simulated structures, together with quantum-chemical techniques, prove that mobility is still limited by structural defects and that a defect-free assembly could lead to mobilities in excess of 10 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Feng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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42
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Percec V, Imam MR, Peterca M, Wilson DA, Graf R, Spiess HW, Balagurusamy VSK, Heiney PA. Self-Assembly of Dendronized Triphenylenes into Helical Pyramidal Columns and Chiral Spheres. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:7662-77. [DOI: 10.1021/ja8094944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mohammad R. Imam
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Graf
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans W. Spiess
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Venkatachalapathy S. K. Balagurusamy
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul A. Heiney
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396, and Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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43
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Feng X, Pisula W, Kudernac T, Wu D, Zhi L, De Feyter S, Müllen K. Controlled Self-Assembly of C3-Symmetric Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenes with Alternating Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Substituents in Solution, in the Bulk, and on a Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:4439-48. [DOI: 10.1021/ja808979t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Feng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Nanomaterials, Laboratory of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, and Institute of Nanoscale Physics and Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KULeuven), Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Zhongguancun, Beiyitiao 11, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Nanomaterials, Laboratory of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, and Institute of Nanoscale Physics and Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KULeuven), Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Zhongguancun, Beiyitiao 11, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tibor Kudernac
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Nanomaterials, Laboratory of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, and Institute of Nanoscale Physics and Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KULeuven), Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Zhongguancun, Beiyitiao 11, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Dongqing Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Nanomaterials, Laboratory of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, and Institute of Nanoscale Physics and Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KULeuven), Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Zhongguancun, Beiyitiao 11, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Linjie Zhi
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Nanomaterials, Laboratory of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, and Institute of Nanoscale Physics and Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KULeuven), Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Zhongguancun, Beiyitiao 11, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Nanomaterials, Laboratory of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, and Institute of Nanoscale Physics and Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KULeuven), Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Zhongguancun, Beiyitiao 11, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Nanomaterials, Laboratory of Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, and Institute of Nanoscale Physics and Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KULeuven), Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Zhongguancun, Beiyitiao 11, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
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Vera F, Luis Serrano J, Sierra T. Twists in mesomorphic columnar supramolecular assemblies. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:781-96. [PMID: 19322470 DOI: 10.1039/b800408k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial review provides insight into helical columnar assemblies based on thermotropic as well as lyotropic liquid crystals on the basis of the structural characteristics that promote hierarchical self-organization. The structural features of molecular materials that can present helical organizations imply the action of different driving forces that include pi-interactions, hydrogen bonding or metal-coordination. In addition, columnar liquid crystals offer the possibility of combining these interactions towards the control of the geometry and orientation of the supramolecular organization leading to well-defined helical columnar assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Vera
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Spain
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45
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Feng X, Liu M, Pisula W, Takase M, Li J, Müllen K. Supramolecular Organization and Photovoltaics of Triangle-shaped Discotic Graphenes with Swallow-tailed Alkyl Substituents. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2008; 20:2684-2689. [PMID: 25213890 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200800642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two novel triangle-shaped discotic graphenes with swallow-like alkyl tails are synthesized; these discotic graphenes allow facile purification, control over thermotropic properties, and solution fabrication into efficient photovoltaic devices. The unique molecular design results in an extremely broad liquid-crystalline range and the ability to self-heal at low processing temperatures, which improves the performance of photovoltaic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Feng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz (Germany)
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46
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Jin W, Yamamoto Y, Fukushima T, Ishii N, Kim J, Kato K, Takata M, Aida T. Systematic studies on structural parameters for nanotubular assembly of hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenes. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:9434-40. [PMID: 18576635 DOI: 10.1021/ja801179e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen different hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenes (HBCs) I-III were newly synthesized, and their self-assembling behaviors were investigated. Taking into account also the reported behaviors of amphiphilic HBCs, some structural parameters of HBC essential for the tubular assembly were revealed. Points to highlight include (1) the importance of two phenyl groups attached to one side of the HBC unit, (2) essential roles of long paraffinic side chains on the other side of the phenyl groups, and (3) no necessity of hydrophilic oligo(ethylene glycol) side chains. The hierarchical nanotubular structure, rendered by virtue of a synchrotron radiation technique, was virtually identical to our previous proposal, where the nanotubes are composed of helically coiled bilayer tapes with a tilting angle of approximately 45 degrees. Each tape consists of pi-stacked HBC units, where the inner and outer HBC layers are connected by interdigitation of paraffinic side chains. The coiled structure is most likely caused by a steric congestion of the phenyl groups attached to the HBC unit, whose tilting direction may determine the handedness of the helically chiral nanotube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wusong Jin
- ERATO-SORST Nanospace Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, 2-41 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan.
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47
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Feng X, Pisula W, Zhi L, Takase M, Müllen K. Controlling the columnar orientation of C3-symmetric "superbenzenes" through alternating polar/apolar substitutents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:1703-6. [PMID: 18203222 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Feng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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48
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Feng X, Pisula W, Zhi L, Takase M, Müllen K. Controlling the Columnar Orientation ofC3-Symmetric “Superbenzenes” through Alternating Polar/Apolar Substitutents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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49
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Schweizer S, Kussmann J, Doser B, Ochsenfeld C. Linear-scaling Cholesky decomposition. J Comput Chem 2008; 29:1004-10. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Marcon V, Vehoff T, Kirkpatrick J, Jeong C, Yoon DY, Kremer K, Andrienko D. Columnar mesophases of hexabenzocoronene derivatives. I. Phase transitions. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:094505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2969763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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