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Dong H, Zhao C, Kong N, Zhou Y, Zhou J. Coupling Process between Droplet and Iron Investigated by Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:20410-20424. [PMID: 38737081 PMCID: PMC11079893 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The droplet-to-iron electrochemical reaction is common in nature and industrial production, and it causes damage to the economy, safety, and the environment. The electrochemical reaction of droplet-to-iron is a coupling process of wetting and corrosion. Presently, investigations into electrochemical reactions mainly focus on the corrosions caused by a solution, and wetting is rarely considered. However, for the droplet-to-iron electrochemical reaction, the mechanism of charge transfer in the process is still unclear. In this paper, a reactive molecular dynamics simulation model for the droplet-to-iron electrochemical reaction is developed for the first time. The electrochemical reaction of droplet-to-iron is studied, and the interaction between droplet wetting and corrosion on iron is investigated. The effects of temperature, electric field strength, and salt concentration on the electrochemical reaction are explored. Results show that droplet wetting on the iron surface and the formation of a single-molecular-layer ordered structure are prerequisites for corrosion. The hydroxyl radicals that penetrate the ordered structure acquire electrons from iron atoms on the substrate surface under the action of Coulomb forces and form iron-containing oxides with these iron atoms. The corrosion products and craters lead to a reduced droplet height, which promotes droplet wetting on iron and further intensifies the droplet-to-iron electrochemical reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Dong
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Can Zhao
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Na Kong
- Xinjiang
Uygur Autonomous Region Science and Technology Project Service Center, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical
Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
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2
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Kritikos EM, Lele A, van Duin ACT, Giusti A. Atomistic insight into the effects of electrostatic fields on hydrocarbon reaction kinetics. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:054109. [PMID: 36754820 DOI: 10.1063/5.0134785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) computations are performed to provide insight into the effects of external electrostatic fields on hydrocarbon reaction kinetics. By comparing the results from MD and DFT, the suitability of the MD method in modeling electrodynamics is first assessed. Results show that the electric field-induced polarization predicted by the MD charge equilibration method is in good agreement with various DFT charge partitioning schemes. Then, the effects of oriented external electric fields on the transition pathways of non-redox reactions are investigated. Results on the minimum energy path suggest that electric fields can cause catalysis or inhibition of oxidation reactions, whereas pyrolysis reactions are not affected due to the weaker electronegativity of the hydrogen and carbon atoms. MD simulations of isolated reactions show that the reaction kinetics is also affected by applied external Lorentz forces and interatomic Coulomb forces since they can increase or decrease the energy of collision depending on the molecular conformation. In addition, electric fields can affect the kinetics of polar species and force them to align in the direction of field lines. These effects are attributed to energy transfer via intermolecular collisions and stabilization under the external Lorentz force. The kinetics of apolar species is not significantly affected mainly due to the weak induced dipole moment even under strong electric fields. The dynamics and reaction rates of species are studied by means of large-scale combustion simulations of n-dodecane and oxygen mixtures. Results show that under strong electric fields, the fuel, oxidizer, and most product molecules experience translational and rotational acceleration mainly due to close charge transfer along with a reduction in their vibrational energy due to stabilization. This study will serve as a basis to improve the current methods used in MD and to develop novel methodologies for the modeling of macroscale reacting flows under external electrostatic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios M Kritikos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Aditya Lele
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Adri C T van Duin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Andrea Giusti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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3
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The Role of Grain Boundaries in the Corrosion Process of Fe Surface: Insights from ReaxFF Molecular Dynamic Simulations. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12050876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intergranular corrosion is the most common corrosion phenomenon in Fe-based alloys. To better understand the mechanism of intergranular corrosion, the influence of grain boundaries on Fe-H2O interfacial corrosion was studied using molecular dynamics simulation based on a new Fe-H2O reaction force field potential. It is found that the corrosion rate at the polycrystalline grain boundary is significantly faster than that of twin crystals and single crystals. By the analysis of stress, it can be found that the stress at the polycrystalline grain boundary and the sigma5 twin grain boundary decreases sharply during the corrosion process. We believe that the extreme stress released at the grain boundary will promote the dissolution of Fe atoms. The formation of vacancies on the Fe matrix surface will accelerate the diffusion of oxygen atoms. This leads to the occurrence of intergranular corrosion.
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Koski JP, Moore SG, Clay RC, O'Hearn KA, Aktulga HM, Wilson MA, Rackers JA, Lane JMD, Modine NA. Water in an External Electric Field: Comparing Charge Distribution Methods Using ReaxFF Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 18:580-594. [PMID: 34914383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The growing interest in the effects of external electric fields on reactive processes requires predictive methods that can reach longer length and time scales than quantum mechanical simulations. Recently, many studies have included electric fields in ReaxFF, a widely used reactive molecular dynamics method. In the case of modeling an external electric field, the charge distribution method used in ReaxFF is critical. The most common charge distribution method used in previous studies of electric fields is the charge equilibration (QEq) method, which assumes that the system is a contiguous conductor and that charge transfer can occur across any distance. In contrast, many systems of interest are insulators or semiconductors, and long-distance charge transfer should not occur in response to a small difference in potential. This study focuses on the limitations of the QEq method in the context of water in an external electric field. We demonstrate that QEq can predict unphysical charge distributions and exhibits properties that do not converge as a function of system size. Furthermore, we show that electric fields within the recently developed atom-condensed Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT) approximated to the second-order (ACKS2) approach address the major limitations of electric fields in QEq. With ACKS2, we observe more physical charge distributions and properties that converge as a function of system size. We do not suggest that ACKS2 is perfect in all circumstances but rather show specific cases where it addresses the major shortcomings of QEq in the context of an external electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Koski
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Stan G Moore
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Raymond C Clay
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Kurt A O'Hearn
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - H Metin Aktulga
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Mark A Wilson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Joshua A Rackers
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - J Matthew D Lane
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Normand A Modine
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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5
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Kritikos E, Giusti A. Reactive Molecular Dynamics Investigation of Toluene Oxidation under Electrostatic Fields: Effect of the Modeling of Local Charge Distribution. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10705-10716. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios Kritikos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Giusti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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6
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Investigation of iron carbide (Fe3C) corrosion in water and acidic solution using ReaxFF molecular dynamics. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Mattsson S, Paulus B. A theoretical study on the binding and electrolytic splitting of hydrogen fluoride on Ni(111) and Ni(211). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4407-4415. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06348j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF) is electrochemically activated on Ni electrodes in the Simons process. We study the electrode/electrolyte interface using DFT methods and find the splitting of HF to be exothermic even at low cell potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mattsson
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Beate Paulus
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
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8
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Comparative study of the structure and dynamics of water confined between nickel nanosheets and bulk water, a study using reactive force fields. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Effect of electric field on polarization and decomposition of RDX molecular crystals: a ReaxFF molecular dynamics study. J Mol Model 2019; 26:2. [PMID: 31834496 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The polarization and decomposition of RDX crystal in external electric fields are simulated using molecular dynamics with ReaxFF force field. The results show that the molecular conformation of RDX is transformed from AAE to AAI in the electric field of 0.45 V/Å due to the polarization. In the process of the decomposition of RDX in the electric field, the energy of the system and the exothermic energy of the reaction increase with the increasing of the electric field intensity, and the overall characteristic time of the initial reaction is shorter than that without electric field, which indicates that the external electric field can greatly accelerate the decomposition reaction of RDX.
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10
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Juarez F, Salmazo D, Savinova ER, Quaino P, Belletti G, Santos E, Schmickler W. The initial stage of OH adsorption on Ni(111). J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Ai L, Zhou Y, Huang H, Lv Y, Chen M. A reactive force field molecular dynamics simulation of nickel oxidation in supercritical water. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Aral G, Islam MM, van Duin ACT. Role of surface oxidation on the size dependent mechanical properties of nickel nanowires: a ReaxFF molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 20:284-298. [PMID: 29205239 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06906e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Highly reactive metallic nickel (Ni) is readily oxidized by oxygen (O2) molecules even at low temperatures. The presence of the naturally resulting pre-oxide shell layer on metallic Ni nano materials such as Ni nanowires (NW) is responsible for degrading the deformation mechanisms and related mechanical properties. However, the role of the pre-oxide shell layer on the metallic Ni NW coupled with the complicated mechanical deformation mechanism and related properties have not yet been fully and independently understood. For this reason, the ReaxFF reactive force field for Ni/O interactions was used to investigate the effect of surface oxide layers and the size-dependent mechanical properties of Ni NWs under precisely controlled tensile loading conditions. To directly quantify the size dependent surface oxidation effect on the tensile mechanical deformation behaviour and related properties for Ni NWs, first, ReaxFF-molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out to study the oxidation kinetics on the free surface of Ni NWs in a molecular O2 environment as a function of various diameters (D = 5.0, 6.5, and 8.0 nm) of the NWs, but at the same length. Single crystalline, pure metallic Ni NWs were also studied as a reference. The results of the oxidation simulations indicate that a surface oxide shell layer with limiting thickness of ∼1.0 nm was formed on the free surface of the bare Ni NW, typically via dissociation of the O-O bonds and the subsequent formation of Ni-O bonds. Furthermore, we investigated the evolution of the size-dependent intrinsic mechanical elastic properties of the core-oxide shell (Ni/NixOy) NWs by comparing them with their un-oxidized counterparts under constant uniaxial tensile loading. We found that the oxide shell layer significantly decreases the mechanical properties of metallic Ni NW as well as facilitates the initiation of plastic deformation as a function of decreasing diameter. The disordered oxide shell layer on the Ni NW's surface remarkably reduces the yield stress and Young's modulus, due to the increased softening effects with the decreasing NW diameter, compared to un-oxidized counterparts. Moreover, the onset of plastic deformation occurs at a relatively low yielding strain and stress level for the smaller diameter of oxide-coated Ni NWs in comparison to their pure counterparts. Furthermore, for pure Ni NWs, Young's modulus, the yielding stress and strain slightly decrease with the decrease in the diameter size of Ni NWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurcan Aral
- Department of Physics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, 35430, Turkey.
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13
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Wen J, Ma T, Zhang W, van Duin ACT, Lu X. Surface Orientation and Temperature Effects on the Interaction of Silicon with Water: Molecular Dynamics Simulations Using ReaxFF Reactive Force Field. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:587-594. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b11310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Wen
- State
Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianbao Ma
- State
Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department
of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Adri C. T. van Duin
- Department
of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Xinchun Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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14
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Amiri N, Behnejad H. Oxidation of nickel surfaces through the energetic impacts of oxygen molecules: Reactive molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:144705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4945421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Onofrio N, Strachan A. Voltage equilibration for reactive atomistic simulations of electrochemical processes. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:054109. [PMID: 26254644 DOI: 10.1063/1.4927562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Onofrio
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA
| | - Alejandro Strachan
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA
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16
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Zheng YT, Xuan FZ, Wang Z. A dominant role of stress-dependent oxide structure on diffusion flux in the strain-reaction engineering. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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