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Huang Z, Li J, Zhong H, Tian B. Nucleic acid amplification strategies for volume-amplified magnetic nanoparticle detection assay. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:939807. [PMID: 36032733 PMCID: PMC9399362 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.939807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) can be quantified based on their magnetic relaxation properties by volumetric magnetic biosensing strategies, for example, alternating current susceptometry. Volume-amplified magnetic nanoparticle detection assays (VAMNDAs) employ analyte-initiated nucleic acid amplification (NAA) reactions to increase the hydrodynamic size of MNP labels for magnetic sensing, achieving attomolar to picomolar detection limits. VAMNDAs offer rapid and user-friendly analysis of nucleic acid targets but present inherence defects determined by the chosen amplification reactions and sensing principles. In this mini-review, we summarize more than 30 VAMNDA publications and classify their detection models for NAA-induced MNP size increases, highlighting the performances of different linear, cascade, and exponential NAA strategies. For some NAA strategies that have not yet been reported in VAMNDA, we predicted their performances based on the reaction kinetics and feasible detection models. Finally, challenges and perspectives are given, which may hopefully inspire and guide future VAMNDA studies.
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Sánchez Martín D, Oropesa-Nuñez R, Zardán Gómez de la Torre T. Evaluating the Performance of a Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Detection Method Using Circle-to-Circle Amplification. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11060173. [PMID: 34071179 PMCID: PMC8226732 DOI: 10.3390/bios11060173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This work explores several issues of importance for the development of a diagnostic method based on circle-to-circle amplification (C2CA) and oligonucleotide-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Firstly, the performance of the detection method was evaluated in terms of sensitivity and speed. Synthetic target sequences for Newcastle disease virus and Salmonella were used as model sequences. The sensitivity of the C2CA assay resulted in detection of 1 amol of starting DNA target with a total amplification time of 40 min for both target sequences. Secondly, the functionalization of the nanoparticles was evaluated in terms of robustness and stability. The functionalization was shown to be very robust, and the stability test showed that 92% of the oligos were still attached on the particle surface after three months of storage at 4 °C. Altogether, the results obtained in this study provide a strong foundation for the development of a quick and sensitive diagnostic assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Sánchez Martín
- Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 03 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Reinier Oropesa-Nuñez
- Division of Solid-State Physics, Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 03 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Teresa Zardán Gómez de la Torre
- Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 03 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-18-471-0000
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Tian B, Gao F, Fock J, Dufva M, Hansen MF. Homogeneous circle-to-circle amplification for real-time optomagnetic detection of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp coding sequence. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112356. [PMID: 32510339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Circle-to-circle amplification (C2CA) is a specific and precise cascade nucleic acid amplification method consisting of more than one round of padlock probe ligation and rolling circle amplification (RCA). Although C2CA provides a high amplification efficiency with a negligible increase of false-positive risk, it contains several step-by-step operation processes. We herein demonstrate a homogeneous and isothermal nucleic acid quantification strategy based on C2CA and optomagnetic analysis of magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) assembly. The proposed homogeneous circle-to-circle amplification eliminates the need for additional monomerization and ligation steps after the first round of RCA, and combines two amplification rounds in a one-pot reaction. The second round of RCA produces amplicon coils that anneal to detection probes grafted onto MNPs, resulting in MNP assembly that can be detected in real-time using an optomagnetic sensor. The proposed methodology was applied for the detection of a synthetic complementary DNA of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, also known as 2019-nCoV) RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) coding sequence, achieving a detection limit of 0.4 fM with a dynamic detection range of 3 orders of magnitude and a total assay time of ca. 100 min. A mathematical model was set up and validated to predict the assay performance. Moreover, the proposed method was specific to distinguish SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 sequences with high similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tian
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Health Tech, Building 345C, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Physics, Building 307, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Fock
- Blusense Diagnostics ApS, Fruebjergvej 3, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Dufva
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Health Tech, Building 345C, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Fougt Hansen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Health Tech, Building 345C, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Zhu W, Chen Y, He Y, Fang W, Ying Y, Li Y, Fu Y. Cooperation Mode of Outer Surface and Inner Space of Nanochannel: Separation-Detection System Based on Integrated Nanochannel Electrode for Rapid and Facile Detection of Salmonella. Anal Chem 2019; 92:1818-1825. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Zhu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yin Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yawen He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yibin Ying
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Yanbin Li
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Yingchun Fu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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5
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Characterization of Binding of Magnetic Nanoparticles to Rolling Circle Amplification Products by Turn-On Magnetic Assay. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2019; 9:bios9030109. [PMID: 31533330 PMCID: PMC6784358 DOI: 10.3390/bios9030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The specific binding of oligonucleotide-tagged 100 nm magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to rolling circle products (RCPs) is investigated using our newly developed differential homogenous magnetic assay (DHMA). The DHMA measures ac magnetic susceptibility from a test and a control samples simultaneously and eliminates magnetic background signal. Therefore, the DHMA can reveal details of binding kinetics of magnetic nanoparticles at very low concentrations of RCPs. From the analysis of the imaginary part of the DHMA signal, we find that smaller MNPs in the particle ensemble bind first to the RCPs. When the RCP concentration increases, we observe the formation of agglomerates, which leads to lower number of MNPs per RCP at higher concentrations of RCPs. The results thus indicate that a full frequency range of ac susceptibility observation is necessary to detect low concentrations of target RCPs and a long amplification time is not required as it does not significantly increase the number of MNPs per RCP. The findings are critical for understanding the underlying microscopic binding process for improving the assay performance. They furthermore suggest DHMA is a powerful technique for dynamically characterizing the binding interactions between MNPs and biomolecules in fluid volumes.
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Minero GAS, Cangiano V, Garbarino F, Fock J, Hansen MF. Integration of microbead DNA handling with optomagnetic detection in rolling circle amplification assays. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:528. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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7
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Zhou F, Meng R, Liu Q, Jin Y, Li B. Photoinduced Electron Transfer-Based Fluorescence Quenching Combined with Rolling Circle Amplification for Sensitive Detection of MicroRNA. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Rong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Yan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Baoxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
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8
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Zhou F, Li B, Ma J. A linear DNA probe as an alternative to a molecular beacon for improving the sensitivity of a homogenous fluorescence biosensing platform for DNA detection using target-primed rolling circle amplification. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14467h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Linear single-labeled DNA probes are used in this RCA-based fluorescence strategy for DNA detection, which could effectively avoid the fluorescence quenching between neighboring signal probes using hairpin probe as signal probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710062
- China
| | - Baoxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710062
- China
| | - Jiyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710062
- China
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9
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Østerberg FW, Rizzi G, Donolato M, Bejhed RS, Mezger A, Strömberg M, Nilsson M, Strømme M, Svedlindh P, Hansen MF. On-chip detection of rolling circle amplified DNA molecules from Bacillus globigii spores and Vibrio cholerae. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:2877-2882. [PMID: 24616417 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201303325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
For the first time DNA coils formed by rolling circle amplification are quantified on-chip by Brownian relaxation measurements on magnetic nanobeads using a magnetoresistive sensor. No external magnetic fields are required besides the magnetic field arising from the current through the sensor, which makes the setup very compact. Limits of detection down to 500 Bacillus globigii spores and 2 pM of Vibrio cholerae are demonstrated, which are on the same order of magnitude or lower than those achieved previously using a commercial macro-scale AC susceptometer. The chip-based readout is an important step towards the realization of field tests based on rolling circle amplification molecular analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik W Østerberg
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Building 345 East, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Strömberg M, Zardán Gómez de la Torre T, Nilsson M, Svedlindh P, Strømme M. A magnetic nanobead-based bioassay provides sensitive detection of single- and biplex bacterial DNA using a portable AC susceptometer. Biotechnol J 2013; 9:137-45. [PMID: 24174315 PMCID: PMC3910167 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bioassays relying on magnetic read-out using probe-tagged magnetic nanobeads are potential platforms for low-cost biodiagnostic devices for pathogen detection. For optimal assay performance it is crucial to apply an easy, efficient and robust bead-probe conjugation protocol. In this paper, sensitive (1.5 pM) singleplex detection of bacterial DNA sequences is demonstrated in a portable AC susceptometer by a magnetic nanobead-based bioassay principle; the volume-amplified magnetic nanobead detection assay (VAM-NDA). Two bead sizes, 100 and 250 nm, are investigated along with a highly efficient, rapid, robust, and stable conjugation chemistry relying on the avidin–biotin interaction for bead-probe attachment. Avidin-biotin conjugation gives easy control of the number of detection probes per bead; thus allowing for systematic investigation of the impact of varying the detection probe surface coverage upon bead immobilization in rolling circle amplified DNA-coils. The existence of an optimal surface coverage is discussed. Biplex VAM-NDA detection is for the first time demonstrated in the susceptometer: Semi-quantitative results are obtained and it is concluded that the concentration of DNA-coils in the incubation volume is of crucial importance for target quantification. The present findings bring the development of commercial biodiagnostic devices relying on the VAM–NDA further towards implementation in point-of-care and outpatient settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Strömberg
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Solid State Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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11
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Lin C, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Yao B, Fang Q. Naked-eye detection of nucleic acids through rolling circle amplification and magnetic particle mediated aggregation. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 47:515-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Gómez de la Torre TZ, Ke R, Mezger A, Svedlindh P, Strømme M, Nilsson M. Sensitive detection of spores using volume-amplified magnetic nanobeads. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:2174-2177. [PMID: 22514097 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201102632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Zardán Gómez de la Torre
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Division for Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Li Y, Lei C, Zeng Y, Ji X, Zhang S. Sensitive SERS detection of DNA and lysozyme based on polymerase assisted cross strand-displacement amplification. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10892-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35688k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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de la Torre TZG, Mezger A, Herthnek D, Johansson C, Svedlindh P, Nilsson M, Strømme M. Detection of rolling circle amplified DNA molecules using probe-tagged magnetic nanobeads in a portable AC susceptometer. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 29:195-9. [PMID: 21907556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Here, the volume-amplified magnetic nanobead detection assay (VAM-NDA) is for the first time applied for detection of rolling circle amplified (RCA) DNA molecules in a portable, commercial AC susceptometer that operates at ambient temperatures and with an analysis time of about 20 min. The performance of the assay is investigated using three different magnetic nanobead sizes: 50, 130 and 250nm. The performance of the assay using the AC susceptometer is compared to the performance achieved using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). It is found that the performance of the assay is comparable in the two setups with a quantitative detection limit of ∼4pM for all bead sizes under study. The findings show that the VAM-NDA holds promise for future wide-spread implementation in commercial AC susceptometer setups thus opening up for the possibility to perform magnetic bead-based DNA detection in point-of-care and outpatient settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Zardán Gómez de la Torre
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Uppsala University, The Ångström Laboratory, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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Göransson J, Zardán Gómez De La Torre T, Strömberg M, Russell C, Svedlindh P, Strømme M, Nilsson M. Sensitive Detection of Bacterial DNA by Magnetic Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9138-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102133e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Göransson
- Ångström Laboratory, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Teresa Zardán Gómez De La Torre
- Ångström Laboratory, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mattias Strömberg
- Ångström Laboratory, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camilla Russell
- Ångström Laboratory, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Svedlindh
- Ångström Laboratory, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Strømme
- Ångström Laboratory, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Nilsson
- Ångström Laboratory, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Hu J, Zhang CY. Sensitive Detection of Nucleic Acids with Rolling Circle Amplification and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2010; 82:8991-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1019599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chun-yang Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Akhtar S, Strömberg M, Zardán Gómez de la Torre T, Russell C, Gunnarsson K, Nilsson M, Svedlindh P, Strømme M, Leifer K. Real-Space Transmission Electron Microscopy Investigations of Attachment of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles to DNA-Coils Acting as a Biosensor. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:13255-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jp105756b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Akhtar
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Electron Microscopy and Nanoengineering, Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, and Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Solid State Physics, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mattias Strömberg
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Electron Microscopy and Nanoengineering, Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, and Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Solid State Physics, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Teresa Zardán Gómez de la Torre
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Electron Microscopy and Nanoengineering, Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, and Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Solid State Physics, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camilla Russell
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Electron Microscopy and Nanoengineering, Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, and Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Solid State Physics, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Klas Gunnarsson
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Electron Microscopy and Nanoengineering, Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, and Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Solid State Physics, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Nilsson
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Electron Microscopy and Nanoengineering, Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, and Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Solid State Physics, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Svedlindh
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Electron Microscopy and Nanoengineering, Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, and Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Solid State Physics, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Strømme
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Electron Microscopy and Nanoengineering, Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, and Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Solid State Physics, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Klaus Leifer
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Electron Microscopy and Nanoengineering, Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, and Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Solid State Physics, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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