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Qiu L, Zhang Y, Krijger TL, Qiu X, Hof PV, Hummelen JC, Chiechi RC. Rectification of current responds to incorporation of fullerenes into mixed-monolayers of alkanethiolates in tunneling junctions. Chem Sci 2017; 8:2365-2372. [PMID: 28451341 PMCID: PMC5365006 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04799h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the rectification of current through molecular junctions comprising self-assembled monolayers of decanethiolate through the incorporation of C60 fullerene moieties bearing undecanethiol groups in junctions using eutectic Ga-In (EGaIn) and Au conducting probe AFM (CP-AFM) top-contacts. The degree of rectification increases with increasing exposure of the decanethiolate monolayers to the fullerene moieties, going through a maximum after 24 h. We ascribe this observation to the resulting mixed-monolayer achieving an optimal packing density of fullerene cages sitting above the alkane monolayer. Thus, the degree of rectification is controlled by the amount of fullerene present in the mixed-monolayer. The voltage dependence of R varies with the composition of the top-contact and the force applied to the junction and the energy of the lowest unoccupied π-state determined from photoelectron spectroscopy is consistent with the direction of rectification. The maximum value of rectification R = |J(+)/J(-)| = 940 at ±1 V or 617 at ±0.95 V is in agreement with previous studies on pure monolayers relating the degree of rectification to the volume of the head-group on which the frontier orbitals are localized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qiu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
| | - Yanxi Zhang
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
| | - Theodorus L Krijger
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
| | - Xinkai Qiu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
| | - Patrick Van't Hof
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
| | - Jan C Hummelen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
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Chavira-Quintero R, Guirado-López RA. Thiol-based molecular overlayers adsorbed on C60: role of the end-group and charge state on the stability of the complexes. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:174307. [PMID: 24206298 DOI: 10.1063/1.4827257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present pseudo-potential density functional theory calculations dedicated to analyze the stability and electronic properties of thiol-based molecular overlayers adsorbed on C60. We consider short molecules having a S atom as a headgroup, alkyl chains containing one to three C atoms, and a CH3 species as a terminal group. The thiol molecules are bonded to the carbon surface (through the S atom) with adsorption energies that vary in the range of ~1-2 eV and with S-C bond lengths of ~1.8 Å. For neutral C60(SCH3)n complexes, low energy atomic configurations are obtained when the thiol groups are distributed on the surface forming small molecular domains (e.g., pairs, trimers, or tetramer configurations of neighboring thiol molecules). In contrast, less stable random distributions are defined by orientationally disordered overlayers with highly distorted underlying carbon networks. The inclusion of London dispersion interaction slightly affects the structure of the molecular coating but increases the adsorption energies by values as large as 0.3 eV. Interestingly, the relative stability of the previous adsorbed phases differ from the one obtained when considering single sulfur adsorption on C60, a result that reveals the crucial role played by the terminal CH3 groups on the structure of the molecular coating. The positive (negative) charging of the [C60(SCH3)n](±q) complexes, with q as large as 8e, changes the geometrical structure and the chemical nature of the ligand shell inducing lateral molecular displacements, S-S bonding between neighboring thiols, as well as the partial degradation of the molecular coating. Finally, we consider the stability of two-component mixed overlayers formed by the coadsorption of CH3-, OH-, and NH2-terminated alkanethiols of the same length. In agreement with the results found on Au surfaces, we obtain lowest energy atomic configurations when molecular domains of a single component are stabilized on C60, a result that could be of fundamental importance in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chavira-Quintero
- Instituto de Física "Manuel Sandoval Vallarta," Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Alvaro Obregón 64, 78000 San Luis Potosí, México
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Gimenez-Lopez MDC, Räisänen MT, Chamberlain TW, Weber U, Lebedeva M, Rance GA, Briggs GAD, Pettifor D, Burlakov V, Buck M, Khlobystov AN. Functionalized fullerenes in self-assembled monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:10977-10985. [PMID: 21744819 DOI: 10.1021/la200654n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropy of intermolecular and molecule-substrate interactions holds the key to controlling the arrangement of fullerenes into 2D self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The chemical reactivity of fullerenes allows functionalization of the carbon cages with sulfur-containing groups, thiols and thioethers, which facilitates the reliable adsorption of these molecules on gold substrates. A series of structurally related molecules, eight of which are new fullerene compounds, allows systematic investigation of the structural and functional parameters defining the geometry of fullerene SAMs. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) measurements reveal that the chemical nature of the anchoring group appears to be crucial for the long-range order in fullerenes: the assembly of thiol-functionalized fullerenes is governed by strong molecule-surface interactions, which prohibit formation of ordered molecular arrays, while thioether-functionalized fullerenes, which have a weaker interaction with the surface than the thiols, form a variety of ordered 2D molecular arrays owing to noncovalent intermolecular interactions. A linear row of fullerene molecules is a recurring structural feature of the ordered SAMs, but the relative alignment and the spacing between the fullerene rows is strongly dependent on the size and shape of the spacer group linking the fullerene cage and the anchoring group. Careful control of the chemical functionality on the carbon cages enables positioning of fullerenes into at least four different packing arrangements, none of which have been observed before. Our new strategy for the controlled arrangement of fullerenes on surfaces at the molecular level will advance the development of practical applications for these nanomaterials.
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Mögele F, Fantauzzi D, Wiedwald U, Ziemann P, Rieger B. Two-dimensional assembly of magnetic binuclear complexes: a scanning tunneling microscopy study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:13606-13613. [PMID: 19670886 DOI: 10.1021/la9019712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mono- and binuclear metal-organic compounds bearing long alkyl chains were synthesized and studied at the liquid/graphite interface using scanning tunneling microscopy. Two different lamellar surface patterns as well as a star like structure were obtained driven by van der Waals interactions of the alkyl chains and weak hydrogen bonds of the phenoxy moieties. In the case of the star like structure solvent molecules (1,2,4-trichlorobenzene) are supposed to play an important role for the stabilization of the created pattern. Magnetic investigation of the bulk material by a superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer revealed magnetic moments up to 1.7 mu(B) (NiCo) and most likely antiferromagnetic coupling between the two metals within a single complex. The presented two-dimensional crystallization of the binuclear complexes may provide an easy access to new designable materials in molecular electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Mögele
- Institute of Material and Catalysis, University of Ulm,Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
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Croizat P, Müller F, Mantz H, Englisch A, Welter R, Hüfner S, Braunstein P. Synthesis of functional heterometallic complexes and clusters containing molybdenum and palladium or platinum, their self-assembly on gold surfaces and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies. CR CHIM 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhang EY, Wang CR. Fullerene self-assembly and supramolecular nanostructures. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pineider F, Mannini M, Sangregorio C, Gorini L, Sessoli R. Insertion of a functionalised single molecule magnet into preformed self-assembled monolayers. Inorganica Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2008.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shirai Y, Cheng L, Chen B, Tour JM. Characterization of Self-Assembled Monolayers of Fullerene Derivatives on Gold Surfaces: Implications for Device Evaluations. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:13479-89. [PMID: 17031961 DOI: 10.1021/ja063451d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The widely employed approach to self-assembly of fullerene derivatives on gold can be complicated due to multilayer formations and head-to-tail assemblies resulting from the strong fullerene-fullerene and fullerene-gold interactions. These anomalies were not examined in detail in previous studies on fullerene self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) but were clearly detected in the present work using surface characterization techniques including ellipsometry, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). This is the first time that SAMs prepared from fullerene derivatives of thiols/thiol esters/disulfides have been analyzed in detail, and the complications due to multilayer formations and head-to-tail assemblies were revealed. Specifically, we designed and synthesized several fullerene derivatives based on thiols, thiol acetates, and disulfides to address the characterization requirements, and these are described and delineated. These studies specifically address the need to properly characterize and control fullerene-thiol assemblies on gold before evaluating subsequent device performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shirai
- Department of Chemistry, Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, MS-222, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Nishino T, Ito T, Umezawa Y. A fullerene molecular tip can detect localized and rectified electron tunneling within a single fullerene-porphyrin pair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:5659-62. [PMID: 15809427 PMCID: PMC556290 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0408474102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A fullerene molecular tip was used to detect electron tunneling from a single porphyrin molecule. Electron tunneling was found to occur locally from an electron-donating moiety of the porphyrin to the fullerene through charge-transfer interaction between them. In addition, electron tunneling within the single fullerene-porphyrin pair exhibited rectifying behavior in which electrons can be driven only at the direction from the porphyrin to the fullerene. It is demonstrated that localized electron tunneling enables us to spatially visualize the frontier orbital of the porphyrin involved in electron tunneling. In addition, rectification demonstrates that the fullerene-porphyrin pair constitutes a molecular rectifier. We believe that molecular tips bring insight into intermolecular electron transmission toward realization of molecular electronics as shown here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Patnaik A, Okudaira KK, Kera S, Setoyama H, Mase K, Ueno N. Polarized near-edge x-ray-absorption fine structure spectroscopy of C60-functionalized 11-amino-1-undecane thiol self-assembled monolayer: Molecular orientation and Evidence for C60 aggregation. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:154703. [PMID: 15945652 DOI: 10.1063/1.1880952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-edge x-ray-absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy was adopted to probe the unoccupied electronic states of C60 anchored onto an organized assembly of 11-amino-1-undecane thiol on Au(111). The polarization dependence of the intensity of pi* resonance associated with C60 pi network revealed the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) system to be oriented with an average molecular tilt angle of 57 degrees with respect to the surface normal. Invoking the absence of solid-state band dispersion effects and in comparison to solid C60 and /or 1-ML C60/Au(111), the electronic structure of the resulting assembly was found dominated by spectral position shift and linewidth and intensity changes of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), LUMO+1, and LUMO+2 orbitals. The latter implied hybridization between N Pz of -NH2 group of thiolate SAM and pi levels of C60, resulting in a nucleophilic addition with a change in the symmetry of C60 from Ih to C1 in the SAM. Occurrence of a new feature at 285.3 eV in the NEXAFS spectrum, assigned previously to pi* graphitic LUMO, signified the formation of aggregated clusters, (C60)n of C60 monomer. Low tunneling current scanning tunneling microscopy confirmed them to be spherical and stable aggregates with n approximately 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archita Patnaik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India.
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Zhang L, Zhang J, Schmandt N, Cratty J, Khabashesku VN, Kelly KF, Barron AR. AFM and STM characterization of thiol and thiophene functionalized SWNTs: pitfalls in the use of chemical markers to determine the extent of sidewall functionalization in SWNTs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:5429-31. [PMID: 16261236 DOI: 10.1039/b509257d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thiol- and thiophene-functionalized SWNTs prepared via the reaction of a substituted amine with fluoronanotubes show similar levels of sidewall functionalization, however, the use of Au nanoparticles as chemical markers for AFM gives misleading results for substituent distribution since STM shows the thiol substituents grouped in bands while the thiophene substituents uniformly distributed along the SWNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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Dameron AA, Ciszek JW, Tour JM, Weiss PS. Effects of Hindered Internal Rotation on Packing and Conductance of Self-Assembled Monolayers. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp049442d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arrelaine A. Dameron
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Davey Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-6300, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892
| | - Jacob W. Ciszek
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Davey Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-6300, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892
| | - James M. Tour
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Davey Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-6300, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Davey Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-6300, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892
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Imahori H, Mori Y, Matano Y. Nanostructured artificial photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1389-5567(03)00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ishida T, Mizutani W, Aya Y, Ogiso H, Sasaki S, Tokumoto H. Electrical Conduction of Conjugated Molecular SAMs Studied by Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0134749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ishida T, Mizutani W, Choi N, Akiba U, Fujihira M, Tokumoto H. Structural Effects on Electrical Conduction of Conjugated Molecules Studied by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0018450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ishida
- Joint Research Center for Atom Technology (JRCAT), National Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (NAIR), 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8562, Japan, PRESTO-Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, JRCAT-Angstrom Technology Partnership (ATP), 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0046, Japan, and Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta,
| | - Wataru Mizutani
- Joint Research Center for Atom Technology (JRCAT), National Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (NAIR), 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8562, Japan, PRESTO-Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, JRCAT-Angstrom Technology Partnership (ATP), 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0046, Japan, and Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta,
| | - Nami Choi
- Joint Research Center for Atom Technology (JRCAT), National Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (NAIR), 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8562, Japan, PRESTO-Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, JRCAT-Angstrom Technology Partnership (ATP), 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0046, Japan, and Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta,
| | - Uichi Akiba
- Joint Research Center for Atom Technology (JRCAT), National Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (NAIR), 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8562, Japan, PRESTO-Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, JRCAT-Angstrom Technology Partnership (ATP), 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0046, Japan, and Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta,
| | - Masamichi Fujihira
- Joint Research Center for Atom Technology (JRCAT), National Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (NAIR), 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8562, Japan, PRESTO-Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, JRCAT-Angstrom Technology Partnership (ATP), 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0046, Japan, and Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta,
| | - Hiroshi Tokumoto
- Joint Research Center for Atom Technology (JRCAT), National Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (NAIR), 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8562, Japan, PRESTO-Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, JRCAT-Angstrom Technology Partnership (ATP), 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0046, Japan, and Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta,
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