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Feldman VI, Ryazantsev SV, Kameneva SV. Matrix isolation in laboratory astrochemistry: state-of-the-art, implications and perspective. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Izadi ME, Bal KM, Maghari A, Neyts EC. Reaction mechanisms of C( 3P J) and C +( 2P J) with benzene in the interstellar medium from quantum mechanical molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:4205-4216. [PMID: 33586718 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04542j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
While spectroscopic data on small hydrocarbons in interstellar media in combination with crossed molecular beam (CMB) experiments have provided a wealth of information on astrochemically relevant species, much of the underlying mechanistic pathways of their formation remain elusive. Therefore, in this work, the chemical reaction mechanisms of C(3PJ) + C6H6 and C+(2P) + C6H6 systems using the quantum mechanical molecular dynamics (QMMD) technique at the PBE0-D3(BJ) level of theory is investigated, mimicking a CMB experiment. Both the dynamics of the reactions as well as the electronic structure for the purpose of the reaction network are evaluated. The method is validated for the first reaction by comparison to the available experimental data. The reaction scheme for the C(3PJ) + C6H6 system covers the literature data, e.g. the major products are the 1,2-didehydrocycloheptatrienyl radical (C7H5) and benzocyclopropenyl radical (C6H5-CH), and it reveals the existence of less common pathways for the first time. The chemistry of the C+(2PJ) + C6H6 system is found to be much richer, and we have found that this is because of more exothermic reactions in this system in comparison to those in the C(3PJ) + C6H6 system. Moreover, using the QMMD simulation, a number of reaction paths have been revealed that produce three distinct classes of reaction products with different ring sizes. All in all, at all the collision energies and orientations, the major product is the heptagon molecular ion for the ionic system. It is also revealed that the collision orientation has a dominant effect on the reaction products in both systems, while the collision energy mostly affects the charged system. These simulations both prove the applicability of this approach to simulate crossed molecular beams, and provide fundamental information on reactions relevant for the interstellar medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ebrahim Izadi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kristof M Bal
- Department of Chemistry, Research Group PLASMANT, NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Ali Maghari
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erik C Neyts
- Department of Chemistry, Research Group PLASMANT, NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Chakraborty A, Lee YP. Formation and infrared identification of protonated fluoranthene isomers 3-, 9-, and 10-C 16H 11+ in solid para-H 2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:1820-1829. [PMID: 30628616 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05849k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and their derivatives are prospective carriers of unidentified infrared (UIR) emission features observed in interstellar media. Fluoranthene (C16H10) is a simple planar PAH with five- and six-membered rings; it can be considered as a fragment of C60, which, along with its cationic counterpart, has been identified in interstellar media. Protonated fluoranthene, C16H11+, was generated upon electron bombardment during deposition at 3.2 K of p-H2 containing fluoranthene in a small proportion. The intensities of infrared features of C16H11+ decreased after maintaining the matrix in darkness because of its neutralization with trapped electrons. According to the correlations in intensities upon neutralization and secondary photolysis, observed lines were classified into three groups which are assigned to isomers 3-C16H11+, 9-C16H11+, and 10-C16H11+. Experimental vibrational wavenumbers and relative IR intensities of the features agree with corresponding calculated values predicted for these three isomers of C16H11+ with the B3PW91/6-311++G(2d,2p) method. 3-C16H11+ and 9-C16H11+ are predicted to have the lowest energy (within 5 kJ mol-1), whereas 10- and 1-C16H11+ are lying above the global minimum 3-C16H11+ by ∼20 kJ mol-1. However, definitive identification of 1-C16H11+ could not be made as only the most intense line is tentatively assigned. Although the observed spectra of these isomers match unsatisfactorily with the UIR bands, they will facilitate the potential terrestrial and extraterrestrial identification of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Chakraborty
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Protoplanetary Disks around Herbig Ae/Be and T Tauri Stars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chakraborty A, Rice CA, Hardy FX, Fulara J, Maier JP. Electronic Spectra of Protonated Fluoranthene in a Neon Matrix and Gas Phase at 10 K. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:4805-11. [PMID: 26837823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Four electronic systems with origin bands at 759.5, 559.3, 476.3, and 385.5 nm are detected in a 6 K neon matrix following deposition of mass-selected protonated fluoranthene C16H11(+) produced from a reaction of neutral vapor and ethanol in a hot-cathode ion source. Two cationic isomers are identified as the carriers of these band systems. The 559.3, 476.3, and 385.5 nm absorptions are assigned to 4,3,2 (1)A' ← X (1)A' transitions of isomer E(+) (γ-) and the 2 (1)A' ← X (1)A' system at 759.5 nm is of isomer C(+) (α-) of protonated fluoranthene on the basis of theoretical predictions. The electronic spectrum of E(+) was also recorded in the gas phase using a resonant 1 + 1 two-photon excitation-dissociation technique in an ion trap at vibrational and rotational temperatures of 10 K. The 3,2 (1)A' ← X (1)A' transitions have origin band maxima at 558.28 ± 0.01 and 474.92 ± 0.01 nm. Both the 2 (1)A' and 3 (1)A' excited states have a distinct vibrational pattern with lifetimes on the order of 1 ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - C A Rice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - F-X Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Fulara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - J P Maier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Electron affinity calculation for selected PAHs using DFT: Effect of cyclopenta ring fusion and aromaticity. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Huzak M, Hajgató B, Deleuze M. Benchmark theoretical study of the ionization energies, electron affinities and singlet–triplet energy gaps of azulene, phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene and perylene. Chem Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang J, Harthcock C, Han F, Kong W. Zero kinetic energy photoelectron spectroscopy of jet cooled benzo[a]pyrene from resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:244306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3672161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Eisenberg D, Shenhar R. Polyarene anions: interplay between theory and experiment. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Kaiser RI, Mebel AM. The reactivity of ground-state carbon atoms with unsaturated hydrocarbons in combustion flames and in the interstellar medium. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/01442350210136602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Das P, Manogaran S, Arunan E, Das PK. Infrared Spectra of Dimethylquinolines in the Gas Phase: Experiment and Theory. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:8351-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1056896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta Das
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India and Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur-208016, India
| | - S. Manogaran
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India and Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur-208016, India
| | - E. Arunan
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India and Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur-208016, India
| | - Puspendu K. Das
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India and Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur-208016, India
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Synchrotron Infrared Spectromicroscopy for Studying Chemistry of Microbial Activity in Geologic Materials. SYNCHROTRON-BASED TECHNIQUES IN SOILS AND SEDIMENTS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2481(10)34004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Reaction dynamics of the phenyl radical (C6H5) with 1-butyne (HCCC2H5) and 2-butyne (CH3CCCH3). Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schmidt TW, Pino T, Bréchignac P. The C−H Stretch Intensities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations. Origins and Astrophysical Implications. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:3535-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jp900931e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W. Schmidt
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, and Laboratoire de Photophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, UPR-3361, bâtiment 210, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Thomas Pino
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, and Laboratoire de Photophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, UPR-3361, bâtiment 210, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Philippe Bréchignac
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, and Laboratoire de Photophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, UPR-3361, bâtiment 210, Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France
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Feng X, Li Q, Gu J, Cotton FA, Xie Y, Schaefer HF. Perfluorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Anthracene, Phenanthrene, Pyrene, Tetracene, Chrysene, and Triphenylene. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:887-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jp809110f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Feng
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China, Department of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Drug Design & Discovery Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS, Shanghai 201203, China, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, and Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Qianshu Li
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China, Department of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Drug Design & Discovery Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS, Shanghai 201203, China, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, and Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Jiande Gu
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China, Department of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Drug Design & Discovery Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS, Shanghai 201203, China, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, and Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - F. Albert Cotton
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China, Department of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Drug Design & Discovery Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS, Shanghai 201203, China, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, and Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Yaoming Xie
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China, Department of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Drug Design & Discovery Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS, Shanghai 201203, China, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, and Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China, Department of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Drug Design & Discovery Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS, Shanghai 201203, China, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, and Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Zhang J, Pei L, Kong W. Zero kinetic energy photoelectron spectroscopy of tetracene using laser desorption for vaporization. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:104301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2837467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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20
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Gu X, Zhang F, Guo Y, Kaiser R. Crossed-Molecular-Beam Study on the Formation of Phenylacetylene from Phenyl Radicals and Acetylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200701890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Gu X, Zhang F, Guo Y, Kaiser RI. Crossed-Molecular-Beam Study on the Formation of Phenylacetylene from Phenyl Radicals and Acetylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:6866-9. [PMID: 17640021 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xibin Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Zhang F, Gu X, Guo Y, Kaiser RI. Reaction Dynamics on the Formation of Styrene: A Crossed Molecular Beam Study of the Reaction of Phenyl Radicals with Ethylene. J Org Chem 2007; 72:7597-604. [PMID: 17784772 DOI: 10.1021/jo071006a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reaction dynamics of phenyl radicals (C6H5) with ethylene (C2H4) and D4-ethylene (C2D4) were investigated at two collision energies of 83.6 and 105.3 kJ mol-1 utilizing a crossed molecular beam setup. The experiments suggested that the reaction followed indirect scattering dynamics via complex formation and was initiated by an addition of the phenyl radical to the carbon-carbon double bond of the ethylene molecule forming a C6H5CH2CH2 radical intermediate. Under single collision conditions, this short-lived transient species was found to undergo unimolecular decomposition via atomic hydrogen loss through a tight exit transitions state to synthesize the styrene molecule (C6H5C2H3). Experiments with D4-ethylene verified that in the corresponding reaction with ethylene the hydrogen atom was truly emitted from the ethylene unit but not from the phenyl moiety. The overall reaction to form styrene plus atomic hydrogen from the reactants was found to be exoergic by 25 +/- 12 kJ mol(-1). This study provides solid evidence that in combustion flames the styrene molecule, a crucial precursor to form polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), can be formed within a single neutral-neutral collision, a long-standing theoretical prediction which has remained to be confirmed by laboratory experiments under well-defined single collision conditions for the last 50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
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Modelli A, Mussoni L. Rapid quantitative prediction of ionization energies and electron affinities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chem Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Betowski LD, Enlow M, Riddick L, Aue DH. Calculation of Electron Affinities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Solvation Energies of Their Radical Anion. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:12927-46. [PMID: 17125310 DOI: 10.1021/jp065785v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Electron affinities (EAs) and free energies for electron attachment (DeltaGo(a,298K)) have been directly calculated for 45 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and related molecules by a variety of theoretical methods, with standard regression errors of about 0.07 eV (mean unsigned error = 0.05 eV) at the B3LYP/6-31 + G(d,p) level and larger errors with HF or MP2 methods or using Koopmans' Theorem. Comparison of gas-phase free energies with solution-phase reduction potentials provides a measure of solvation energy differences between the radical anion and neutral PAH. A simple Born-charging model approximates the solvation effects on the radical anions, leading to a good correlation with experimental solvation energy differences. This is used to estimate unknown or questionable EAs from reduction potentials. Two independent methods are used to predict DeltaGo(a,298K) values: (1) based upon DFT methods, or (2) based upon reduction potentials and the Born model. They suggest reassignments or a resolution of conflicting experimental EAs for nearly one-half (17 of 38) of the PAH molecules for which experimental EAs have been reported. For the antiaromatic molecules, 1,3,5-tri-tert-butylpentalene and the dithia-substituted cyclobutadiene 1, the reduction potentials lead to estimated EAs close to those expected from DFT calculations and provide a basis for the prediction of the EAs and reduction potentials of pentalene and cyclobutadiene. The Born model has been used to relate the electrostatic solvation energies of PAH and hydrocarbon radical anions, and spherical halide anions, alkali metal cations, and ammonium ions to effective ionic radii from DFT electron-density envelopes. The Born model used for PAHs has been successfully extended here to quantitatively explain the solvation energy of the C60 radical anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon D Betowski
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478, USA.
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Pathak A, Rastogi S. Computational study of neutral and cationic pericondensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chem Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2006.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Modelli A, Mussoni L, Fabbri D. Electron Affinities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Means of B3LYP/6-31+G* Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:6482-6. [PMID: 16706405 DOI: 10.1021/jp0605911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The gas-phase experimental adiabatic electron affinities (AEAs) of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) anthracene, tetracene, pentacene, chrysene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, and fluoranthene are well reproduced using the hybrid density functional method B3LYP with the 6-31+G* basis set, indicating that the smallest addition of diffuse functions to the basis set is suitable for a correct description of the stable PAH anion states. The calculated AEAs also give a very good linear correlation with available reduction potentials measured in solution. The AEAs (not experimentally available) of the isomeric benzo[ghi]fluoranthene and cyclopenta[cd]pyrene, commonly found in the environment, are predicted to be 0.817 and 1.108 eV, respectively, confirming the enhancement of the electron-acceptor properties associated with fusion of a peripheral cyclopenta ring. The calculated localization properties of the lowest unoccupied MO of cyclopenta[cd]pyrene, together with its relatively high electron affinity, account for a high reactivity at the ethene double bond of this PAH in reductive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Modelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica G. Ciamician, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Deleuze MS. Valence One-Electron and Shake-Up Ionization Bands of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. III. Coronene, 1.2,6.7-Dibenzopyrene, 1.12-Benzoperylene, Anthanthrene. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp047224e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Deleuze
- Departement SBG, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Universitaire Campus, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Li QS, Feng XJ, Xie Y, Schaefer HF. Electron Affinities of Perfluoro Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Radicals: C6F5, C10F7, and C14F9. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp040194v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gudipati MS. Matrix-Isolation in Cryogenic Water-Ices: Facile Generation, Storage, and Optical Spectroscopy of Aromatic Radical Cations. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp037152b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murthy S. Gudipati
- Institute for Physical Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 and NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, California 94035-1000
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Banisaukas J, Szczepanski J, Vala M, Hirata S. Vibrational and Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy of 2,3-Benzofluorene and Its Cation. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp031163n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Banisaukas
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| | - Jan Szczepanski
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| | - Martin Vala
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| | - So Hirata
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
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Deleuze MS, Claes L, Kryachko ES, François JP. Benchmark theoretical study of the ionization threshold of benzene and oligoacenes. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1589731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Mattioda AL, Hudgins DM, Bauschlicher CW, Rosi M, Allamandola LJ. Infrared Spectroscopy of Matrix-Isolated Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds and Their Ions. 6. Polycyclic Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp021938c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kawamata H, Maeyama T, Mikami N. First observation of ionic π-hydrogen bonds; vibrational spectroscopy of dihydrated naphthalene anion (Nph−(H2O)2). Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(03)00118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gonzales JM, Barden CJ, Brown ST, Schleyer PVR, Schaefer HF, Li QS. Cyclopentadiene annulated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: investigations of electron affinities. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:1064-71. [PMID: 12537506 DOI: 10.1021/ja0210502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The adiabatic electron affinities of cyclopentadiene and 10 associated benzannelated derivatives have been predicted with both density functional and Hartree-Fock theory. These systems can also be regarded as benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) augmented with five-membered rings. Like the PAHs, the electron affinities of the present systems generally increase with the number of rings. To unequivocally bind an electron, cyclopentadiene must have at least two conventionally fused benzene rings. 1H-Benz[f]indene, a naphthalene-annulated cyclopentadiene, is predicted to have a zero-point energy corrected adiabatic electron affinity of 0.13 eV. Since the experimental E(A) of naphthalene is negative (-0.19 eV), the five-membered ring appendage contributes to the stability of the naphthalene-derived 1H-benz[f]indene radical anion significantly. The key to binding the electron is a contiguous sequence of fused benzenes, since fluorene, the isomer of 1H-benz[f]indene, with separated six-membered rings, has an electron affinity of -0.07 eV. Each additional benzene ring in the sequence fused to cyclopentadiene increases the electron affinity by 0.15-0.65 eV: the most reliable predictions are cyclopentadiene (-0.63 eV), indene (-0.49 eV), fluorene (-0.07 eV), 1H-benz[f]indene (0.13 eV), 1,2-benzofluorene (0.25 eV), 2,3-benzofluorene (0.26 eV), 12H-dibenzo[b,h]fluorene (0.65 eV), 13H-indeno[1,2-b]anthracene (0.82 eV), and 1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthacene (1.10 eV). In contrast, if the six-membered ring-fusion is across the C(2)-C(3) cyclopentadiene single bond, only a single benzene is needed to bind an electron. The theoretical electron affinity of the resulting molecule, isoindene, is 0.49 eV, and this increases to 1.22 eV for 2H-benz[f]indene. The degree of aromaticity is responsible for this behavior. While the radical anions are stabilized by conjugation, which increases with the size of the system, the regular indenes, like PAHs in general, suffer from the loss of aromatic stabilization in forming their radical anions. While indene is 21 kcal mol(-1) more stable than isoindene, the corresponding radical anion isomers have almost the same energy. Nucleus-independent chemical shift calculations show that the highly aromatic molecules lose almost all aromaticity when an extra electron is present. The radical anions of cyclopentadiene and all of its annulated derivatives have remarkably low C-H bond dissociation energies (only 18-34 kcal mol(-1) for the mono-, bi-, and tricyclics considered). Hydrogen atom loss leads to the restoration of aromaticity in the highly stabilized cyclopentadienyl anion congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Gonzales
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2525, USA
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Kaiser RI. Experimental investigation on the formation of carbon-bearing molecules in the interstellar medium via neutral-neutral reactions. Chem Rev 2002; 102:1309-58. [PMID: 11996539 DOI: 10.1021/cr970004v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, YO10 5DD, U.K.
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Oomens J, Meijer G, von Helden G. Gas Phase Infrared Spectroscopy of Cationic Indane, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, and Fluoranthene. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0110455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jos Oomens
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, and Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, University of Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Meijer
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, and Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, University of Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert von Helden
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”, P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, and Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, University of Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Hudgins DM, Bauschlicher CW, Allamandola LJ. Closed-shell polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon cations: a new category of interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2001; 57:907-930. [PMID: 11345263 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(00)00453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory has been employed to calculate the harmonic frequencies and intensities of a range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) cations that explore both size and electronic structure effects on the infrared spectroscopic properties of these species. The sample extends the size range of PAH species considered to more than 50 carbon atoms and includes several representatives from each of two heretofore unexplored categories of PAH cations: (1) fully benzenoid PAH cations whose carbon skeleton is composed of an odd number of carbon atoms (C(odd) PAHs); and (2) protonated PAH cations (HPAH+). Unlike the radical electronic structures of the PAH cations that have been the subject of previous theoretical and experimental work, the species in these two classes have a 'closed'-shell electronic configuration. The calculated spectra of circumcoronene, C54H18, in both neutral and (radical) cationic form are also reported and compared with those of the other species. Overall, the C(odd) PAHs spectra are dominated by strong CC stretching modes near 1600 cm(-1) and display spectra that are remarkably insensitive to molecular size. The HPAH+ species evince a more complex spectrum consistent with the added contributions of aliphatic modes and their generally lower symmetry. Finally, for both classes of closed-shell cations, the intensity of the aromatic CH stretching modes is found to increase with molecular size far out of proportion with the number of CH groups, approaching a value more typical of neutral PAHs for the largest species studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Hudgins
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
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Rienstra-Kiracofe JC, Barden CJ, Brown ST, Schaefer HF. Electron Affinities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp003196y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher J. Barden
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2525
| | - Shawn T. Brown
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2525
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2525
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