1
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Emel'yanenko VN, Zherikova KV, Verevkin SP. Quantum Chemistry and Pharmacy: Diagnostic Check of the Thermochemistry of Ibuprofen. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400066. [PMID: 38470129 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The thermodynamic data on ibuprofen available in the literature shows that the disarray of experimental results is unacceptable for this very important drug. The data on ibuprofens available in the literature were collected, combined with our complementary experimental results and evaluated. The enthalpies of combustion and formation of the crystalline RS-(±)- and S-(+)-ibuprofens were measured using high-precision combustion calorimetry. The temperature dependence of the vapour pressure of S-(+)-ibuprofen was measured using the transpiration method and the enthalpy of vaporization was derived from this measurement. The enthalpies of fusion of both compounds were measured using DSC. The G4 calculations have been carried out to determine the enthalpy of formation in the gaseous state of the most stable conformer. Thermochemical properties of the compounds studied were evaluated and tested for consistency with the "centerpiece approach". A set of reliable and consistent values of thermodynamic properties of ibuprofens at 298.15 K is recommended for thermochemical calculations of the pharmaceutical processes. The diagnostic protocol was developed to distinguish between the "sick" or "healthy" thermodynamic data. This diagnostic is also applicable to other drugs with a different structure than ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Emel'yanenko
- Competence Centre CALOR of Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research at University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kseniya V Zherikova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey P Verevkin
- Competence Centre CALOR of Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research at University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008, Kazan, Russian Federation
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2
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Verevkin SP, Portnova SV, Emel'yanenko VN, Nagrimanov RN, Varfolomeev MA. Experimental and computational thermochemistry: how strong is the intramolecular hydrogen bond in alkyl 2-hydroxybenzoates (salicylates). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:21200-21214. [PMID: 37530056 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01677c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding (HB) is a fascinating phenomenon that exhibits unusual properties in organic and biomolecules. The qualitative manifestation of hydrogen bonds is known in numerous chemical processes. However, quantifying HB strength is a challenging task, especially in the case of intra-molecular hydrogen bonds. It is qualitatively well established that the alkyl 2-hydroxybenzoates have strong intra-HB. The thermochemical methods suitable for the determination of intra-HB strength were the focus of this study. The experimental gas phase formation enthalpies for alkyl 2-hydroxybenzoates (including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and n-butyl) at 298.15 K were derived from a combination of vapour pressure measurements and high-precision combustion calorimetry and validated by the quantum chemical methods G3MP2 and G4. The intra-HB strength in methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate was determined from the evaluated gas-phase enthalpies of formation by comparing the energies of cis- and trans- conformers, by well-balanced reactions, the "para-ortho" method and the "HB and Out" method. All these methods give a common level of intra-molecular hydrogen bond strength of -43 kJ mol-1. The intra-HB strength was found to be independent of the chain length of the alkyl 2-hydroxybenzoates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey P Verevkin
- Competence Centre CALOR, Department Life, Light &Matter of Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research at University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Portnova
- Chemical-Technological Department, Samara State Technical University, Samara 443100, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Emel'yanenko
- Competence Centre CALOR, Department Life, Light &Matter of Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research at University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Ruslan N Nagrimanov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Varfolomeev
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
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3
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Vostrikov SV, Samarov AA, Turovtsev VV, Wasserscheid P, Müller K, Verevkin SP. Thermodynamic Analysis of Chemical Hydrogen Storage: Energetics of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier Systems Based on Methyl-Substituted Indoles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2924. [PMID: 37049216 PMCID: PMC10095710 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Liquid organic hydrogen carriers can store hydrogen in a safe and dense form through covalent bonds. Hydrogen uptake and release are realized by catalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation, respectively. Indoles have been demonstrated to be interesting candidates for this task. The enthalpy of reaction is a crucial parameter in this regard as it determines not only the heat demand for hydrogen release, but also the reaction equilibrium at given conditions. In this work, a combination of experimental measurements, quantum chemical methods and a group-additivity approach has been applied to obtain a consistent dataset on the enthalpies of formation of different methylated indole derivatives and their hydrogenated counterparts. The results show a namable influence of the number and position of methyl groups on the enthalpy of reaction. The enthalpy of reaction of the overall hydrogenation reaction varies in the range of up to 18.2 kJ·mol-1 (corresponding to 4.6 kJ·mol(H2)-1). The widest range of enthalpy of reaction data for different methyl indoles has been observed for the last step (hydrogenation for the last double bond in the five-membered ring). Here a difference of up to 7.3 kJ·mol(H2)-1 between the highest and the lowest value was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Vostrikov
- Chemical-Technological Department, Samara State Technical University, 443100 Samara, Russia
| | - Artemiy A. Samarov
- Department of Chemical Thermodynamics and Kinetics, Saint Petersburg State University, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | | | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Karsten Müller
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein Str. 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sergey P. Verevkin
- Competence Centre CALOR of the Department Life, Light & Matter, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
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4
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Bakowies D. ATOMIC-2 Protocol for Thermochemistry. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:4142-4163. [PMID: 35658473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ATOMIC is a midlevel thermochemistry protocol that uses Pople's concept of bond separation reactions (BSRs) as a theoretical framework to reduce computational demands in the evaluation of atomization energies and enthalpies of formation. Various composite models are available that approximate bond separation energies at the complete-basis-set limit of all-electron CCSD(T), each balancing computational cost with achievable accuracy. Evaluated energies are then combined with very high-level, precomputed atomization energies of all auxiliary molecules appearing in the BSR to obtain the atomization energy of the molecule under study. ATOMIC-2 is a new version of the protocol that retains the overall concept and all previously defined composite models but improves on ATOMIC-1 in various other ways: Geometry optimization and zero-point-energy evaluation are performed at the density functional level (PBE0-D3/6-311G(d)), which shows significant computational savings and better accuracy than the previously employed RI-MP2/cc-pVTZ. The BSR framework is improved, using more accurate complete-basis-set (CBS) extrapolations toward the Full CI limit for the atomization energies of all auxiliary molecules. Finally, and most importantly, an error and uncertainty model termed ATOMIC-2um is added that estimates average bias and uncertainty for each of the atomization energy contributions that arise from the simplified treatment of some contributions to bond separation energies (CCSD(T)) and the neglect of others (such as higher order, scalar relativistic, or diagonal Born-Oppenheimer corrections) or from residual error in the energies of auxiliary molecules. Large and diverse benchmarks including up to 1179 molecules are used to evaluate necessary reference data and to correlate the observed error for each of the contributions with appropriate proxies that are available without additional quantum-chemical calculations for a particular molecule and represent its size and type. The implementation of ATOMIC-2 considers neutral, closed-shell molecules containing H, C, N, O, and F atoms; compared to ATOMIC-1, the framework has been extended to cover a few challenging but rare bond topologies. In comparison to highly accurate reference data for 184 molecules taken from the ATcT database (V. 1.122r), regular ATOMIC-2 shows noticeable underbinding, but the bias-corrected protocol ATOMIC-2um is found to be more accurate than either ATOMIC-1 or standard Gaussian-4 theory, and the uncertainty model is consistent with statistics of actually observed errors. Problems arising from ambiguous or challenging Lewis-valence structures defining BSRs are discussed, and computational efficiency is demonstrated. Computer code is made available to perform ATOMIC-2um analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Bakowies
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 80, CH 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Alkaloids and Selected Topics in Their Thermochemistry. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216715. [PMID: 34771124 PMCID: PMC8587110 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloid chemistry is varied and complex. Many alkaloids attract a great deal of interest because of their physiological activity, yet surprisingly little is known about the thermochemistry of these compounds, especially in the gas phase. In this paper, we investigate the thermochemical characteristics, specifically demethoxylation enthalpies rather than those derived from trans-methoxylation reactions, of a series of biologically relevant alkaloids in their condensed phase.
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6
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Samarov AA, Verevkin SP. Strength of Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in 2-Biphenylmethanol and 4-Biphenylmethanol. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Energetics of LOHC: Structure-Property Relationships from Network of Thermochemical Experiments and in Silico Methods. HYDROGEN 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/hydrogen2010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The storage of hydrogen is the key technology for a sustainable future. We developed an in silico procedure, which is based on the combination of experimental and quantum-chemical methods. This method was used to evaluate energetic parameters for hydrogenation/dehydrogenation reactions of various pyrazine derivatives as a seminal liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC), that are involved in the hydrogen storage technologies. With this in silico tool, the tempo of the reliable search for suitable LOHC candidates will accelerate dramatically, leading to the design and development of efficient materials for various niche applications.
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8
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Dorofeeva OV, Ryzhova ON. Accurate estimation of enthalpies of formation for C-, H-, O-, and N-containing compounds using DLPNO-CCSD(T1)/CBS method. Struct Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01681-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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9
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Qian S, Liu X, Emel’yanenko VN, Sikorski P, Kammakakam I, Flowers BS, Jones TA, Turner CH, Verevkin SP, Bara JE. Synthesis and Properties of 1,2,3-Triethoxypropane: A Glycerol-Derived Green Solvent Candidate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Qian
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0203, United States
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0203, United States
| | | | - Patryk Sikorski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw 00-664, Poland
| | - Irshad Kammakakam
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0203, United States
| | - Brian S. Flowers
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0203, United States
| | - Tristin A. Jones
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0203, United States
| | - C. Heath Turner
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0203, United States
| | - Sergey P. Verevkin
- Chemical Technological Department, Samara State Technical University, Samara 443100, Russia
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock 18059, Germany
| | - Jason E. Bara
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0203, United States
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10
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Standard Gibbs energy of metabolic reactions: V. Enolase reaction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Edwards KF, Liebman JF. How Often are Orphan Drugs Orphaned by the Thermochemical Community? Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:23-31. [PMID: 30381059 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181101120058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Orphan drug products (e.g. drugs and biologics) in the United States are those that treat people with rare chronic diseases, often cancer or metabolic disease. The rare disease condition being treated by these orphan drugs must serve a patient population of less than 200,000 people in the U.S. in order to earn the orphan drug product title. Just as the disease conditions are seen as "orphans," so, we assert is the thermochemical understanding of the drugs themselves in terms of the chemical structures that define those drugs. This article illustrates this orphan thermochemical status for a recent series of orphan drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F Edwards
- Doctor of Business Administration Program, The Graduate School, University of Maryland Global Campus, Largo, MD 20774, United States
| | - Joel F Liebman
- Doctor of Business Administration Program, The Graduate School, University of Maryland Global Campus, Largo, MD 20774, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
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12
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Bakowies D. Estimating Systematic Error and Uncertainty in Ab Initio Thermochemistry: II. ATOMIC(hc) Enthalpies of Formation for a Large Set of Hydrocarbons. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 16:399-426. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Bakowies
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 80, CH 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Nagrimanov RN, Ziganshin MA, Solomonov BN, Verevkin SP. Thermochemistry of drugs: experimental and theoretical study of analgesics. Struct Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-018-1188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Zaitsau DH, Yermalayeu AV, Pimerzin AA, Verevkin SP. Imidazolium based ionic liquids containing methanesulfonate anion: comprehensive thermodynamic study. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Zaitsau DH, Yermalayeu AV, Emel'yanenko VN, Verevkin SP. Thermodynamics of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids Containing the Trifluoromethanesulfonate Anion. Chem Eng Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201700454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dzmitry H. Zaitsau
- University of Rostock; Department of Physical Chemistry and Department of Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter; Dr-Lorenz-Weg 2 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Andrei V. Yermalayeu
- University of Rostock; Department of Physical Chemistry and Department of Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter; Dr-Lorenz-Weg 2 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Vladimir N. Emel'yanenko
- University of Rostock; Department of Physical Chemistry and Department of Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter; Dr-Lorenz-Weg 2 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Sergey P. Verevkin
- University of Rostock; Department of Physical Chemistry and Department of Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter; Dr-Lorenz-Weg 2 18059 Rostock Germany
- Kazan Federal University; Department of Physical Chemistry; Kremlevskaya str. 18 420008 Kazan Russia
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16
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Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids Containing the Trifluoroacetate Anion: Thermodynamic Study. J SOLUTION CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-018-0760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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17
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Verevkin SP, Emel'yanenko VN, Zaitsau DH. Thermochemistry of Substituted Benzamides and Substituted Benzoic Acids: Like Tree, Like Fruit? Chemphyschem 2018; 19:619-630. [PMID: 29178473 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Structure-property analyses of thermodynamic properties in chemical families of R-substituted benzamides, R-substituted benzoic acids, as well as R-substituted benzenes have been performed. The general linear interrelations for the vaporization enthalpies and the gas-phase enthalpies of formation between the chemical families under study have been established. These linear correlations provide a simple method for prediction of thermodynamic properties for benzenes with various combination of R-group substituents on the benzene ring. In addition, the robust structure-property correlations revealed in this study can serve for the establishment of the internal consistency of experimental results available for each chemical series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey P Verevkin
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Department "Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter", University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Emel'yanenko
- Chemical Technological Department, Samara State Technical University, Samara, 443100, Russia
| | - Dzmitry H Zaitsau
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Department "Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter", University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008, Kazan, Russia
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18
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Zaitsau DH, Pohako-Esko K, Arlt S, Emel'yanenko VN, Schulz PS, Wasserscheid P, Schulz A, Verevkin SP. Thermodynamics of imidazolium based ionic liquids with cyano containing anions. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Minenkov Y, Wang H, Wang Z, Sarathy SM, Cavallo L. Heats of Formation of Medium-Sized Organic Compounds from Contemporary Electronic Structure Methods. J Chem Theory Comput 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yury Minenkov
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST
Catalysis Center (KCC), 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heng Wang
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Clean
Combustion Research Center (CCRC), 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhandong Wang
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Clean
Combustion Research Center (CCRC), 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - S. Mani Sarathy
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), Clean
Combustion Research Center (CCRC), 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), KAUST
Catalysis Center (KCC), 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Verevkin SP, Emel'yanenko VN, Nagrimanov RN. Nearest-Neighbor and Non-Nearest-Neighbor Interactions between Substituents in the Benzene Ring. Experimental and Theoretical Study of Functionally Substituted Benzamides. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9867-9877. [PMID: 27973806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b10332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Standard molar enthalpies of formation of 2- and 4-hydroxybenzamides were measured by combustion calorimetry. Vapor pressures of benzamide and 2-hydroxybenzamide were derived by the transpiration method. Standard molar enthalpies of sublimation or vaporization of these compounds at 298 K were obtained from vapor pressure temperature dependence. Thermochemical data on benzamides with hydroxyl, methyl, methoxy, amino, and amide substituents were collected, evaluated, and tested for internal consistency. The high-level G4 quantum-chemical method was used for mutual validation of the experimental and theoretical gas-phase enthalpies of formation. Sets of nearest-neighbor and non-nearest-neighbor interactions between substituents in the benzene ring have been evaluated. A simple incremental procedure has been suggested for a quick appraisal of the vaporization and gas-phase formation enthalpies of the substituted benzamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey P Verevkin
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Department of Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock , Dr-Lorenz-Weg 1, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Vladimir N Emel'yanenko
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Department of Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock , Dr-Lorenz-Weg 1, D-18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University , Kremlevskaya str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ruslan N Nagrimanov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University , Kremlevskaya str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
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21
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Emel’yanenko VN, Zaitseva KV, Nagrimanov RN, Solomonov BN, Verevkin SP. Benchmark Thermodynamic Properties of Methyl- and Methoxybenzamides: Comprehensive Experimental and Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:8419-8429. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b08027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N. Emel’yanenko
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Department “Science and Technology
of Life, Light and Matter”, University of Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg
1, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ksenia V. Zaitseva
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Department “Science and Technology
of Life, Light and Matter”, University of Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg
1, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ruslan N. Nagrimanov
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Boris N. Solomonov
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Sergey P. Verevkin
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Department “Science and Technology
of Life, Light and Matter”, University of Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg
1, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
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22
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Ostonen A, Bervas J, Uusi-Kyyny P, Alopaeus V, Zaitsau DH, Emel’yanenko VN, Schick C, King AWT, Helminen J, Kilpeläinen I, Khachatrian AA, Varfolomeev MA, Verevkin SP. Experimental and Theoretical Thermodynamic Study of Distillable Ionic Liquid 1,5-Diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium Acetate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Ostonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical
Technology, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, FI-00076 P.O. Box 16100, Espoo, Finland
| | - Justine Bervas
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical
Technology, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, FI-00076 P.O. Box 16100, Espoo, Finland
| | - Petri Uusi-Kyyny
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical
Technology, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, FI-00076 P.O. Box 16100, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ville Alopaeus
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical
Technology, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, FI-00076 P.O. Box 16100, Espoo, Finland
| | - Dzmitry H. Zaitsau
- Institut für Chemie, Physikalische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg 1, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Vladimir N. Emel’yanenko
- Institut für Chemie, Physikalische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg 1, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Schick
- Institut für Physik, Polymerphysik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alistair W. T. King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen Aukio 1, FI-00014 P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Helminen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen Aukio 1, FI-00014 P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Kilpeläinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen Aukio 1, FI-00014 P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Artashes A. Khachatrian
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Varfolomeev
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Sergey P. Verevkin
- Institut für Chemie, Physikalische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg 1, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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23
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Kalb RS, Stepurko EN, Emel'yanenko VN, Verevkin SP. Carbonate based ionic liquid synthesis (CBILS®): thermodynamic analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:31904-31913. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06594e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Devolvement and experimental verification of a new quantum-chemical calculation method for the prediction of Carbonate Based Ionic liquid Synthesis (CBILS®) reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena N. Stepurko
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
| | - Vladimir N. Emel'yanenko
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry
| | - Sergey P. Verevkin
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Rostock
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
- Competence Centre CALOR
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24
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Simmie JM. A Database of Formation Enthalpies of Nitrogen Species by Compound Methods (CBS-QB3, CBS-APNO, G3, G4). J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10511-26. [PMID: 26421747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b06054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Accurate thermochemical data for compounds containing C/H/N/O are required to underpin kinetics simulation and modeling of the reactions of these species in different environments. There is a dearth of experimental data so computational quantum chemistry has stepped in to fill this breach and to verify whether particular experiments are in need of revision. A number of composite model chemistries (CBS-QB3, CBS-APNO, G3, and G4) are used to compute theoretical atomization energies and hence enthalpies of formation at 0 and 298.15 K, and these are benchmarked against the best available compendium of values, the Active Thermochemical Tables or ATcT. In general the agreement is very good for some 28 species with the only discrepancy being for hydrazine. It is shown that, although individually the methods do not perform that well, collectively the mean unsigned error is <1.7 kJ mol(-1); hence, this approach provides a useful tool to screen published values and validate new experimental results. Using multiple model chemistries does have some drawbacks but can produce good results even for challenging molecules like HOON and CN2O2. The results for these smaller validated molecules are then used as anchors for determining the formation enthalpies of larger species such as methylated hydrazines and diazenes, five- and six-membered heterocyclics via carefully chosen isodesmic working reactions with the aim of resolving some discrepancies in the literature and establishing a properly validated database. This expanded database could be useful in testing the performance of computationally less-demanding density function methods with newer functionals that have the capacity to treat much larger systems than those tested here.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Simmie
- Combustion Chemistry Centre & School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland , Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
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25
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Sandhiya L, Zipse H. Initiation Chemistries in Hydrocarbon (Aut)Oxidation. Chemistry 2015; 21:14060-7. [PMID: 26376332 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
For the (aut)oxidation of toluene to benzyl hydroperoxide, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, and benzoic acid, the thermochemical profiles for various radical-generating reactions have been compared. A key intermediate in all of these reactions is benzyl hydroperoxide, the heat of formation of which has been estimated by using results from CBS-QB3, G4, and G3B3 calculations. Homolytic O-O bond cleavage in this hydroperoxide is strongly endothermic and thus unlikely to contribute significantly to initiation processes. In terms of reaction enthalpies the most favorable initiation process involves bimolecular reaction of benzyl hydroperoxide to yield hydroxy and benzyloxy radicals along with water and benzaldehyde. The reaction enthalpy and free energy of this process is significantly more favorable than those for the unimolecular dissociation of known radical initiators, such as dibenzoylperoxide or dibenzylhyponitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmanan Sandhiya
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Chemistry, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München (Germany), Fax: (+49) 89-2180-77738
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Chemistry, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München (Germany), Fax: (+49) 89-2180-77738.
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26
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Emel’yanenko VN, Zaitsau DH, Shoifet E, Meurer F, Verevkin SP, Schick C, Held C. Benchmark Thermochemistry for Biologically Relevant Adenine and Cytosine. A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:9680-91. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b04753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N. Emel’yanenko
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Department, Science and Technology of Life,
Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg 1, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Dzmitry H. Zaitsau
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Evgeni Shoifet
- Institut
für Physik, Universität Rostock, Wismarsche Strasse 43-45, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Florian Meurer
- Department
BCI, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sergey P. Verevkin
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Department, Science and Technology of Life,
Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg 1, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Christoph Schick
- Institut
für Physik, Universität Rostock, Wismarsche Strasse 43-45, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Held
- Department
BCI, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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27
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Stark K, Emel’yanenko VN, Zhabina AA, Varfolomeev MA, Verevkin SP, Müller K, Arlt W. Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers: Thermophysical and Thermochemical Studies of Carbazole Partly and Fully Hydrogenated Derivatives. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Stark
- Lehrstuhl für
Thermische Verfahrenstechnik der Universität Erlangen Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vladimir N. Emel’yanenko
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Aleksandra A. Zhabina
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Department, “Science and Technology
of Life, Light and Matter”, University of Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg
1, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Mikhail A. Varfolomeev
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Sergey P. Verevkin
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Department, “Science and Technology
of Life, Light and Matter”, University of Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg
1, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Karsten Müller
- Lehrstuhl für
Thermische Verfahrenstechnik der Universität Erlangen Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Arlt
- Lehrstuhl für
Thermische Verfahrenstechnik der Universität Erlangen Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Müller K, Stark K, Emel’yanenko VN, Varfolomeev MA, Zaitsau DH, Shoifet E, Schick C, Verevkin SP, Arlt W. Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers: Thermophysical and Thermochemical Studies of Benzyl- and Dibenzyl-toluene Derivatives. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Müller
- Institute
of Separation Science and Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Stark
- Institute
of Separation Science and Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vladimir N. Emel’yanenko
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Department of Science and Technology of
Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg 1, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mikhail A. Varfolomeev
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Dzmitry H. Zaitsau
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Evgeni Shoifet
- Institut
für Physik, Universität Rostock, Wismarsche Str. 43-45, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Schick
- Institut
für Physik, Universität Rostock, Wismarsche Str. 43-45, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sergey P. Verevkin
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Department of Science and Technology of
Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg 1, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Wolfgang Arlt
- Institute
of Separation Science and Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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29
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Wolff W, Luna H, Montenegro EC. Isomeric signatures in the fragmentation of pyridazine and pyrimidine induced by fast ion impact. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:044314. [PMID: 26233136 DOI: 10.1063/1.4927233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present fast proton impact induced fragmentations of pyrimidine and pyridazine as an experimental resource to investigate isomeric signatures. Major isomeric imprints are identified for few fragment ions and differences of more than an order of magnitude for the cross sections of fragments of the same mass were measured. The observation of the molecular structure of these isomers gives no apparent indication for the reasons for such substantial differences. It is verified that the simple displacement of the position of one nitrogen atom strongly inhibits or favors the production of some ionic fragment species. The dependency of the fragmentation cross sections on the proton impact energy, investigated by means of time of flight mass spectroscopy and of a model calculation based in first order perturbation theory, allows us to disentangle the complex collision dynamics of the ionic fragments. The proton-induced fragmentation discriminates rather directly the association between a molecular orbital ionization and the fragment-ions creation and abundance, as well as how the redistribution of the energy imparted to the molecules takes place, triggering not only single but also double vacancy and leads to specific fragmentation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wania Wolff
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-972 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Hugo Luna
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-972 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C Montenegro
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-972 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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30
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Thermochemistry of Ammonium Based Ionic Liquids: Thiocyanates—Experiments and Computations. J SOLUTION CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-015-0316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Emel’yanenko VN, Pimerzin AA, Turovtsev VV, Verevkin SP. Benchmark Thermochemistry of N-Methylaniline. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:2142-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5129854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrey A. Pimerzin
- Chemical-Technology
Department, Samara State Technical University, 443100 Samara, Russia
| | | | - Sergey P. Verevkin
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Department of Science
and Technology of Life, Light, and Matter, University of Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
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32
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Bakowies D. Simplified Wave Function Models in Thermochemical Protocols Based on Bond Separation Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:11811-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jp510249v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Bakowies
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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33
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Verevkin SP, Emel’yanenko VN, Varfolomeev MA, Solomonov BN, Zherikova KV, Melkhanova SV. Thermochemistry of Dihalogen-Substituted Benzenes: Data Evaluation Using Experimental and Quantum Chemical Methods. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:14479-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5097844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey P. Verevkin
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg 1, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Vladimir N. Emel’yanenko
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Varfolomeev
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Boris N. Solomonov
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Kseniya V. Zherikova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev
Avenue 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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34
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Carvalho TMT, Amaral LMPF, Ribeiro da Silva MDMC, Morais VMF. Thermochemical study of the dicyanoimidazole isomers. Struct Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-013-0334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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35
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Galvão TLP, Rocha IM, Ribeiro da Silva MDMC, Ribeiro da Silva MAV. Is Uracil Aromatic? The Enthalpies of Hydrogenation in the Gaseous and Crystalline Phases, and in Aqueous Solution, as Tools to Obtain an Answer. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:5826-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jp404938u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago L. P. Galvão
- Centro de Investigação
em Química,
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, P-4169-007,
Portugal
| | - Inês M. Rocha
- Centro de Investigação
em Química,
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, P-4169-007,
Portugal
| | - Maria D. M. C. Ribeiro da Silva
- Centro de Investigação
em Química,
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, P-4169-007,
Portugal
| | - Manuel A. V. Ribeiro da Silva
- Centro de Investigação
em Química,
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, P-4169-007,
Portugal
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36
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