1
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Palmer TR, van der Kooij HM, Abu Bakar R, Duewel M, Greiner K, McAleese CD, Couture P, Sharpe MK, Smith RW, Keddie JL. How Particle Deformability Influences the Surfactant Distribution in Colloidal Polymer Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:12689-12701. [PMID: 36194469 PMCID: PMC9583616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of surfactants in waterborne colloidal polymer films is of significant interest for scientific understanding and defining surface properties in applications including pressure-sensitive adhesives and coatings. Because of negative effects on appearance, wetting, and adhesion, it is desirable to prevent surfactant accumulation at film surfaces. The effect of particle deformation on surfactant migration during film formation was previously investigated by Gromer et al. through simulations, but experimental investigations are lacking. Here, we study deuterium-labeled sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant in a poly(butyl acrylate) latex model system. The particle deformability was varied via cross-linking of the intraparticle polymer chains by differing extents. The cross-linker concentration varied from 0 to 35 mol % in the copolymer, leading to a transition from viscoelastic to elastic. Ion beam analysis was used to probe the dry films and provide information on the near-surface depth distribution of surfactant. Films of nondeformable particles, containing the highest concentration of cross-linker, show no surfactant accumulation at the top surface. Films from particles partially deformed by capillary action show a distinct surfactant surface layer (ca. 150 nm thick). Films of coalesced particles, containing little or no cross-linker, show a very small amount of surfactant on the surface (ca. 20 nm thick). The observed results are explained by considering the effect of cross-linking on rubber elasticity and applying the viscous particle deformation model by Gromer et al. to elastically deformed particles. We find that partially deformed particles allow surfactant transport to the surface during film formation, whereas there is far less transport when skin formation acts as a barrier. With elastic particles, the surfactant is carried in the water phase as it falls beneath the surface of packed particles. The ability to exert control over surfactant distribution in waterborne colloidal films will aid in the design of new high-performance adhesives and coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby R. Palmer
- Department
of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Hanne M. van der Kooij
- Physical
Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University
& Research, 6708 WEWageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rohani Abu Bakar
- Department
of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Mathis Duewel
- Synthomer
Germany GmbH, Werrastraße
10, 45768Marl, Germany
| | - Katja Greiner
- Synthomer
Germany GmbH, Werrastraße
10, 45768Marl, Germany
| | - Callum D. McAleese
- Surrey
Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Couture
- Surrey
Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew K. Sharpe
- Surrey
Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W. Smith
- Surrey
Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph L. Keddie
- Department
of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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2
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Fong R, Squillace O, Reynolds CD, Cooper JFK, Dalgliesh RM, Tellam J, Courchay F, Thompson RL. Segregation of Amine Oxide Surfactants in PVA Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4795-4807. [PMID: 32271588 PMCID: PMC7304907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The vertical depth distributions of amine oxide surfactants, N,N-dimethyldodecyl amine N-oxide (DDAO) and N,N-dimethyltetradecyl amine N-oxide (DTAO), in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films were explored using neutron reflectometry (NR). In both binary and plasticized films, the two deuterated surfactants formed a single monolayer on the film surface with the remaining surfactant homogeneously distributed throughout the bulk of the film. Small-angle neutron scattering and mechanical testing revealed that these surfactants acted like plasticizers in the bulk, occupying the amorphous regions of PVA and reducing its glass-transition temperature. NR revealed little impact of plasticizer (glycerol) incorporation on the behavior of these surfactants in PVA. The surfactant molecular area in the segregated monolayer was smaller for DTAO than for DDAO, indicating that the larger molecule was more densely packed at the surface. Surface tension was used to assess the solution behavior of these surfactants and the effect of glycerol incorporation. Determination of molecular area of each surfactant on the solution surface revealed that the structures of the surface monolayers are remarkably consistent when water is placed by the solid PVA. Incorporation of glycerol caused a decrease of molecular area for DDAO and increase in molecular area for DTAO both in solution and in PVA. This suggests that the head group interactions, which normally limit the minimum area per adsorbed molecule, are modified by the length of the alkyl tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca
J. Fong
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Site, Durham DH1
3LE, United Kingdom
- Procter
& Gamble, Newcastle Innovation Centre, Whitley Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE12 9TS, United Kingdom
| | - Ophélie Squillace
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Site, Durham DH1
3LE, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, SW Campus, Birmingham B15 2TT, United
Kingdom
| | - Carl D. Reynolds
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Site, Durham DH1
3LE, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, University Road West, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert M. Dalgliesh
- ISIS Neutron
and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot, OX11
0QX, United Kingdom
| | - James Tellam
- Rutherford
Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United
Kingdom
| | - Florence Courchay
- Procter
& Gamble, Brussels Innovation Center, Temselaan 100, 1853 Strombeek Bever, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Richard L. Thompson
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Site, Durham DH1
3LE, United Kingdom
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3
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Martín-Fabiani I, Makepeace DK, Richardson PG, Lesage de la Haye J, Venero DA, Rogers SE, D'Agosto F, Lansalot M, Keddie JL. In Situ Monitoring of Latex Film Formation by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering: Evolving Distributions of Hydrophilic Stabilizers in Drying Colloidal Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:3822-3831. [PMID: 30777761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of hydrophilic species, such as surfactants, in latex films is of critical importance for the performance of adhesives, coatings, and inks, among others. However, the evolution of this distribution during the film formation process and in the resulting dried films remains insufficiently elucidated. Here, we present in situ (wet) and ex situ (dry) small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments that follow the film formation of two types of latex particles, which differ in their stabilizer: either a covalently bonded poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) segment or a physically adsorbed surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS). By fitting the experimental SANS data and combining with gravimetry experiments, we have ascertained the hydrophilic species distribution within the drying film and followed its evolution by correlating the size and shape of stabilizer clusters with the drying time. The evolution of the SDS distribution over drying time is being driven by a reduction in the interfacial free energy. However, the PMAA-based stabilizer macromolecules are restricted by their covalent bonding to core polymer chains and hence form high-surface area disclike phases at the common boundary between particles and PMAA micelles. Contrary to an idealized view of film formation, PMAA does not remain in the walls of a continuous honeycomb structure. The results presented here shed new light on the nanoscale distribution of hydrophilic species in drying and ageing latex films. We provide valuable insights into the influence of the stabilizer mobility on the final structure of latex films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Martín-Fabiani
- Department of Materials , Loughborough University , Loughborough LE11 3TU , Leicestershire , U.K
| | - David K Makepeace
- Department of Physics , University of Surrey , Guildford GU2 7XH , U.K
| | | | - Jennifer Lesage de la Haye
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) , 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 , 69616 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Diego Alba Venero
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source , Harwell , Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX , U.K
| | - Sarah E Rogers
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source , Harwell , Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX , U.K
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) , 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 , 69616 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) , 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 , 69616 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Joseph L Keddie
- Department of Physics , University of Surrey , Guildford GU2 7XH , U.K
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4
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Gromer A, Thalmann F, Hébraud P, Holl Y. Simulation of Vertical Surfactant Distributions in Drying Latex Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:561-572. [PMID: 28001076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Following our previous contribution ( Gromer, A. et al. Langmuir 2015 , 31 , 10983 - 10994 ) presenting a new simulation tool devoted to particle distributions in drying latex films, this Article describes the prediction of surfactant concentration profiles in the vertical direction during the complete film formation process. The simulation is inspired by cellular automata and equations by Routh and co-workers. It includes effects that were not considered before: surfactant convection by water and surfactant desorption upon particle deformation. It is based on five parameters describing the nature of the polymer/surfactant system and on film formation conditions. In particular, the viscoelastic properties of the polymer were taken into account through the λ̅ parameter introduced by Routh and Russel. Results show the importance of convection by water and the influence of the particular deformation mechanism on the final surfactant distribution. Excesses or depletions can be predicted either on the surface or on the substrate sides, in qualitative agreement with the numerous existing experimental studies. The complex interplay between parameters governing surfactant distributions makes the results unpredictable without the help of such a simulation tool. Therefore, it should be of interest to both industrial and academic scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gromer
- CNRS-ICS and Université de Strasbourg, 23, rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - F Thalmann
- CNRS-ICS and Université de Strasbourg, 23, rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - P Hébraud
- IPCMS , 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Y Holl
- CNRS-ICS and Université de Strasbourg, 23, rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
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5
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He W, Zhang Y, Li J, Gao Y, Luo F, Tan H, Wang K, Fu Q. A Novel Surface Structure Consisting of Contact-active Antibacterial Upper-layer and Antifouling Sub-layer Derived from Gemini Quaternary Ammonium Salt Polyurethanes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32140. [PMID: 27561546 PMCID: PMC4999876 DOI: 10.1038/srep32140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Contact-active antibacterial surfaces play a vital role in preventing bacterial contamination of artificial surfaces. In the past, numerous researches have been focused on antibacterial surfaces comprising of antifouling upper-layer and antibacterial sub-layer. In this work, we demonstrate a reversed surface structure which integrate antibacterial upper-layer and antifouling sub-layer. These surfaces are prepared by simply casting gemini quaternary ammonium salt waterborne polyurethanes (GWPU) and their blends. Due to the high interfacial energy of gemini quaternary ammonium salt (GQAS), chain segments containing GQAS can accumulate at polymer/air interface to form an antibacterial upper-layer spontaneously during the film formation. Meanwhile, the soft segments composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) formed the antifouling sub-layer. Our findings indicate that the combination of antibacterial upper-layer and antifouling sub-layer endow these surfaces strong, long-lasting antifouling and contact-active antibacterial properties, with a more than 99.99% killing efficiency against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria attached to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- High and New Technology Research Center of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jiehua Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yunlong Gao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Feng Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hong Tan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Kunjie Wang
- Department of Urology Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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6
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Baesch S, Siebel D, Schmidt-Hansberg B, Eichholz C, Gerst M, Scharfer P, Schabel W. Comparison of Surfactant Distributions in Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Films Dried from Dispersion under Lab-Scale and Industrial Drying Conditions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:8118-8128. [PMID: 26953641 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Film-forming latex dispersions are an important class of material systems for a variety of applications, for example, pressure-sensitive adhesives, which are used for the manufacturing of adhesive tapes and labels. The mechanisms occurring during drying have been under intense investigations in a number of literature works. Of special interest is the distribution of surfactants during the film formation. However, most of the studies are performed at experimental conditions very different from those usually encountered in industrial processes. This leaves the impact of the drying conditions and the resulting influence on the film properties unclear. In this work, two different 2-ethylhexyl-acrylate (EHA)-based adhesives with varying characteristics regarding glass transition temperature, surfactants, and particle size distribution were investigated on two different substrates. The drying conditions, defined by film temperature and mass transfer in the gas phase, were varied to emulate typical conditions encountered in the laboratory and industrial processes. Extreme conditions equivalent to air temperatures up to 250 °C in a belt dryer and drying rates of 12 g/(m(2)·s) were realized. The surfactant distributions were measured by means of 3D confocal Raman spectroscopy in the dry film. The surfactant distributions were found to differ significantly with drying conditions at moderate film temperatures. At elevated film temperatures the surfactant distributions are independent of the investigated gas side transport coefficients: the heat and mass transfer coefficient. Coating on substrates with significantly different surface energies has a large impact on surfactant concentration gradients, as the equilibrium between surface and bulk concentration changes. Dispersions with higher colloidal stability showed more homogeneous lateral surfactant distributions. These results indicate that the choice of the drying conditions, colloidal stability, and substrates is crucial to control the surfactant distribution. Results obtained under lab-scale drying conditions cannot be transferred directly to the industrial application. The results were similar for both tested adhesive material systems, despite their different properties. This indicates that other properties, such as the particle size distribution and glass transition temperature, have surprisingly little effect on the development of the surfactant distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Baesch
- Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Siebel
- Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | | | - P Scharfer
- Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Schabel
- Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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7
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Hao G, Zhu L, Yang W, Chen Y, Huang Q. Investigation of fluorosilicone polyacrylate film forming behavior on steel and PET substrates. J Fluor Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Lim S, Ahn KH, Yamamura M. Latex migration in battery slurries during drying. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:8233-8244. [PMID: 23745604 DOI: 10.1021/la4013685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We used real-time fluorescence microscopy to investigate the migration of latex particles in drying battery slurries. The time evolution of the fluorescence signals revealed that the migration of the latex particles was suppressed above the entanglement concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), while it was significantly enhanced when CMC fully covered the surfaces of the graphite particles. In particular, a two-step migration was observed when the graphite particles flocculated by depletion attraction at high CMC/graphite mass ratios. The transient states of the nonadsorbing CMC and graphite particles in a medium were discussed, and the uses of this novel measurement technique to monitor the complex drying processes of films were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyuk Lim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
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9
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Atmuri AK, Bhatia SR, Routh AF. Autostratification in drying colloidal dispersions: effect of particle interactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:2652-2658. [PMID: 22204277 DOI: 10.1021/la2039762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
When particles differing in size or charge are mixed and cast, vertical segregation is an inevitable phenomenon in the produced films. Apart from the Peclet number, which is the ratio of evaporation to diffusion rates, particle interactions play a crucial role in determining the distribution of particles in the dried films. Trueman et al. (1) developed a model for vertical segregation of particles during drying. Their numerical solution assumed that the chemical potentials were determined entirely by entropy. We report the effect of particle interactions in various systems: (i) charged particles with different Peclet numbers and (ii) charged particles with the same Peclet numbers. An experimental study has also been carried out for particles with Peclet numbers straddling unity; the experimental results conform with the behavior predicted theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand K Atmuri
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology and BP Institute, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rise, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, United Kingdom
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10
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Zhang J, Severtson SJ, Houtman CJ. Characterizing the distribution of sodium alkyl sulfate surfactant homologues in water-based, acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive films. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:8138-44. [PMID: 21604743 DOI: 10.1021/jp202731h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The distributions of three sodium alkyl sulfate surfactants in dry adhesive films cast from water-based latexes were characterized using confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) and contact angle (CA) and tack measurements. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS), and sodium octadecyl sulfate (SODS) were added to dialyzed commercial adhesive latex at various concentrations. Uneven distributions were found for all three surfactants along with a tendency to enrich film-air interfaces and, to a much lesser extent, film-glass interfaces. SDS demonstrated the greatest tendency to concentrate near film surfaces followed by STS and SODS. For all three surfactants, water CA values for dried films decreased sharply with increasing concentrations in the latex, but significant differences were observed, with SDS again having the greatest impact followed by STS and SODS. Tack of dried polymer films was also found to decrease with increasing latex surfactant levels, with SDS producing the sharpest drop as well as the lowest plateau values. Results indicate that interfacial enrichment by surfactants is detectable via both CRM and CA measurements, and this enrichment can significantly affect the performance of films. Finally, surface enrichment levels are qualitatively related to measures of the surfactants' affinity for aqueous solutions, as characterized by the logarithm of their 1-octanol-water distribution coefficients (K(ow)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilin Zhang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
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11
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Arnold C, Klein G, Maaloum M, Ernstsson M, Larsson A, Marie P, Holl Y. Surfactant distribution in waterborne acrylic films. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Ghosh S. Sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate mediated tautomerism of Eriochrome Black-T: Effect of charge transfer interaction. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Arnold C, Thalmann F, Marques C, Marie P, Holl Y. Surfactant Distribution in Waterborne Acrylic Films. 1. Bulk Investigation. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:9135-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jp103347n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Arnold
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Fabrice Thalmann
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Carlos Marques
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Pascal Marie
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Yves Holl
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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14
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15
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Faucheu J, Chazeau L, Gauthier C, Cavaillé JY, Goikoetxea M, Minari R, Asua JM. Latex imaging by environmental STEM: application to the study of the surfactant outcome in hybrid alkyd/acrylate systems. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:10251-10258. [PMID: 19537700 DOI: 10.1021/la901049h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Among other uses, latexes are a successful alternative to solvent-borne binders for coatings. Efforts are made to produce hybrid nanostructured latexes containing an acrylic phase and an alkyd phase. However, after the film-forming process, the surfactant used to stabilize these latexes remains in the film, and its location can have a drastic effect on the application properties. Among the processing parameters, the alkyd hydrophobicity can strongly influence this location. This article aims at the imaging of these surfactant molecules in two hybrid latexes with different hydrophobicity level of the alkyd resin. A first part of this paper is dedicated to the understanding of the contrast provided by the surfactant in environmental STEM imaging of latexes. Then, the influence of surfactant-polymer affinity on the surfactant location after film-forming of those hybrid alkyd/acrylate latexes is studied by this technique. It is shown that in the hybrid latex with an alkyd shell (obtained with the most hydrophilic resin), the surfactant molecules tend to remain buried in the alkyd phase. Conversely, in the hybrid latex with an acrylate shell (in the case of the most hydrophobic resin), the surfactant molecules tend to gather into islands like in pure acrylate latex films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Faucheu
- Universite de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, MATEIS, UMR CNRS 5510, 7 avenue Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne, France.
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16
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Khanduyeva N, Senkovskyy V, Beryozkina T, Bocharova V, Simon F, Nitschke M, Stamm M, Grötzschel R, Kiriy A. Grafting of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) from Poly(4-bromostyrene) Films by Kumada Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensation: Revealing of the Composite Films Structure. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800889c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Khanduyeva
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany, and Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzener Landstrasse 128, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Senkovskyy
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany, and Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzener Landstrasse 128, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tetyana Beryozkina
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany, and Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzener Landstrasse 128, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Vera Bocharova
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany, and Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzener Landstrasse 128, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Simon
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany, and Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzener Landstrasse 128, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirko Nitschke
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany, and Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzener Landstrasse 128, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manfred Stamm
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany, and Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzener Landstrasse 128, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rainer Grötzschel
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany, and Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzener Landstrasse 128, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anton Kiriy
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany, and Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzener Landstrasse 128, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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17
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Xu GH, Dong J, Zhang J, Severtson SJ, Houtman CJ, Gwin LE. Characterizing the distribution of nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants in water-based pressure-sensitive adhesive films using atomic-force and confocal Raman microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:11907-14. [PMID: 18767777 DOI: 10.1021/jp804876x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant distributions in model pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) films were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and confocal Raman microscopy (CRM). The PSAs are water-based acrylics synthesized with n-butyl acrylate, vinyl acetate, and methacrylic acid and two commercially available surfactants, disodium (nonylphenoxypolyethoxy)ethyl sulfosuccinate (anionic) and nonylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy) ethanol (nonionic). The ratio of these surfactants was varied, while the total surfactant content was held constant. AFM images demonstrate the tendency of anionic surfactant to accumulate at the film surfaces and retard latex particle coalescence. CRM, which was introduced here as a means of providing quantitative depth profiling of surfactant concentration in latex adhesive films, confirms that the anionic surfactant tends to migrate to the film interfaces. This is consistent with its greater water solubility, which causes it to be transported by convective flow during the film coalescence process. The behavior of the nonionic surfactant is consistent with its greater compatibility with the polymer, showing little enrichment at film interfaces and little lateral variability in concentration measurements made via CRM. Surfactant distributions near film interfaces determined via CRM are well fit by an exponential decay model, in which concentrations drop from their highs at interfaces to plateau values in the film bulk. It was observed that decay constants are larger at the film-air interface compared with those obtained at the film-substrate side indicating differences in the mechanism involved. In general, it is shown here that CRM acts as a powerful compliment to AFM in characterizing the distribution of surfactant species in PSA film formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhen H Xu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 2004 Folwell Ave., St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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18
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Zaccone A, Wu H, Lattuada M, Morbidelli M. Charged Molecular Films on Brownian Particles: Structure, Interactions, and Relation to Stability. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:6793-802. [DOI: 10.1021/jp801423h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Zaccone
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hua Wu
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Lei CH, Ouzineb K, Dupont O, Keddie JL. Probing particle structure in waterborne pressure-sensitive adhesives with atomic force microscopy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2007; 307:56-63. [PMID: 17174966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Revised: 11/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to know the nanostructure of pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) films obtained from waterborne polymer colloids so that it can be correlated with properties. Intermittent-contact atomic force microscopy (AFM) of an acrylic waterborne PSA film identifies two components, which can be attributed to the polymer and the solids in the serum (mainly surfactant). It is found that when the average AFM tapping force, F(av), is relatively low, the polymer particles appear to be concave. But when F(av) is higher, the particles appear to have a convex shape. This observation is explained by a height artefact caused by differences in the indentation depths into the two components that vary with the tapping amplitude and F(av). To achieve the maximum contrast between the polymer and serum components, F(av) should be set such that the indentation depths are as different as possible. Unlike what is found for the height images, the phase contrast images of the PSA do not show a reversal in contrast over the range of tapping conditions applied. The phase images are thus reliable in distinguishing the two components of the PSA according to their viscoelastic properties. At the surface of films dried at room temperature, the serum component is found in localized regions within permanent depression into the film.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Lei
- Department of Physics, School of Electronics and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
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