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Ramamurthy V, Sen P, Elles CG. Ultrafast Excited State Dynamics of Spatially Confined Organic Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4681-4699. [PMID: 35786917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This Feature Article highlights the role of spatial confinement in controlling the fundamental behavior of molecules. Select examples illustrate the value of using space as a tool to control and understand excited-state dynamics through a combination of ultrafast spectroscopy and conventional steady-state methods. Molecules of interest were confined within a closed molecular capsule, derived from a cavitand known as octa acid (OA), whose internal void space is sufficient to accommodate molecules as long as tetracene and as wide as pyrene. The free space, i.e., the space that is left following the occupation of the guest within the host, is shown to play a significant role in altering the behavior of guest molecules in the excited state. The results reported here suggest that in addition to weak interactions that are commonly emphasized in supramolecular chemistry, the extent of empty space (i.e., the remaining void space within the capsule) is important in controlling the excited-state behavior of confined molecules on ultrafast time scales. For example, the role of free space in controlling the excited-state dynamics of guest molecules is highlighted by probing the cis-trans isomerization of stilbenes and azobenzenes within the OA capsule. Isomerization of both types of molecule are slowed when they are confined within a small space, with encapsulated azobenzenes taking a different reaction pathway compared to that in solution upon excitation to S2. In addition to steric constraints, confinement of reactive molecules in a small space helps to override the need for diffusion to bring the reactants together, thus enabling the measurement of processes that occur faster than the time scale for diffusion. The advantages of reducing free space and confining reactive molecules are illustrated by recording unprecedented excimer emission from anthracene and by measuring ultrafast electron transfer rates across the organic molecular wall. By monitoring the translational motion of anthracene pairs in a restricted space, it has been possible to document the pathway undertaken by excited anthracene from inception to the formation of the excimer on the excited-state surface. Similarly, ultrafast electron transfer experiments pursued here have established that the process is not hindered by a molecular wall. Apparently, the electron can cross the OA capsule wall provided the donor and acceptor are in close proximity. Measurements on the ultrafast time scale provide crucial insights for each of the examples presented here, emphasizing the value of both "space" and "time" in controlling and understanding the dynamics of excited molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pratik Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP 208 016, India
| | - Christopher G Elles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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2
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Savenko ES, Kostjukov VV. Coumarin 102 excitation in aqueous media: contributions of vibronic coupling and hydration. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05615h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, vibronic coupling was considered when analyzing the excitation of coumarin C102.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy S. Savenko
- Physics Department, Sevastopol State University, Universitetskaya st., 33, Sevastopol, 299053, Crimea
| | - Victor V. Kostjukov
- Physics Department, Sevastopol State University, Universitetskaya st., 33, Sevastopol, 299053, Crimea
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3
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Bojesomo RS, Saleh N. Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Encapsulated Heterocycles by Cavitands. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:754-762. [PMID: 34865222 DOI: 10.1111/php.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Host-guest complexation of small heterocyclic (guest) and macrocyclic cavitands (hosts) organic molecules is still to date a very popular, inexpensive approach that bypasses the burdens of conventional covalent synthesis. Understanding the selection criteria of these chemicals is crucial to the design and potential applications of their supramolecular assemblies. This review surveys examples within the last 15 years (2005-2020) of supramolecular complexes in which the interacting photoinduced electron transfer (PET)-based chromophore and quencher fragments are commonly used in the market with reported CAS numbers. It appears from this survey that the supramolecular effects can be directed to specifically disrupt PET when the nonemissive macrocycles separately encapsulate the fluorescent acceptor or donor molecules, among other specific factors, such as when inducing conformational changes or pKa shift of the donor. On the contrary, synergetic encapsulation of both donor and acceptor molecules, formation of ternary self-assembly at the rim or encapsulation of one component while grafting the other onto the macrocycle, among other specific factors such as the modulation of the excited-state structure of donor, will lead to the enhancement of PET process. In the event the donor or acceptor molecules have multitopic structures, the PET process can repeatedly be switched on and off. It is generally concluded that understanding the criteria for the combination of these available products for the purpose of manipulating their PET efficiency should pave the way for the facile alternative generation of new noncovalently bonded host-guest supramolecular assemblies with a more specific design tailored for more advanced, diverse and economic applications such as chemical sensing, molecular gates, drug delivery and biolabeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukayat S Bojesomo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Na'il Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.,National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
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Li F, Yang H, Zhuo Q, Zhou D, Wu X, Zhang P, Yao Z, Sun L. A Cobalt@Cucurbit[5]uril Complex as a Highly Efficient Supramolecular Catalyst for Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1976-1985. [PMID: 33051952 PMCID: PMC7894348 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A host-guest complex self-assembled through Co2+ and cucurbit[5]uril (Co@CB[5]) is used as a supramolecular catalyst on the surface of metal oxides including porous indium tin oxide (ITO) and porous BiVO4 for efficient electrochemical and photoelectrochemical water oxidation. When immobilized on ITO, Co@CB[5] exhibited a turnover frequency (TOF) of 9.9 s-1 at overpotential η=550 mV in a pH 9.2 borate buffer. Meanwhile, when Co@CB[5] complex was immobilized onto the surface of BiVO4 semiconductor, the assembled Co@CB[5]/BiVO4 photoanode exhibited a low onset potential of 0.15 V (vs. RHE) and a high photocurrent of 4.8 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V (vs. RHE) under 100 mW cm-2 (AM 1.5) light illumination. Kinetic studies confirmed that Co@CB[5] acts as a supramolecular water oxidation catalyst, and can effectively accelerate interfacial charge transfer between BiVO4 and electrolyte. Surface charge recombination of BiVO4 can be also significantly suppressed by Co@CB[5].
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsInstitute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular DevicesDalian University of Technology116024DalianChina
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of Technology10044StockholmSweden
| | - Qiming Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsInstitute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular DevicesDalian University of Technology116024DalianChina
| | - Dinghua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsInstitute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular DevicesDalian University of Technology116024DalianChina
| | - Xiujuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsInstitute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular DevicesDalian University of Technology116024DalianChina
| | - PeiLi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsInstitute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular DevicesDalian University of Technology116024DalianChina
| | - Zhaoyang Yao
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of Technology10044StockholmSweden
| | - Licheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsInstitute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular DevicesDalian University of Technology116024DalianChina
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of Technology10044StockholmSweden
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar FuelsSchool of ScienceWestlake University310024HangzhouChina
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5
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Li F, Yang H, Zhuo Q, Zhou D, Wu X, Zhang P, Yao Z, Sun L. A Cobalt@Cucurbit[5]uril Complex as a Highly Efficient Supramolecular Catalyst for Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Chemistry School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health KTH Royal Institute of Technology 10044 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Qiming Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian China
| | - Dinghua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian China
| | - Xiujuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian China
| | - PeiLi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian China
| | - Zhaoyang Yao
- Department of Chemistry School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health KTH Royal Institute of Technology 10044 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Licheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian China
- Department of Chemistry School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health KTH Royal Institute of Technology 10044 Stockholm Sweden
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels School of Science Westlake University 310024 Hangzhou China
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6
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Samanta P, Dutta Choudhury S, Pal H. Lanthanide (III) ions as multichannel acceptors for bimolecular photoinduced electron transfer reactions with coumarin dyes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Aksu H, Paul SK, Herbert JM, Dunietz BD. How Well Does a Solvated Octa-acid Capsule Shield the Embedded Chromophore? A Computational Analysis Based on an Anisotropic Dielectric Continuum Model. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:6998-7004. [PMID: 32787071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c04032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of chromophores embedded in a water-solvated dimer of octa-acid that forms a molecular-shaped capsule are investigated. In particular, we address the anisotropic dielectric environment that appears to blue-shift excitation energies compared to the free aqueous chromophores. Recently we reported that using an effective scalar dielectric constant ε ≈ 3 appears to reproduce the measured spectra of the embedded coumarins, suggesting that the capsule provides a significant, albeit not perfect, screening of the aqueous dielectric environment. Here, we report absorption energies using a theoretical treatment that includes continuum solvation affected by an anisotropic dielectric function reflecting the high-dielectric environment outside of the capsule and the low-dielectric region within. We report time-dependent density functional theory calculations using a range-separated functional with the Poisson boundary conditions that model the anisotropic dielectric environment. Our calculations find that the anisotropic environment due to the water-solvated hydrophobic capsule is equivalent to a homogeneous effective dielectric constant of ≈3. The calculated values also appear to reproduce measured absorption of the embedded coumarin, where we study the effect of the hydrophobic capsule on the excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Aksu
- Department of Physics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Suranjan K Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Barry D Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
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8
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Das A, Kamatham N, Mohan Raj A, Sen P, Ramamurthy V. Marcus Relationship Maintained During Ultrafast Electron Transfer Across a Supramolecular Capsular Wall. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5297-5305. [PMID: 32520543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced electron transfer across an organic capsular wall between excited donors and ground-state acceptors is established to occur with rate constants varying in the range 0.32-4.0 × 1011 s-1 in aqueous buffer solution. The donor is encapsulated within an anionic supramolecular capsular host, and the cationic acceptor remains closer to the donor separated by the organic frame through Coulombic attraction. Such an arrangement results in electron transfer proceeding without diffusion. Free energy of the reaction (ΔG°) and the rate of electron transfer show Marcus relation with inversion. From the plot, λ and Vel were estimated to be 1.918 and 0.0058 eV, respectively. Given that the donor remains within the nonpolar solvent-free confined space, and there is not much change in the environment around the acceptor, the observed λ is believed to be because of "internal" reorganization rather than "solvent" reorganization. A similarity exists between the capsular assembly investigated here and glass and crystals at low temperature where the medium is rigid. The estimated electronic coupling (Vel) implies the existence of interaction between the donor and the acceptor through the capsular wall. Existence of such an interaction is also suggested by 1H NMR spectra. Results of this study suggest that molecules present within a confined space could be activated from outside. This provides an opportunity to probe the reactivity and dynamics of radical ions within an organic capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208 016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nareshbabu Kamatham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - A Mohan Raj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Pratik Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208 016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - V Ramamurthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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9
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Ramasamy E, Ramamurthy V. Supramolecular-Surface Photochemistry: Assembly and Photochemistry of Host–Guest Capsules on Silica Surface. Org Lett 2018; 20:4187-4190. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elamparuthi Ramasamy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Miami, Florida 33146, United States
| | - V. Ramamurthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Miami, Florida 33146, United States
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10
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Sonotani A, Sano K, Wakayama S, Shimada T, Takagi S. Efficient Electron Injection from Excited Porphyrin to Titania Nanosheet. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.180198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amane Sonotani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate Course of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Keito Sano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate Course of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shouta Wakayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate Course of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shimada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate Course of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Takagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate Course of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
- Research Center for Hydrogen Energy-based Society (ReHES), Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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11
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Wang JC, Hill SP, Dilbeck T, Ogunsolu OO, Banerjee T, Hanson K. Multimolecular assemblies on high surface area metal oxides and their role in interfacial energy and electron transfer. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:104-148. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00565b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
High surface area metal oxides offer a unique substrate for the assembly of multiple molecular components at an interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie C. Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - Sean P. Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - Tristan Dilbeck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | | | - Tanmay Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
- Materials Science and Engineering
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12
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Jagadesan P, Samanta SR, Choudhury R, Ramamurthy V. Container Chemistry: Manipulating excited state behavior of organic guests within cavitands that form capsules in water. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Tsukamoto T, Ramasamy E, Shimada T, Takagi S, Ramamurthy V. Supramolecular Surface Photochemistry: Cascade Energy Transfer between Encapsulated Dyes Aligned on a Clay Nanosheet Surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:2920-2927. [PMID: 26963843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Three coumarin derivatives (7-propoxy coumarin, coumarin-480, and coumarin-540a, 2, 3, and 4, respectively) having different absorption and emission spectra were encapsulated within a water-soluble organic capsule formed by the two positively charged ammonium-functionalized cavitand octaamine (OAm, 1). Guests 2, 3, and 4 absorb in ultraviolet, violet, and blue regions and emit in violet, blue, and green regions, respectively. Energy transfer between the above three coumarin@(OAm)2 complexes assembled on the surface of a saponite clay nanosheet was investigated by steady-state and time-resolved emission techniques. Judging from their emission and excitation spectra, we concluded that the singlet-singlet energy transfer proceeded from 2 to 3, from 2 to 4, and from 3 to 4 when OAm-encapsulated 2, 3, and 4 were aligned on a clay surface as two-component systems. Under such conditions, the energy transfer efficiencies for the paths 2* to 3, 2* to 4, and 3* to 4 were calculated to be 33, 36, and 50% in two-component systems. When all three coumarins were assembled on the surface and 2 was excited, the energy transfer efficiencies for the paths 2* to 3, 2* to 4, and 3* to 4 were estimated to be 32, 34, and 33%. A comparison of energy transfer efficiencies of the two-component and three-component systems revealed that excitation of 2 leads to emission from 4. Successful merging of supramolecular chemistry and surface chemistry by demonstrating novel multi-step energy transfer in a three-component dye encapsulated system on a clay surface opens up newer opportunities for exploring such systems in an artificial light-harvesting phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Tsukamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) , Ichibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8471, Japan
| | - Elamparuthi Ramasamy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami , Coral Gables, Florida 33146-0431, United States
| | - Tetsuya Shimada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate Course of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University , 1-1, Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Takagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate Course of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University , 1-1, Minami-ohsawa, Hachiohji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - V Ramamurthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami , Coral Gables, Florida 33146-0431, United States
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Fujimura T, Ramasamy E, Ishida Y, Shimada T, Takagi S, Ramamurthy V. Sequential energy and electron transfer in a three-component system aligned on a clay nanosheet. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:5404-11. [PMID: 26820105 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06984j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To achieve the goal of energy transfer and subsequent electron transfer across three molecules, a phenomenon often utilized in artificial light harvesting systems, we have assembled a light absorber (that also serves as an energy donor), an energy acceptor (that also serves as an electron donor) and an electron acceptor on the surface of an anionic clay nanosheet. Since neutral organic molecules have no tendency to adsorb onto the anionic surface of clay, a positively charged water-soluble organic capsule was used to hold neutral light absorbers on the above surface. A three-component assembly was prepared by the co-adsorption of a cationic bipyridinium derivative, cationic zinc porphyrin and cationic octaamine encapsulated 2-acetylanthracene on an exfoliated anionic clay surface in water. Energy and electron transfer phenomena were monitored by steady state fluorescence and picosecond time resolved fluorescence decay. The excitation of 2-acetylanthracene in the three-component system resulted in energy transfer from 2-acetylanthracene to zinc porphyrin with 71% efficiency. Very little loss due to electron transfer from 2-acetylanthracene in the cavitand to the bipyridinium derivative was noticed. Energy transfer was followed by electron transfer from the zinc porphyrin to the cationic bipyridinium derivative with 81% efficiency. Analyses of fluorescence decay profiles confirmed the occurrence of energy transfer and subsequent electron transfer. Merging the concepts of supramolecular chemistry and surface chemistry we realized sequential energy and electron transfer between three hydrophobic molecules in water. Exfoliated transparent saponite clay served as a matrix to align the three photoactive molecules at a close distance in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Fujimura
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, 1060 Nishi-kawatsu-cho, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan and Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Elamparuthi Ramasamy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146-0431, USA.
| | - Yohei Ishida
- Division of Material Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shimada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan. and Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Takagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan. and Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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Liu Y, Xie Q, Hu J, Peng D, Liao Y, Zhu C, Zhong C. Synthesis and Photovoltaic Properties of the Novel Dye of Branched Chain Polymeric Metal Complexes with Cyclopentadithiophene Derivatives as a Donor. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan Hunan 411105 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiufang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan Hunan 411105 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaomei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan Hunan 411105 People's Republic of China
| | - Dahai Peng
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan Hunan 411105 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan Hunan 411105 People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan Hunan 411105 People's Republic of China
| | - Chaofan Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan Hunan 411105 People's Republic of China
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16
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Ramamurthy V, Jockusch S, Porel M. Supramolecular Photochemistry in Solution and on Surfaces: Encapsulation and Dynamics of Guest Molecules and Communication between Encapsulated and Free Molecules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:5554-5570. [PMID: 25521719 DOI: 10.1021/la504130f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular assemblies that help to preorganize reactant molecules have played an important role in the development of concepts related to the control of excited-state processes. This has led to a persistent search for newer supramolecular systems (hosts), and this review briefly presents our work with octa acid (OA) to a host to control excited-state processes of organic molecules. Octa acid, a water-soluble host, forms 1:1, 2:1, and 2:2 (host-guest) complexes with various organic molecules. A majority of the guest molecules are enclosed within a capsule made up of two molecules of OA whereas OA by itself remains as a monomer or aggregates. Luminescence and (1)H NMR spectroscopy help to characterize the structure and dynamics of these host-guest complexes. The guest molecule as well as the host-guest complex as a whole undergoes various types of motion, suggesting that the guests possess freedom inside the confined space of the octa acid capsule. In addition, the confined guests are not isolated but are able to communicate (energy, electron, and spin) with molecules present closer to the capsule. The host-guest complexes are stable even on solid surfaces such as silica, clay, α-Zr phosphate, TiO2, and gold nanoparticles. This opens up new opportunities to explore the interaction between confined guests and active surfaces of TiO2 and gold nanoparticles. In addition, this allows the possibility of performing energy and electron transfer between organic molecules that do not adsorb on inert surfaces of silica, clay, or α-Zr phosphate. The results summarized here, in addition to providing a fundamental understanding of the behavior of molecules in a confined space provided by the host OA, are likely to have a long-range effect on the capture and release of solar energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ramamurthy
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Mintu Porel
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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Abstract
This review focuses on molecular containers formed by assembly processes driven by the hydrophobic effect, and summarizes the progress made in the field over the last ten years. This small but growing facet of supramolecular chemistry discusses three classes of molecules used by researchers to investigate how self-assembly can be applied to form discrete, mono-dispersed, and structurally well-defined supramolecular entities. The approaches demonstrate the importance of preorganization of arrays of rigid moieties to define a specific form predisposed to bind, fold, or assemble. As the examples demonstrate, studying these systems and their properties is teaching us how to control supramolecular chemistry in water, shedding light on aspects of aqueous solutions chemistry, and illustrating novel applications that harness the unique properties of the hydrophobic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobs H Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
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18
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Su Y, Ma S, Jiang K, Han X. CdTe-paper-based Visual Sensor for Detecting Methyl Viologen. CHINESE J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201400715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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De Filippo CC, Tang H, Ravotto L, Bergamini G, Salice P, Mba M, Ceroni P, Galoppini E, Maggini M. Synthesis and Electronic Properties of 1,2‐Hemisquarimines and Their Encapsulation in a Cucurbit[7]uril Host. Chemistry 2014; 20:6412-20. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian C. De Filippo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova (Italy), Fax: (+) 30 0498275050
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ ‐ 07102 (USA)
| | - Luca Ravotto
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna (Italy)
| | - Giacomo Bergamini
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna (Italy)
| | - Patrizio Salice
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova (Italy), Fax: (+) 30 0498275050
| | - Miriam Mba
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova (Italy), Fax: (+) 30 0498275050
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna (Italy)
| | - Elena Galoppini
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ ‐ 07102 (USA)
| | - Michele Maggini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova (Italy), Fax: (+) 30 0498275050
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20
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Chatterjee A, Maity B, Seth D. Influence of double confinement on photophysics of 7-(diethylamino)coumarin-3-carboxylic acid in water/AOT/isooctane reverse micelles. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00965g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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21
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Ramasamy E, Deshapriya IK, Kulasekharan R, Kumar CV, Ramamurthy V. Photophysical studies of an encapsulated neutral guest intercalated into the 2-dimensional space of α-Zr(iv) phosphate. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:301-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50308a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Mondal B, Kamatham N, Samanta SR, Jagadesan P, He J, Ramamurthy V. Synthesis, characterization, guest inclusion, and photophysical studies of gold nanoparticles stabilized with carboxylic acid groups of organic cavitands. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:12703-12709. [PMID: 24059841 DOI: 10.1021/la403310e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble gold nanoparticles (AuNP) stabilized with cavitands having carboxylic acid groups have been synthesized and characterized by a variety of techniques. Apparently, the COOH groups similar to thiol are able to prevent aggregation of AuNP. These AuNP were stable either as solids or in aqueous solution. Most importantly, these cavitand functionalized AuNP were able to include organic guest molecules in their cavities in aqueous solution. Just like free cavitands (e.g., octa acid), cavitand functionalized AuNP includes guests such as 4,4'-dimethylbenzil and coumarin-1 through capsule formation. The exact structure of the capsular assembly is not known at this stage. Upon excitation there is communication between the excited guest present in the capsule and gold atoms and this results in quenching of phosphorescence from 4,4'-dimethylbenzil and fluorescence from coumarin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnali Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami , Coral Gables, Flordia, 33124 United States
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23
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Ishida Y, Kulasekharan R, Shimada T, Takagi S, Ramamurthy V. Efficient singlet-singlet energy transfer in a novel host-guest assembly composed of an organic cavitand, aromatic molecules, and a clay nanosheet. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:1748-1753. [PMID: 23360204 DOI: 10.1021/la305148j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A supramolecular host-guest assembly composed of a cationic organic cavitand (host), neutral aromatic molecules (guests), and an anionic clay nanosheet has been prepared and demonstrated that in this arrangement efficient singlet-singlet energy transfer could take place. The novelty of this system is the use of a cationic organic cavitand that enabled neutral organic molecules to be placed on an anionic saponite nanosheet. Efficient singlet-singlet energy transfer between neutral pyrene and 2-acetylanthracene enclosed within a cationic organic cavitand (octa amine) arranged on a saponite nanosheet was demonstrated through steady-state and time-resolved emission studies. The high efficiency was realized from the suppression of aggregation, segregation, and self-fluorescence quenching. We believe that the studies presented here using a novel supramolecular assembly have expanded the types of molecules that could serve as candidates for efficient energy-transfer systems, such as in an artificial light-harvesting system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ishida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate Course of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-ohsawa 1-1, Hachiohji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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Yamanaka M, Kobayashi K. Capsular Assemblies of Calix[4]resorcinarene-based Cavitands. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201200175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Chen Y, Klimczak A, Galoppini E, Lockard JV. Structural interrogation of a cucurbit[7]uril-ferrocene host–guest complex in the solid state: a Raman spectroscopy study. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21584e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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26
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Chitre KP, Guillén E, Yoon AS, Galoppini E. Synthesis of Homoleptic Ruthenium “Star” Complexes by Click Reaction for TiO2Sensitization. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201200896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Lee H, Lee M. Excluded volume effect in the fluorescence energy transfer of single donor-multiple acceptors in polymer. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:11857-62. [PMID: 22967214 DOI: 10.1021/jp306164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from a donor to multiple acceptors is an interesting subject. Numerous studies using theoretical models and simulations have focused on the excluded volume effect, which was not considered in Förster's first derivation. In this work, we first present the experimental results on the excluded volume effect by employing time-resolved FRET. Coumarin 334 (C334) was used as the energy donor whereas hemin and cytochrome c (cyt c) were used as the energy acceptors. The fluorescence intensity decays were measured for C334 surrounded by a number of acceptors in poly(acrylic acid). We have observed that the excluded volume effect is markedly pronounced with cyt c compared with hemin when the acceptor concentration is high (>5 mM). The results, which may be explicitly described by the relative molecular sizes of two acceptors, showed that the excluded volume effect should be considered in the interpretation of FRET data, especially when bulk chromophores are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
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28
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Porel M, Chuang CH, Burda C, Ramamurthy V. Ultrafast Photoinduced Electron Transfer between an Incarcerated Donor and a Free Acceptor in Aqueous Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:14718-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3067594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mintu Porel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, United
States
| | - Chi-Hung Chuang
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106,
United States
| | - Clemens Burda
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106,
United States
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29
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Samanta SR, Kulasekharan R, Choudhury R, Jagadesan P, Jayaraj N, Ramamurthy V. Gold nanoparticles functionalized with deep-cavity cavitands: synthesis, characterization, and photophysical studies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:11920-11928. [PMID: 22809255 DOI: 10.1021/la302478e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we present methods of functionalization of AuNP's with deep-cavity cavitands that can include organic molecules. Two types of deep-cavity cavitand-functionalized AuNP's have been synthesized and characterized, one soluble in organic solvents and the other in water. Functionalized AuNP soluble in organic solvents forms a 1:1 host-guest complex where the guest is exposed to the exterior solvents. The one soluble in water forms a 2:1 host-guest complex where the guest is protected from solvent water. Phosphorescence from thiones and benzil included within heterocapsules attached to AuNP was quenched by gold atoms present closer to the guests included within deep-cavity cavitands. During this investigation, we have synthesized four new deep-cavity cavitands. Of these, two thiol-functionalized hosts allowed us to make stable AuNP's. However, AuNP's protected with two amine-functionalized cavitands tended to aggregate within a day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shampa R Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, USA
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30
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Samanta SR, Parthasarathy A, Ramamurthy V. Supramolecular control during triplet sensitized geometric isomerization of stilbenes encapsulated in a water soluble organic capsule. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:1652-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25115a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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