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Ahmad AAL, Marutheri Parambath JB, Postnikov PS, Guselnikova O, Chehimi MM, Bruce MRM, Bruce AE, Mohamed AA. Conceptual Developments of Aryldiazonium Salts as Modifiers for Gold Colloids and Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:8897-8907. [PMID: 34291926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Modified colloids and flat surfaces occupy an important place in materials science research due to their widespread applications. Interest in the development of modifiers that adhere strongly to surfaces relates to the need for stability under ambient conditions in many applications. Diazonium salts have evolved as the primary choice for the modification of surfaces. The term "diazonics" has been introduced in the literature to describe "the science and technology of aryldiazonium salt-derived materials". The facile reduction of diazonium salts via chemical or electrochemical processes, irradiation stimuli, or spontaneously results in the efficient modification of gold surfaces. Robust gold-aryl nanoparticles, where gold is connected to the aryl ring through bonding to carbon and films modified by using diazonium salts, are critical in electronics, sensors, medical implants, and materials for power sources. Experimental and theoretical studies suggest that gold-carbon interactions constructed via chemical reactions with diazonium salts are stronger than nondiazonium surface modifiers. This invited feature article summarizes the conceptual development of recent studies of diazonium salts in our laboratories and others with a focus on the surface modification of gold nanostructures, flat surfaces and gratings, and their applications in nanomedicine engineering, sensors, energy, forensic science, and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A L Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | | | - Pavel S Postnikov
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Guselnikova
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Mohamed Mehdi Chehimi
- Université de Paris, CNRS-UMR 7086, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et DYnamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Mitchell R M Bruce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Alice E Bruce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Ahmed A Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE
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Abstract
The challenges of diazonium salts stabilization have been overcome by their isolation as metal salts such as tetrachloroaurate(III). The cleavage of molecular nitrogen from diazonium salts even at very low potential or on reducing surfaces by fine tuning the substituents on the phenyl ring expanded their applications as surface modifiers in forensic science, nanomedicine engineering, catalysis and energy. The robustness of the metal–carbon bonding produced from diazonium salts reduction has already opened an era for further applications. The integration of experimental and calculations in this field catalyzed its speedy progress. This review provides a narrative of the progress in this chemistry with stress on our recent contribution, identifies potential applications, and highlights the needs in this emerging field. For these reasons, we hope that this review paper serves as motivation for others to enter this developing field of surface modification originating from diazonium salts.
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Mohamed AA, Salmi Z, Dahoumane SA, Mekki A, Carbonnier B, Chehimi MM. Functionalization of nanomaterials with aryldiazonium salts. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 225:16-36. [PMID: 26299313 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the surface modification strategies of a wide range of nanomaterials using aryldiazonium salts. After a brief history of diazonium salts since their discovery by Peter Griess in 1858, we will tackle the surface chemistry using these compounds since the first trials in the 1950s. We will then focus on the modern surface chemistry of aryldiazonium salts for the modification of materials, particularly metallic, semiconductors, metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanostructures, diamond and clays. The successful modification of sp(2) carbon materials and metals by aryldiazonium salts paved the way to innovative strategies for the attachment of aryl layers to metal oxide nanoparticles and nanodiamonds, and intercalation of clays. Interestingly, diazotized surfaces can easily trap nanoparticles and nanotubes while diazotized nanoparticles can be (electro)chemically reduced on electrode/materials surfaces as molecular compounds. Both strategies provided organized 2D surface assembled nanoparticles. In this review, aryldiazonium salts are highlighted as efficient coupling agents for many types of molecular, macromolecular and nanoparticulate species, therefore ensuring stability to colloids on the one hand, and the construction of composite materials and hybrid systems with robust and durable interfaces/interphases, on the other hand. The last section is dedicated to a selection of patents and industrial products based on aryldiazonium-modified nanomaterials. After nearly 160 years of organic chemistry, diazonium salts have entered a new, long and thriving era for the benefit of materials, colloids, and surface scientists. This tempts us to introduce the terminology of "diazonics" we define as the science and technology of aryldiazonium salt-derived materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Chemistry, Delaware State University, 1200 N. DuPont Highway, Dover 19901, DE, USA
| | - Zakaria Salmi
- Université Paris-Est, ICMPE UMR 7182 CNRS - UPEC, SPC, PoPI team: Polymers & Particles @ Interfaces, 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Si Amar Dahoumane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Ahmed Mekki
- Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, BP 17, Bordj El Bahri 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Benjamin Carbonnier
- Université Paris-Est, ICMPE UMR 7182 CNRS - UPEC, SPC, PoPI team: Polymers & Particles @ Interfaces, 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Mohamed M Chehimi
- Université Paris-Est, ICMPE UMR 7182 CNRS - UPEC, SPC, PoPI team: Polymers & Particles @ Interfaces, 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR CNRS 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France.
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Basagni A, Colazzo L, Sedona F, DiMarino M, Carofiglio T, Lubian E, Forrer D, Vittadini A, Casarin M, Verdini A, Cossaro A, Floreano L, Sambi M. Stereoselective Photopolymerization of Tetraphenylporphyrin Derivatives on Ag(110) at the Sub-Monolayer Level. Chemistry 2014; 20:14296-304. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Kesavan S, Prabhakaran A, John SA. Formation of heteroaromatic diazonium grafted layers on gold nanoparticles and their electrocatalytic activity towards an important purine derivative. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04754k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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