1
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Nowak SR, Tiwale N, Doerk GS, Nam CY, Black CT, Yager KG. Responsive blends of block copolymers stabilize the hexagonally perforated lamellae morphology. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2594-2604. [PMID: 36947412 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00142c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Blends of block copolymers can form phases and exhibit features distinct from the constituent materials. We study thin film blends of cylinder-forming and lamellar-forming block copolymers across a range of substrate surface energies. Blend materials are responsive to interfacial energy, allowing selection of pure or coexisting phases based on surface chemistry. Blending stabilizes certain motifs that are typically metastable, and can be used to generate pure hexagonally perforated lamellar thin films across a range of film thicknesses and surface energies. This tolerant behavior is ascribed to the ability of blend materials to redistribute chains to stabilize otherwise high-energy defect structures. The blend responsiveness allows the morphology to be spatially defined through multi-tone chemical surface patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Nowak
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
| | - Nikhil Tiwale
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
| | - Gregory S Doerk
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
| | - Chang-Yong Nam
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
| | - Charles T Black
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
| | - Kevin G Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
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2
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Mueller AJ, Lindsay AP, Jayaraman A, Lodge TP, Mahanthappa MK, Bates FS. Emergence of a C15 Laves Phase in Diblock Polymer/Homopolymer Blends. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:576-582. [PMID: 35648489 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The observation of complex, Frank-Kasper (FK) particle packings in diblock polymer melts has until recently been limited to low molecular weight, conformationally asymmetric polymers. We report temperature-dependent small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies of blends of a sphere-forming poly(styrene-block-1,4-butadiene) (SB) diblock polymer (Mn = 33.3 kg/mol, Đ = Mw/Mn = 1.08, fB = 0.18) with two different poly(1,4-butadiene) (B) homopolymer additives. When the B additive Mn is the same as that of the diblock core-forming B segment, these blends remarkably form tetrahedrally close-packed FK σ and Laves C14 and C15 phases with increasing B content. However, binary blends in which the B additive Mn is 60% of that of the diblock B segment form only the canonical body-centered cubic (BCC) particle packing and hexagonally-packed cylinders (HEXc). The observed phase behavior is rationalized in terms of "wet" and "dry" brush blending, whereby higher B Mn drives stronger localization of the homopolymer in the particle cores while preserving the interfacial area per SB diblock chain. The consequent packing constraints in these blends destabilize the BCC packing, and FK phases emerge as optimal minimal surface solutions to filling space at constant density while maximizing local particle sphericity.
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3
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Oikonomou EK, Tencé-Girault S, Gérard P, Norvez S. Swelling of semi-crystalline PVDF by a PMMA-based nanostructured diblock copolymer: Morphology and mechanical properties. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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4
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Liu M, Xia B, Li W, Qiu F, Shi AC. Self-Assembly of Binary Mesocrystals from Blends of BABCB Multiblock Copolymers and ABC Triblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meijiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Binkai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Weihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - An-Chang Shi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
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5
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Chiou CW, Lin YC, Wang L, Maeda R, Hayakawa T, Kuo SW. Hydrogen Bond Interactions Mediate Hierarchical Self-Assembly of POSS-Containing Block Copolymers Blended with Phenolic Resin. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502180c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Wei Chiou
- Department
of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center for Functional Polymers
and Supramolecular Materials, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chih Lin
- Department
of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center for Functional Polymers
and Supramolecular Materials, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Lei Wang
- Department
of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-36
O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Rina Maeda
- Department
of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-36
O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Teruaki Hayakawa
- Department
of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-36
O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Shiao-Wei Kuo
- Department
of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, Center for Functional Polymers
and Supramolecular Materials, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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6
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Luo C, Chen W, Gao Y. Feather-like morphology of poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(ethylene oxide) blends: The effect of cooling rate and poly(methyl methacrylate) content. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials and Devices; School of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Xi'an Technological University; Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Weixing Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials and Devices; School of Materials and Chemical Engineering; Xi'an Technological University; Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Ying Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Changchun 130022 China
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7
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Vriezekolk EJ, de Weerd E, de Vos WM, Nijmeijer K. Control of pore size and pore uniformity in films based on self-assembling block copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik J. Vriezekolk
- TNW; Membrane Science and Technology; Mesa Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente; P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Eddy de Weerd
- EWI; BIOS Lab on a Chip; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Wiebe M. de Vos
- TNW; Membrane Science and Technology; Mesa Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente; P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Kitty Nijmeijer
- TNW; Membrane Science and Technology; Mesa Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente; P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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8
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Davidi I, Patra D, Hermida-Merino D, Portale G, Rotello VM, Raviv U, Shenhar R. Hierarchical Structures of Polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine)/Palladium–Pincer Surfactants: Effect of Weak Surfactant–Polymer Interactions on the Morphological Behavior. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5010343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Davidi
- The
Institute of Chemistry, the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Debabrata Patra
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | | | - Vincent M. Rotello
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Uri Raviv
- The
Institute of Chemistry, the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Roy Shenhar
- The
Institute of Chemistry, the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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9
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Zhang JX, Varshney SK. Simple approach for the scale-up production of block copolymer of polydimethylsiloxane with (meth)acrylic ester monomers. Des Monomers Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/156855502760151607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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10
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Seo M, Amendt MA, Hillmyer MA. Cross-Linked Nanoporous Materials from Reactive and Multifunctional Block Polymers. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2013942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myungeun Seo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Mark A. Amendt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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11
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Hashimoto T, Izumitani T, Oono K. Self-assembly via a complex phase transition in mixtures of polystyrene-block
-polybutadiene block copolymer and poly(methyl vinyl ether). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19950980182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Kirkensgaard JJK, Fragouli P, Hadjichristidis N, Mortensen K. Perforated Lamellae Morphology in Novel P2VP(PDMS-b-PI-b-PS)2 3-Miktoarm Star Quarterpolymer. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1016314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Judas Kain Kirkensgaard
- Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Panagiota Fragouli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Kell Mortensen
- Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Mortensen K, Vigild ME. Reinvestigation of the Block Copolymer Modulated Lamellar Structure. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8024249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kell Mortensen
- Biophysics, Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark, and Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin E. Vigild
- Biophysics, Department of Basic Sciences and Environment, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark, and Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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14
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Kim E, Ahn H, Ryu DY, Joo W, Kim JK, Jung J, Chang T. Closed-Loop Transition Induced by Homopolymers. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801530f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Block Copolymer Self-Assembly, Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongpuk 790-784, Korea, and Department of Chemistry and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Gyeongpuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Block Copolymer Self-Assembly, Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongpuk 790-784, Korea, and Department of Chemistry and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Gyeongpuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Block Copolymer Self-Assembly, Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongpuk 790-784, Korea, and Department of Chemistry and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Gyeongpuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Wonchul Joo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Block Copolymer Self-Assembly, Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongpuk 790-784, Korea, and Department of Chemistry and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Gyeongpuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Jin Kon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Block Copolymer Self-Assembly, Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongpuk 790-784, Korea, and Department of Chemistry and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Gyeongpuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Jueun Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Block Copolymer Self-Assembly, Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongpuk 790-784, Korea, and Department of Chemistry and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Gyeongpuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea, National Creative Research Initiative Center for Block Copolymer Self-Assembly, Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongpuk 790-784, Korea, and Department of Chemistry and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Gyeongpuk 790-784, Korea
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15
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Listak J, Jakubowski W, Mueller L, Plichta A, Matyjaszewski K, Bockstaller MR. Effect of Symmetry of Molecular Weight Distribution in Block Copolymers on Formation of “Metastable” Morphologies. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800816j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Listak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Wojciech Jakubowski
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Laura Mueller
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Andrzej Plichta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Michael R. Bockstaller
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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16
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Kobayashi S, Kataoka H, Ishizone T, Kato T, Ono T, Kobukata S, Ogi H. Synthesis and Properties of New Thermoplastic Elastomers Containing Poly[4-(1-adamantyl)styrene] Hard Segments. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma7028743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kobayashi
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H-119, Ohokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 Japan, and Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Kuraray Co., Ltd., 41, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H-119, Ohokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 Japan, and Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Kuraray Co., Ltd., 41, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841 Japan
| | - Takashi Ishizone
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H-119, Ohokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 Japan, and Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Kuraray Co., Ltd., 41, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841 Japan
| | - Toshinori Kato
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H-119, Ohokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 Japan, and Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Kuraray Co., Ltd., 41, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ono
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H-119, Ohokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 Japan, and Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Kuraray Co., Ltd., 41, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841 Japan
| | - Syuji Kobukata
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H-119, Ohokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 Japan, and Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Kuraray Co., Ltd., 41, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogi
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H-119, Ohokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 Japan, and Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Kuraray Co., Ltd., 41, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841 Japan
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17
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Černoch P, Štěpánek P, Pleštil J, Šlouf M, Sidorenko A, Stamm M. Surface patterns of block copolymers in thin layers after vapor treatment. Eur Polym J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Ghosh SK, Ganapathy R, Krishnaswamy R, Bellare J, Raghunathan VA, Sood AK. Structure of mesh phases in a cationic surfactant system with strongly bound counterions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:3606-14. [PMID: 17319705 DOI: 10.1021/la0631466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of an intermediate mesh phase with rhombohedral symmetry, corresponding to the space group Rm, in a mixed surfactant system formed by the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and the organic salt 3-sodium-2-hydroxy naphthoate (SHN). It occurs between a random mesh phase (L(alpha)(D)) and a lamellar phase (L(alpha)) at low temperatures; at higher temperatures, the (L(alpha)(D)) phase transforms continuously into the (L(alpha)) phase with an increasing surfactant concentration (phi(s)). To separate the effects of salt and phi(s) on the phase behavior, the ternary system consisting of cetyltrimethylammonium 3-hydroxy-naphthalene-2-carboxylate (CTAHN), sodium bromide (NaBr), and water was studied. The intermediate mesh phase is found in this system at high NaBr concentrations. The micellar aggregates, both in the intermediate and random mesh phases, are found to be made up of a two-dimensional network of rod-like segments, with three rods meeting at each node. The average mesh size increases with phi(s), and the transition from the random mesh phase to the intermediate phase is found to occur when it is approximately 1.5 times the lamellar periodicity. The intermediate mesh phase is absent in the equimolar dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB)-SHN system, indicating the role of the surfactant chain length in the formation of this phase. This system exhibits a random mesh phase over a very wide range of water content, with the average mesh size decreasing upon an increasing phi(s), contrary to the trend seen in the CTAB-SHN system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Ghosh
- Raman Research Institute, Bangalore 560080, India
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19
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Almgren M. Vesicle Transformations Resulting from Curvature Tuning in Systems with Micellar, Lamellar, and Bicontinuous Cubic Phases. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690600992613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Kim EY, Lee DJ, Kim JK, Cho J. Phase Behavior of a Binary Mixture of a Block Copolymer with Lower Disorder-to-Order Transition and a Homopolymer. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0617567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Block Copolymer Self-Assembly, Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science & Technology, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Dong Jun Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Block Copolymer Self-Assembly, Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science & Technology, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Jin Kon Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Block Copolymer Self-Assembly, Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science & Technology, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea
| | - Junhan Cho
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dankook University, Hyperstructured Organic Materials Research Center, Seoul 140-714, Korea
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22
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Loo YL, Register RA, Adamson DH, Ryan AJ. A Highly Regular Hexagonally Perforated Lamellar Structure in a Quiescent Diblock Copolymer. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma050237l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Lin Loo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Richard A. Register
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Douglas H. Adamson
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Anthony J. Ryan
- The Polymer Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
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23
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Abstract
In this era of portability and rapid technological advances, polymers are more than ever under pressure to be cheap and offer tailored property profiles. Often, the key lies in designing blends and alloys carefully structured at the appropriate scale (preferably less than a micrometre) from existing polymers. Block copolymers - two or more different polymer chains linked together - have long been thought to offer the solution. Local segregation of the different polymer blocks yields molecular-scale aggregates of nanometre size. Recent progress in synthetic chemistry has unveiled unprecedented opportunities to prepare tailored block copolymers at reasonable cost. Over twenty years of intense academic research and the advent of powerful statistical theories and computational methods should help predict the equilibrium and even non-equilibrium behaviour of copolymers and their blends with other polymers. The gap between block copolymer self-assembly and affordable nanostructured plastics endowed with still-unexplored combinations of properties is getting narrower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Valérie Ruzette
- Laboratoire Matière Molle et Chimie, ESPCI-CNRS (UMR 167), ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
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24
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Ludwigs S, Böker A, Abetz V, Müller AH, Krausch G. Phase behavior of linear polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine)-block-poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) triblock terpolymers. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2003.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Fukunaga K, Hashimoto T, Elbs H, Krausch G. Self-Assembly of a Lamellar ABC Triblock Terpolymer Thin Film. Effect of Substrates. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma021096f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Fukunaga
- UBE Industries, Ltd., 8-1 Goi-minamikaigan, Ichihara, Chiba 290-0045, Japan
| | - Takeji Hashimoto
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan
| | - Hubert Elbs
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Bayreth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Georg Krausch
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Bayreth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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27
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Adhikari R, Michler GH, Lebek W, Goerlitz S, Weidisch R, Knoll K. Morphology and micromechanical deformation behavior of SB-block copolymers. II. Influence of molecular architecture of asymmetric star block copolymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/app.10541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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28
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Vaidya NY, Han CD. Temperature–composition phase diagrams of binary blends of block copolymer and homopolymer. POLYMER 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Fukunaga K, Hashimoto T, Elbs H, Krausch G. Self-Assembly of a Lamellar ABC Triblock Copolymer Thin Film. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma011889m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Fukunaga
- UBE Industries, Ltd., 8-1 Goi-minamikaigan, Ichihara, Chiba 290-0045, Japan
| | - Takeji Hashimoto
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan
| | - Hubert Elbs
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Bayreth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Georg Krausch
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Bayreth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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30
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Ho RM, Chiang YW, Lin CC, Bai SJ. Block Copolymer Self-Assembly Induced Compatibilization of PCL/PS−PEP Blends. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma011381j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Ming Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yeo-Wan Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chu-Chien Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - S. J. Bai
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineer, National Sun Yet-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, R.O.C
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31
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Arnold ME, Nagai K, Freeman BD, Spontak RJ, Betts DE, DeSimone JM, Pinnau I. Gas Permeation Properties of Poly(1,1‘-dihydroperfluorooctyl acrylate), Poly(1,1‘-dihydroperfluorooctyl methacrylate), and Poly(styrene)-b-poly(1,1‘-dihydroperfluorooctyl acrylate) Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma010355i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ingo Pinnau
- Membrane Technology and Research, Inc., 1360 Willow Road, Suite 103, Menlo Park, California 94025-1516
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32
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Vaidya NY, Han CD, Kim D, Sakamoto N, Hashimoto T. Microdomain Structures and Phase Transitions in Binary Blends Consisting of a Highly Asymmetric Block Copolymer and a Homopolymer. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0010682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Han CD, Vaidya NY, Yamaguchi D, Hashimoto T. Composition fluctuations in binary mixtures of homogeneous polystyrene-block-polyisoprene copolymer and polyisoprene. POLYMER 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00589-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Yamaguchi D, Hashimoto T, Vaidya NY, Han CD. Effect of Annealing on the Perfection of Ordered Structure of Highly Asymmetric Diblock Copolymer. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma991034y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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David JL, Gido SP, Hong K, Zhou J, Mays JW, Tan NB. Core−Shell Cylinder Morphology in Poly(styrene-b-1,3-cyclohexadiene) Diblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9810722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nora Beck Tan
- Polymers Research Branch, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, APG, Maryland 21005-5069
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36
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Kimishima K, Jinnai H, Hashimoto T. Control of Self-Assembled Structures in Binary Mixtures of A−B Diblock Copolymer and A−C Diblock Copolymer by Changing the Interaction between B and C Block Chains. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma981892e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaro Kimishima
- Hashimoto Polymer Phasing Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 15 Morimoto-cho, Shimogamo, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan, and Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Hashimoto Polymer Phasing Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 15 Morimoto-cho, Shimogamo, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan, and Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takeji Hashimoto
- Hashimoto Polymer Phasing Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 15 Morimoto-cho, Shimogamo, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan, and Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Interfacial Modification as a Route to Novel Bilayered Morphologies in Binary Block Copolymer/Homopolymer Blends. Macromolecules 1998; 31:4975-85. [PMID: 9680437 DOI: 10.1021/ma980200j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Addition of a relatively low-molecular-weight parent homopolymer to a lamellar AB diblock copolymer constitutes a reliable means by which to induce, in controllable fashion, transitions to other morphologies. In this study, we examine the effect of interfacial modification on such transitions in "extended" A(A/B)B copolymer/homopolymer blends in which (i) the A/B midblock fraction (relative to the copolymer molecular weight) is varied from 0.0 to 0.4 in 0.1 increments and (ii) the overall concentration of A ranges from 0.50 to 0.95. As this A/B fraction is increased at constant blend composition, the extent of homopolymer-induced lamellar swelling becomes measurably less pronounced, indicating that the A/B midblock serves to delocalize repulsion along the interphase separating adjacent lamellae. At higher homopolymer concentrations, an increase in the A/B fraction results in the formation of either unilamellar vesicles or a randomly connected bilayered membrane, rather than micelles. These membranes become unstable and transform to micelles at high copolymer dilution. The results presented here are discussed in terms of the complex morphologies observed in, and predicted for, low-molar-mass (co)surfactant systems.
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39
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Hasegawa H. Block copolymers: Generic phase behaviour compared to surfactant phase behaviour. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-0294(98)80070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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40
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Mani S, Weiss R, Hahn S, Williams C, Cantino M, Khairallah L. Microstructure of block copolymers of polystyrene and poly(ethylene-alt-propylene). POLYMER 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(97)00487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Janert PK, Schick M. Phase Behavior of Binary Homopolymer/Diblock Blends: Temperature and Chain Length Dependence. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma971093g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp K. Janert
- Department of Physics, Box 351560, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560
| | - M. Schick
- Department of Physics, Box 351560, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560
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42
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Breiner U, Krappe U, Thomas EL, Stadler R. Structural Characterization of the “Knitting Pattern” in Polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-co-butylene)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) Triblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma961550d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Breiner
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, J. J. Becher Weg 18-20, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Udo Krappe
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, J. J. Becher Weg 18-20, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Edwin L. Thomas
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, J. J. Becher Weg 18-20, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Reimund Stadler
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, J. J. Becher Weg 18-20, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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43
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Lee C, Gido SP, Poulos Y, Hadjichristidis N, Tan NB, Trevino SF, Mays JW. H‐shaped double graft copolymers: Effect of molecular architecture on morphology. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3396313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chin Lee
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, W. M. Keck Electron Microscopy Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Samuel P. Gido
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, W. M. Keck Electron Microscopy Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Yiannis Poulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou 15771, Athens, Greece, and Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, 711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou 15771, Athens, Greece, and Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, 711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Nora Beck Tan
- Polymers Research Branch, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, APG, MD 211005‐5069, and Reactor Radiation Division, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Samuel F. Trevino
- Polymers Research Branch, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, APG, MD 211005‐5069, and Reactor Radiation Division, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Jimmy W. Mays
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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44
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Yamaguchi D, Hashimoto T, Han CD, Baek DM, Kim JK, Shi AC. Order−Disorder Transition, Microdomain Structure, and Phase Behavior in Binary Mixtures of Low Molecular Weight Polystyrene-block-polyisoprene Copolymers. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma970050x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - An-Chang Shi
- Xerox Research Center at Canada, 2660 Speakman Drive, Missisauga, Ontario, Canada L5K 2L1
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45
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Yu JM, Dubois P, Jérôme R. Poly[methyl methacrylate (M)-b-styrene (S)-b-Butadiene (B)-b-S-b-M] Pentablock Copolymers: Synthesis, Morphology, and Properties. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma961872h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Yu
- University of Liège, Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules, Sart-Tilman, B6, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Ph. Dubois
- University of Liège, Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules, Sart-Tilman, B6, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - R. Jérôme
- University of Liège, Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules, Sart-Tilman, B6, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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46
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Loveday D, Wilkes GL. The Structural Features of Low Molecular Weight Ionic Diblock Polymers Based on Group Transfer Polymerized Methacrylates. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/10601329708014332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Lee C, Gido SP, Poulos Y, Hadjichristidis N, Tan NB, Trevino SF, Mays JW. H-shaped double graft copolymers: Effect of molecular architecture on morphology. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.474266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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48
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Hasegawa H, Hashimoto T, Hyde ST. Microdomain structures with hyperbolic interfaces in block and graft copolymer systems. POLYMER 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(96)00213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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49
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Pochan DJ, Gido SP, Pispas S, Mays JW. Morphological Transitions in an I2S Simple Graft Block Copolymer: From Folded Sheets to Folded Lace to Randomly Oriented Worms at Equilibrium. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9601225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Spontak RJ, Fung JC, Braunfeld MB, Sedat JW, Agard DA, Kane L, Smith SD, Satkowski MM, Ashraf A, Hajduk DA, Gruner SM. Phase Behavior of Ordered Diblock Copolymer Blends: Effect of Compositional Heterogeneity. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9515689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Spontak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Corporate Research Division, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45239, and Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Jennifer C. Fung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Corporate Research Division, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45239, and Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Michael B. Braunfeld
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Corporate Research Division, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45239, and Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - John W. Sedat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Corporate Research Division, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45239, and Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - David A. Agard
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Corporate Research Division, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45239, and Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Lisaleigh Kane
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Corporate Research Division, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45239, and Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Steven D. Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Corporate Research Division, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45239, and Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Michael M. Satkowski
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Corporate Research Division, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45239, and Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Arman Ashraf
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Corporate Research Division, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45239, and Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Damian A. Hajduk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Corporate Research Division, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45239, and Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Sol M. Gruner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, Corporate Research Division, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45239, and Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
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