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Choi J, Heo T, Choi H, Choi S, Won J. Co‐assembly
behavior of oppositely charged thermoresponsive elastin‐like polypeptide block copolymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong‐Wan Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Hongik University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Young Heo
- Department of Chemical Engineering Hongik University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Heelak Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Hongik University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Soo‐Hyung Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Hongik University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jong‐In Won
- Department of Chemical Engineering Hongik University Seoul Republic of Korea
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. Marras
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Trinity R. Campagna
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Vieregg
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Matthew V. Tirrell
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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3
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Chockalingam R, Natarajan U. Structure and solvation thermodynamics of asymmetric poly (acrylic acid)-b-polystyrene polyelectrolyte block copolymer micelle in water: Effect of charge density and chemical composition. POLYMER 2018; 158:103-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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4
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Le Fer G, Wirotius AL, Brûlet A, Garanger E, Lecommandoux S. Self-Assembly of Stimuli-Responsive Biohybrid Synthetic-b-Recombinant Block Copolypeptides. Biomacromolecules 2018; 20:254-272. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Le Fer
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (UMR5629), Pessac, France
| | - Anne-Laure Wirotius
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (UMR5629), Pessac, France
| | - Annie Brûlet
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR 12 CEA−CNRS, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Elisabeth Garanger
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (UMR5629), Pessac, France
| | - Sébastien Lecommandoux
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (UMR5629), Pessac, France
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5
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Du H, Han R, Tang E, Zhou J, Liu S, Guo X, Wang R. Synthesis of pH-responsive cellulose-g-P4VP by atom transfer radical polymerization in ionic liquid, loading, and controlled release of aspirin. J Polym Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Leimenstoll MC, Menzel H. Behavior of ATRP-derived styrene and 4-vinylpyridine-based amphiphilic block copolymers in solution. Colloid Polym Sci 2018; 296:1127-1135. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-018-4330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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8
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Herbst DC, Witten TA, Tsai TH, Coughlin EB, Maes AM, Herring AM. Water uptake profile in a model ion-exchange membrane: Conditions for water-rich channels. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:114906. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4914512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Herbst
- James Franck Institute and Department of Physics,
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637,
USA
| | - Thomas A. Witten
- James Franck Institute and Department of Physics,
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637,
USA
| | - Tsung-Han Tsai
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department,
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
01003, USA
| | - E. Bryan Coughlin
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department,
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
01003, USA
| | - Ashley M. Maes
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department,
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401,
USA
| | - Andrew M. Herring
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department,
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401,
USA
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9
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Raffa P, Stuart MC, Broekhuis AA, Picchioni F. The effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic block length on the rheology of amphiphilic diblock Polystyrene-b-Poly(sodium methacrylate) copolymers prepared by ATRP. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 428:152-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Tang L, Tjong V, Li N, Yingling YG, Chilkoti A, Zauscher S. Enzymatic polymerization of high molecular weight DNA amphiphiles that self-assemble into star-like micelles. Adv Mater 2014; 26:3050-3054. [PMID: 24497034 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201306049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
High molecular weight ssDNA amphiphiles are synthesized by enzymatic polymerization. These highly asymmetric diblock DNA copolymers self-assemble into "hairy", star-like micelles, shown in the AFM image and the DPD snapshot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, 144 Hudson Hall Box 90300, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
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11
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Cheng G, Hammouda B, Perahia D. Effects of Intermicellar Interactions on the Dissociation of Block Copolymer Micelles: SANS and NMR Studies. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess and College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Chemistry Department, Clemson University; SC 29634 USA
| | - Boualem Hammouda
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg; MD 20899-6102 USA
| | - Dvora Perahia
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Chemistry Department, Clemson University; SC 29634 USA
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12
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Abstract
CO2-switchable Dex-g-PAHMA copolymers were synthesized and characterized. The properties of the graft copolymers and the cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of DOX-loaded Dex-g-PAHMA copolymer micelles were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Che
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, China
| | - Saina Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hongliang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ruigang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhijing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, China
| | - Pingping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaozhong Qu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190, China
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13
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Korchagina EV, Philippova OE. Effects of hydrophobic substituents and salt on core-shell aggregates of hydrophobically modified chitosan: light scattering study. Langmuir 2012; 28:7880-7888. [PMID: 22548489 DOI: 10.1021/la3013409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study we examine two methods of enhancement of aggregation of hydrophobically modified chitosan in dilute aqueous solutions: by increasing the content of n-dodecyl substituents, favoring hydrophobic association, and by increasing the amount of added low molecular weight salt, screening the electrostatic repulsion between similarly charged aggregating chains. By static and dynamic light scattering it was demonstrated that at the growth of the content of hydrophobic groups in the polymer (2-4 mol %) and of the amount of salt in solution (0.025-0.1 M) the weight fraction of aggregates increases, but the aggregation number remains unchanged. This behavior was attributed to the core-shell structure of the aggregates, which provides a low surface energy and strong attraction of associating groups inside the core. At the same time, the effects of the content of hydrophobic groups in the polymer and the ionic strength of the solution on the radii of the aggregates are quite different. Increasing the content of hydrophobic groups induces growth of the gyration radii of the aggregates, but does not affect their hydrodynamic radii. These data suggest the expansion of the hydrophobic core of the aggregates and the contraction of their highly swollen shell. On the other hand, increasing the salt concentration leads to a decrease of both the gyration and hydrodynamic radii of the aggregates, which is due to partial screening of electrostatic repulsion between similarly charged units and lowering of the osmotic pressure of counterions confined inside the aggregates.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- E. B. Zhulina
- Institute
of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - O. V. Borisov
- Institute
of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche sur l’Environnement
et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, UPPA CNRS, 64053 Pau, France
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15
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16
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Berndt E, Behnke S, Ulbricht M. Influence of alkyl chain length and molecular weight on the surface functionalization via adsorption/entrapment with biocidal cationic block copolymers. Eur Polym J 2011; 47:2379-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Wang D, Tan J, Kang H, Ma L, Jin X, Liu R, Huang Y. Synthesis, self-assembly and drug release behaviors of pH-responsive copolymers ethyl cellulose-graft-PDEAEMA through ATRP. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Erel I, Zhu Z, Sukhishvili S, Patyukova E, Potemkin I, Kramarenko E. Two Types of Block Copolymer Micelles with Ion-Containing Cores. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 31:490-5. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Voets IK, de Vries R, Fokkink R, Sprakel J, May RP, de Keizer A, Cohen Stuart MA. Towards a structural characterization of charge-driven polymer micelles. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2009; 30:351-359. [PMID: 20012667 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2009-10533-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Light scattering and small-angle neutron scattering experiments were performed on comicelles of several combinations of oppositely charged (block co)polymers in aqueous solutions. Fundamental differences between the internal structure of this novel type of micelle --termed complex coacervate core micelle (C3Ms), polyion complex (PIC) micelle, block ionomer complex (BIC), or interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC)-- and its traditional counterpart, i.e., a micelle formed via self-assembly of polymeric amphiphiles, give rise to differences in scaling behaviour. Indeed, the observed dependencies of micellar size and aggregation number on corona block length, N (corona) , are inconsistent with scaling predictions developed for polymeric micelles in the star-like and crew-cut regime. Generic C3M characteristics, such as the relatively high core solvent fraction, the low core-corona interfacial tension, and the high solubility of the coronal chains, are causing the deviations. A recently proposed scaling theory for the cross-over regime, as well as a primitive first-order self-consistent field (SCF) theory for obligatory co-assembly, follow our data more closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Voets
- Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703, HB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Abstract
One of the biggest obstacles for efficient drug delivery is specific cellular targeting. Liposomes have long been used for drug delivery, but do not possess targeting capabilities. This limitation may be circumvented by surface coating of colloidal delivery systems with peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, or antibodies that target cell surface receptors or other biomolecules. Each of these coatings has significant drawbacks. One idealized system for drug delivery combines stabilized "protein module" ligands with a colloidal delivery vehicle. Prior studies have shown that peptide-amphiphiles, whereby both a peptide "head group" and a lipid-like "tail" are present in the same molecule, can be used to engineer collagen-like triple-helical or alpha-helical miniproteins. The tails serve to stabilize the head group structural elements. These peptide-amphiphiles can be designed to bind to specific cell surface receptors with high affinity. Structural stabilization of the integrated targeting ligand in the peptide-amphiphile system equates to prolonged in vivo stability through resistance to proteolytic degradation. Liposomes have been prepared incorporating a melanoma targeting peptide-amphiphile ligand, and shown to be stable with retention of peptide-amphiphile triple-helical structure. Encapsulated fluorescent dyes are selectively delivered to cells. In this chapter we describe the methods and techniques employed in the preparation and characterization of peptide-amphiphiles and peptide-amphiphile-targeted large and small unilamellar vesicles (LUVs and SUVs). Fluorescence microscopy is subsequently utilized to examine the targeting capabilities of peptide-amphiphile LUVs, which should allow for improved drug selectivity towards melanoma vs normal cells based on differences in the relative abundance of the targeted cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evonne M Rezler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Toomey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620;
| | - Matthew Tirrell
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106;
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22
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Witte KN, Won YY. Effect of Interfacial Curvature on the Miscibility of Laterally Mobile, Mixed Polyelectrolyte and Neutral Polymer Brushes: An SCF Numerical Analysis. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma071682e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin N. Witte
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - You-Yeon Won
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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23
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Jacquin M, Muller P, Talingting-Pabalan R, Cottet H, Berret JF, Futterer T, Théodoly O. Chemical analysis and aqueous solution properties of charged amphiphilic block copolymers PBA-b-PAA synthesized by MADIX®. J Colloid Interface Sci 2007; 316:897-911. [PMID: 17904569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have linked the structural and dynamic properties in aqueous solution of amphiphilic charged diblock copolymers poly(butyl acrylate)-b-poly(acrylic acid), PBA-b-PAA, synthesized by controlled radical polymerization, with the physico-chemical characteristics of the samples. Despite product imperfections, the samples self-assemble in melt and aqueous solutions as predicted by monodisperse microphase separation theory. However, the PBA core are abnormally large; the swelling of PBA cores is not due to AA (the Flory parameter chi(PBA/PAA), determined at 0.25, means strong segregation), but to h-PBA homopolymers (content determined by liquid chromatography at the point of exclusion and adsorption transition, LC-PEAT). Beside the dominant population of micelles detected by scattering experiments, capillary electrophoresis CE analysis permitted detection of two other populations, one of h-PAA, and the other of free PBA-b-PAA chains, that have very short PBA blocks and never self-assemble. Despite the presence of these free unimers, the self-assembly in solution was found out of equilibrium: the aggregation state is history dependant and no unimer exchange between micelles occurs over months (time-evolution SANS). The high PBA/water interfacial tension, measured at 20 mN/m, prohibits unimer exchange between micelles. PBA-b-PAA solution systems are neither at thermal equilibrium nor completely frozen systems: internal fractionation of individual aggregates can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jacquin
- Complex Fluids Laboratory, CNRS UMR 166, 350 George Patterson Blvd, Bristol, PA 19007, USA
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25
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Kaewsaiha P, Matsumoto K, Matsuoka H. Sphere-to-rod transition of non-surface-active amphiphilic diblock copolymer micelles: a small-angle neutron scattering study. Langmuir 2007; 23:9162-9. [PMID: 17676775 DOI: 10.1021/la7003672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Micellization behavior of amphiphilic diblock copolymers with strong acid groups, poly(hydrogenated isoprene)-block-poly(styrenesulfonate), was investigated by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). We have reported previously (Kaewsaiha, P.; Matsumoto, K.; Matsuoka, H. Langmuir 2005, 21, 9938) that this strongly ionic amphiphilic diblock copolymer shows almost no surface activity but forms micelles in water. In this study, the size, shape, and internal structures of the micelles formed by these unique copolymers in aqueous solution were duly investigated. The SANS data were well described by the theoretical form factor of a core-shell model and the Pedersen core-corona model. The micellar shape strongly depends on the hydrophobic chain length of the block copolymer. The polymer with the shortest hydrophobic chain was suggested to form spherical micelles, whereas the scattering curves of the longer hydrophobic chain polymers showed a q-1 dependence, reflecting the formation of rodlike micelles. Furthermore, the addition of salt at high concentration also induced the sphere-to-rod transition in micellar shape as a result of the shielding effect of electrostatic repulsion. The corona thickness was almost constant up to the critical salt concentration (around 0.2 M) and then decreased with further increases in salt concentration, which is in qualitatively agreement with existing theories. The spherical/rodlike micelle ratio was also constant up to the critical salt concentration and then decreased. The micelle size and shape of this unique polymer could be described by the common concept of the packing parameter, but the anomalously stable nature of the micelle (up to 1 M NaCl) is a special characteristic.
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Abstract
The authors present a generalized theory of microphase separation for charged-neutral diblock copolymer melt. The stability limit of the disordered phase for salt-free melt has been calculated using random phase approximation (RPA) and self-consistent-field theory (SCFT). Explicit analytical free energy expressions for different classical ordered microstructures (lamellar, cylinder, and sphere) are presented. The authors demonstrate that the chemical mismatch required for the onset of microphase separation (chi*N) in charged-neutral diblock melt is higher and the period of ordered microstructures is lower than those for the corresponding neutral-neutral diblock system. Theoretical predictions on the period of ordered structures in terms of Coulomb electrostatic interaction strength, chain length, block length, and chemical mismatch between blocks are presented. SCFT has been used to go beyond the stability limit, where electrostatic potential and charge distribution are calculated self-consistently. Stability limits calculated using RPA are in perfect agreement with the corresponding SCFT calculations. Limiting laws for the stability limit and the period of ordered structures are presented and comparisons are made with an earlier theory. Also, transition boundaries between different morphologies have been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kumar
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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27
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Abstract
A mean-field dynamic density functional theory is used to describe a phase diagram of concentrated solutions of weakly charged flexible block polyelectrolytes in a film. Electrostatics is taken into account by applying the local electroneutrality constraint (the Donnan membrane equilibrium approach). In the Donnan limit it is assumed that a salt added to the solution perfectly screens long-range electrostatic interactions. The phase diagram of a solution of a triblock polyelectrolyte in a film as a function of the solvent concentration and the charge of the polyelectrolyte (solvophilic) block is calculated for a given film thickness. The phase behavior of the block polyelectrolyte film arises from the interplay between surface-induced alignment and the electrostatically-driven structure formation. The observed mesoscopic structures (lamellar, perforated lamellar, cylindrical, micellar, and mixed phases) are oriented parallel to the surfaces for the considered case of morphologies unfrustrated by the film thickness. Structures with connections between parallel layers (bicontinuous, etc.) are not formed. As a result of surface-induced ordering, the region of ordered phases in a film is wider than in bulk and the phase boundary between ordered and disordered phases is more diffuse. As in the case of unconfined block polyelectrolyte solution, the solution in a film does not follow the lyotropic sequence of phases of such a block copolymer upon increase in the charge of the polyelectrolyte block. Upon changing the charge of the solvophilic copolymer block, transformations of copolymer morphology take place via change in curvature of polymeric domains. Due to confinement of a polyelectrolyte film, no swelling of solvophilic domains is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kyrylyuk
- Soft Condensed Matter Group, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Li F, Balastre M, Schorr P, Argillier JF, Yang J, Mays JW, Tirrell M. Differences between tethered polyelectrolyte chains on bare mica and hydrophobically modified mica. Langmuir 2006; 22:4084-91. [PMID: 16618148 DOI: 10.1021/la052293l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the structures of layers of amphiphilic diblock copolymers of poly(t-butyl styrene)-poly(styrene sulfonate) (PtBS-PSS) adsorbed on both the bare mica surface (hydrophilic) and an octadecyltriethoxysilane (OTE)-modified mica surface (hydrophobic). When the surface is rendered hydrophobic, the nonsoluble block exhibits stronger interaction with the surface and higher adsorbed masses are achieved. Interaction forces between two such adsorbed layers on both substrates were measured using the surface forces apparatus. The effect of salt concentration (Cs) and molecular weight (N) on the height of the self-assembled layers (L0) was examined in each case. The resulting scaling relationship is in good agreement with predictions of the brush model, L0 proportional to N(1.0) in the low-salt limit and L0N(-1) proportional to (Cs/sigma)(-0.32) in the salted regime, when adsorption takes place onto the hydrophobized mica surface. For adsorption on the bare mica surface, L0N(-0.7) proportional, variant Cs(-0.17) agrees with the scaling prediction of the sparse tethering model. The results suggest that, on the hydrophilic bare mica surface, the adsorbed amount is not high enough to form a brush structure and only very little intermolecular stretching of the tethered chains occurs; in contrast, the presence of the hydrophobic OTE layer increases the tethering density such that the polyelectrolyte chains adopt a brush conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Materials Research Laboratory, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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29
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Cheng H, Olvera de la Cruz M. Hydrophobic-Charged Block Copolymer Micelles Induced by Oppositely Charged Surfaces: Salt and pH Dependence. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma051965b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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Bai F, Yang X, Huang W. Narrow-disperse or monodisperse crosslinked and functional core–shell polymer particles prepared by two-stage precipitation polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Teare DOH, Schofield WCE, Garrod RP, Badyal JPS. Rapid polymer brush growth by TEMPO-mediated controlled free-radical polymerization from swollen plasma deposited poly(maleic anhydride) initiator surfaces. Langmuir 2005; 21:10818-24. [PMID: 16262358 DOI: 10.1021/la051566+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed plasma-chemical deposition of poly(maleic anhydride) is shown to be a substrate-independent method for functionalizing solid surfaces with initiator sites for nitroxide-mediated controlled free-radical graft polymerization. Swelling of the initiator film via aminolysis can lead to grafted polymer brushes that are 1 order of magnitude thicker than those obtained by existing methods on solid surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O H Teare
- Department of Chemistry, Science Laboratories, Durham University, England, UK
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32
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Kaewsaiha P, Matsumoto K, Matsuoka H. Non-surface activity and micellization of ionic amphiphilic diblock copolymers in water. Hydrophobic chain length dependence and salt effect on surface activity and the critical micelle concentration. Langmuir 2005; 21:9938-45. [PMID: 16229512 DOI: 10.1021/la051584r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We reported previously (Macromolecules 2003, 36, 5321; Langmuir, 2004, 20, 7412) that amphiphilic diblock copolymers having polyelectrolytes as a hydrophilic segment show almost no surface activity but form micelles in water. In this study, to further investigate this curious and novel phenomenon in surface and interface science, we synthesized another water-soluble ionic amphiphilic diblock copolymer poly(hydrogenated isoprene)-b-sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) PIp-h2-b-PSSNa by living anionic polymerization. Several diblock copolymers with different hydrophobic chain lengths were synthesized and the adsorption behavior at the air/water interface was investigated using surface tension measurement and X-ray reflectivity. A dye-solubilization experiment was carried out to detect the micelle formation. We found that the polymers used in this study also formed micelles above a certain polymer concentration (cmc) without adsorption at the air-water interface under a no-salt condition. Hence, we further confirmed that this phenomenon is universal for amphiphilic ionic block copolymer although it is hard to believe from current surface and interface science. For polymers with long hydrophobic chains (more than three times in length to hydrophilic chain), and at a high salt concentration, a slight adsorption of polymer was observed at the air-water interface. Long hydrophobic chain polymers showed behavior "normal" for low molecular weight ionic surfactants with increasing salt concentration. Hence, the origin of this curious phenomenon might be the macroionic nature of the hydrophilic part. Dynamic light scattering analysis revealed that the hydrodynamic radius of the block copolymer micelle was not largely affected by the addition of salt. The hydrophobic chain length-cmc relationship was found to be unusual; some kind of transition point was found. Furthermore, very interestingly, the cmc of the block copolymer did not decrease with the increase in salt concentration, which is in clear contrast to the fact that cmc of usual ionic small surfactants decreases with increasing salt concentration (Corrin-Harkins law). These behaviors are thought to be the special, but universal, characteristics of ionic amphiphilic diblock copolymers, and the key factor is thought to be a balance between the repulsive force from the water surface by the image charge effect and the hydrophobic adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ploysai Kaewsaiha
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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33
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Muller F, Guenoun P, Delsanti M, Demé B, Auvray L, Yang J, Mays JW. Spherical polyelectrolyte block copolymer micelles: structural change in presence of monovalent salt. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2004; 15:465-472. [PMID: 15599789 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2004-10079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Spherical polyelectrolyte block copolymer micelles were investigated as a function of added NaCl salt concentration using Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) and Light Scattering (LS). The micelles are formed by the self-association of charged-neutral copolymers made of a long deuterated polyelectrolyte moiety (NaPSS(d))251 and a short hydrophobic moiety (PEP)52. In presence of salt, the core shape and the aggregation number of the micelles are not affected. The hydrodynamic radius of the micelle is found to be identical to the radius of the whole micelle deduced from neutron scattering and thus the hydrodynamic radius is a valid measure of the corona thickness. At the lowest salt concentrations investigated the thickness of the corona, R(s), remains essentially constant and a contraction is observed above an added-salt concentration c(s) of 2 x 10(-2) M where this crossover concentration corresponds to the average ionic strength of the free counterions in the corona. The contraction takes place while maintaining a rod-like behavior of the chains at short scale and obeys to: R(s) approximately c(s)(-0.18). The exponent 0.18 suggests an electrostatic persistence length proportional to the Debye screening length.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Muller
- DRECAM, Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé, CEA-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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34
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Andruzzi L, Hexemer A, Li X, Ober CK, Kramer EJ, Galli G, Chiellini E, Fischer DA. Control of surface properties using fluorinated polymer brushes produced by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization. Langmuir 2004; 20:10498-10506. [PMID: 15544378 DOI: 10.1021/la049264f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Surface-grafted styrene-based homopolymer and diblock copolymer brushes bearing semifluorinated alkyl side groups were synthesized by nitroxide-mediated controlled radical polymerization on planar silicon oxide surfaces. The polymer brushes were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), and time-dependent water contact angle measurements. Angle-resolved XPS studies and water contact angle measurements showed that, in the case of the diblock copolymer brushes, the second block to be added was always exposed at the polymer-air interface regardless of its surface energy. Values of z*/Rg were estimated based on the radius of gyration, Rg, of the grafted homopolymer or block copolymer chains for the grafted brushes and thickness of the brush, z*. The fact that z*/Rg > 1 suggests that all these brushes are stretched. These results support the idea that after grafting the first block onto the surface the nitroxide-end capped polymer chains were able to polymerize the second block in a "living" fashion and the stretched brush so formed was dense enough that the outermost block in all cases completely covers the surface. NEXAFS analysis showed a relationship between the surface orientation of the fluorinated side chains and brush thickness with thicker brushes having more oriented side chains. Time-dependent water contact angle measurements revealed that the orientation of the side chains of the brush improved the surface stability toward reconstruction upon prolonged exposure to water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Andruzzi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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35
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36
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Yao J, Ravi P, Tam KC, Gan LH. Association behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate-block-methacrylic acid) in aqueous medium. Langmuir 2004; 20:2157-2163. [PMID: 15835665 DOI: 10.1021/la0355343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The atom transfer radical polymerization technique was used to synthesize the poly(methyl methacrylate-block-methacrylic acid) (P(MAA-b-MMA)) copolymer in order to study the aggregation behavior in aqueous solution over the course of neutralization. Combinations of static and dynamic light scattering (SLS, DLS) and potentiometric titration techniques were used to investigate the size and shape of the micelle at various degrees of neutralization (alpha). By comparing the effect of different polymer chain length with similar MMA/MAA ratio on the aggregation behavior during neutralization, we found relatively strong entanglement of long MMA polymer chains. The comparison between the different MMA/MAA ratios showed that longer MMA chains produced more entanglements. Conductometric titration was used to determine the counterion condensation phenomenon during the course of neutralization. At a critical micellar charge density observed at alpha approximately 0.4, Na+ ions are condensed on the polymer chains. The amount of condensed Na+ was evaluated by the conductivity change, yielding the condensation ratio when the polymer was completely neutralized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yao
- Singapore-MIT Alliance, School of Mechanical and Production Engineering, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
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37
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Kyrylyuk AV, Fraaije JGEM. Microphase separation of weakly charged block polyelectrolyte solutions: Donnan theory for dynamic polymer morphologies. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:2806-12. [PMID: 15281885 DOI: 10.1063/1.1768940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A mean-field dynamic density functional theory for the phase behavior of concentrated weakly charged block polyelectrolyte solutions is developed, using the Donnan membrane equilibrium approach to account for electrostatic interactions. In this limit all long-range electrostatic interactions are canceled and the net charge density in any region on a coarse-grained scale is zero. The phase diagram of a model triblock polyelectrolyte in solution as a function of the charge of the solvophilic block and the solvent concentration is established. Different mesoscopic structures (lamellar, bicontinuous, hexagonal, micellar, and dispersed coexisting phases) are formed depending on the copolymer charge asymmetry. It is found that upon changing the charge of the solvophilic copolymer block the polyelectrolyte solution does not follow the lyotropic sequence of phases of this polymer. Upon increase in the charge of the solvophilic blocks, changes in copolymer morphology take place by means of change in curvature of polymeric domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kyrylyuk
- Soft Condensed Matter Group, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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38
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Kramarenko EY, Khokhlov AR, Reineker P. Micelle formation in a dilute solution of block copolymers with a polyelectrolyte block complexed with oppositely charged linear chains. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1594720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Abstract
The membrane theory is used to study the recently observed nanomechanical bending of cantilevers, which have processed biomolecular adsorption or biochemical reactions. To be different from entropy-controlling bending mechanism discussed before, we propose that the flexoelectric effect induces cantilever bending. With the introduction of flexoelectric spontaneous curvature, the relation between the bending and biopolymer character is constructed by a simple analytical formula. The cantilever motion induced by adsorption of single-strand DNA and DNA hybridization reaction is quantified analytically and our results show good agreement with experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2735, 100080, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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40
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Philip J, Prakash GG, Jaykumar T, Kalyanasundaram P, Raj B. Stretching and collapse of neutral polymer layers under association with ionic surfactants. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 89:268301. [PMID: 12484859 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.268301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We provide experimental evidence for stretching and collapse of neutral polymer layers, already adsorbed at an oil-in-water interface, due to its interaction with surfactants. Upon stretching, the first interaction length (2L(0)) follows a power law dependence on surfactant concentration ( proportional, variant C(x)(s), where x approximately 0.5 for cationic surfactants) and collapses in the presence of salt, as a relatively weak power law (C(-y)(s), where y=0.17), in good agreement with brush length decay for polyelectrolyte brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Philip
- DPEND, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam-603 102, Tamil Nadu, India.
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41
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Lee AS, Bütün V, Vamvakaki M, Armes SP, Pople JA, Gast AP. Structure of pH-Dependent Block Copolymer Micelles: Charge and Ionic Strength Dependence. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0114842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert S. Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, and School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, E. Sussex, UK
| | - Vural Bütün
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, and School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, E. Sussex, UK
| | - M. Vamvakaki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, and School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, E. Sussex, UK
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, and School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, E. Sussex, UK
| | - John A. Pople
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, and School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, E. Sussex, UK
| | - Alice P. Gast
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, and School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, E. Sussex, UK
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42
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- O. V. Borisov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004, St. Petersburg, Russia; LRMP/UMR 5067, Helioparc Pau-Pyrenees, 64053 Pau, France; and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Polymer Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - E. B. Zhulina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004, St. Petersburg, Russia; LRMP/UMR 5067, Helioparc Pau-Pyrenees, 64053 Pau, France; and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Polymer Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Förster
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Hermsdorf
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Organische Chemie, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Lindner
- Institut-Laue-Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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45
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46
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Mori H, Böker A, Krausch G, Müller AHE. Surface-Grafted Hyperbranched Polymers via Self-Condensing Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization from Silicon Surfaces. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0019048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Möller M, Nederberg F, Lim LS, Kånge R, Hawker CJ, Hedrick JL, Gu Y, Shah R, Abbott NL. Stannous(II) trifluoromethane sulfonate: a versatile catalyst for the controlled ring-opening polymerization of lactides: Formation of stereoregular surfaces from polylactide “brushes”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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48
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Tamashiro MN, Hernández-Zapata E, Schorr PA, Balastre M, Tirrell M, Pincus P. Salt dependence of compression normal forces of quenched polyelectrolyte brushes. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1381579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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49
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Wu G, Ji H, Hansen K, Thundat T, Datar R, Cote R, Hagan MF, Chakraborty AK, Majumdar A. Origin of nanomechanical cantilever motion generated from biomolecular interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:1560-4. [PMID: 11171990 PMCID: PMC29296 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.98.4.1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of nanomechanical cantilever motion from biomolecular interactions can have wide applications, ranging from high-throughput biomolecular detection to bioactuation. Although it has been suggested that such motion is caused by changes in surface stress of a cantilever beam, the origin of the surface-stress change has so far not been elucidated. By using DNA hybridization experiments, we show that the origin of motion lies in the interplay between changes in configurational entropy and intermolecular energetics induced by specific biomolecular interactions. By controlling entropy change during DNA hybridization, the direction of cantilever motion can be manipulated. These thermodynamic principles were also used to explain the origin of motion generated from protein-ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda P. Shusharina
- Physical Chemistry 1, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O.Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden, and Physics Department, Moscow State University, 117234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Per Linse
- Physical Chemistry 1, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O.Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden, and Physics Department, Moscow State University, 117234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei R. Khokhlov
- Physical Chemistry 1, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O.Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden, and Physics Department, Moscow State University, 117234 Moscow, Russia
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