1
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Lotito V, Zambelli T. Heat: A powerful tool for colloidal particle shaping. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 331:103240. [PMID: 39024831 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Colloidal particles of spherical shape are important building blocks for nanotechnological applications. Materials with tailored physical properties can be directly synthesized from self-assembled particles, as is the case for colloidal photonic crystals. In addition, colloidal monolayers and multilayers can be exploited as a mask for the fabrication of complex nanostructures via a colloidal lithography process for applications ranging from optoelectronics to sensing. Several techniques have been adopted to modify the shape of both individual colloidal particles and colloidal masks. Thermal treatment of colloidal particles is an effective route to introduce colloidal particle deformation or to manipulate colloidal masks (i.e. to tune the size of the interstices between colloidal particles) by heating them at elevated temperatures above a certain critical temperature for the particle material. In particular, this type of morphological manipulation based on thermal treatments has been extensively applied to polymer particles. Nonetheless, interesting shaping effects have been observed also in inorganic materials, in particular silica particles. Due to their much less complex implementation and distinctive shaping effects in comparison to dry etching or high energy ion beam irradiation, thermal treatments turn out to be a powerful and competitive tool to induce colloidal particle deformation. In this review, we examine the physicochemical principles and mechanisms of heat-induced shaping as well as its experimental implementation. We also explore its applications, going from tailored masks for colloidal lithography to the fabrication of colloidal assemblies directly useful for their intrinsic optical, thermal and mechanical properties (e.g. thermal switches) and even to the synthesis of supraparticles and anisotropic particles, such as doublets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Lotito
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Tomaso Zambelli
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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2
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Argaiz M, Ruipérez F, Aguirre M, Tomovska R. Ionic Inter-Particle Complexation Effect on the Performance of Waterborne Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3098. [PMID: 34578000 PMCID: PMC8470605 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The performance of waterborne (meth)acrylic coatings is critically affected by the film formation process, in which the individual polymer particles must join to form a continuous film. Consequently, the waterborne polymers present lower performance than their solvent-borne counter-polymers. To decrease this effect, in this work, ionic complexation between oppositely charged polymer particles was introduced and its effect on the performance of waterborne polymer films was studied. The (meth)acrylic particles were charged by the addition of a small amount of ionic monomers, such as sodium styrene sulfonate and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate. Density functional theory calculations showed that the interaction between the selected main charges of the respective functional monomers (sulfonate-amine) is favored against the interactions with their counter ions (sulfonate-Na and amine-H). To induce ionic complexation, the oppositely charged latexes were blended, either based on the same number of charges or the same number of particles. The performance of the ionic complexed coatings was determined by means of tensile tests and water uptake measurements. The ionic complexed films were compared with reference films obtained at pH at which the cationic charges were in neutral form. The mechanical resistance was raised slightly by ionic bonding between particles, producing much more flexible films, whereas the water penetration within the polymeric films was considerably hindered. By exploring the process of polymer chains interdiffusion using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) analysis, it was found that the ionic complexation was established between the particles, which reduced significantly the interdiffusion process of polymer chains. The presented ionic complexes of sulfonate-amine functionalized particles open a promising approach for reinforcing waterborne coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maialen Argaiz
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea, 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (M.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Fernando Ruipérez
- POLYMAT and Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - Miren Aguirre
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea, 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (M.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Radmila Tomovska
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea, 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (M.A.); (M.A.)
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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3
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Dastbaz Z, Dana SN, Ashrafizadeh SN. Preparation of a stabilized aqueous polystyrene suspension via phase inversion. RSC Adv 2021; 11:17547-17557. [PMID: 35480178 PMCID: PMC9033152 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02292j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer suspensions have found various applications in novel technologies. In this research, an aqueous suspension of polystyrene was prepared via the phase inversion method using sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as an anionic surfactant and two co-surfactants. The effects of co-surfactant ratio and salt concentration were investigated and the stability and characteristics of the prepared samples were identified. All samples possessed a zeta potential lower than −50 mV which reveals an electrostatic stability. The sample PS-1, containing the lower salt concentration of 1 × 10−3 M, was the most stable sample, while its stability decreases with increasing salt concentration. The sample PS-5 during the electrical conductivity measurement exhibited partial instability via agglomeration of polymer on the probe. Rheology measurements revealed that the suspension behavior varies between Newtonian and non-Newtonian. Eventually, PS-1 containing 4.00 g polystyrene, 1.70 g SLS and a co-surfactant ratio of 0.66, suspended within 150 mL of 0.003 M aqueous NaCl solution, exhibited proper stability. The phase inversion emulsification method was used to prepare polystyrene aqueous suspensions. Final suspensions were characterized to determine the most stable suspension.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Dastbaz
- Research Lab for Advanced Separation Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Iran University of Science and Technology
- Tehran 16846-13114
- Iran
| | - Shabnam Nargesi Dana
- Research Lab for Advanced Separation Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Iran University of Science and Technology
- Tehran 16846-13114
- Iran
| | - Seyed Nezameddin Ashrafizadeh
- Research Lab for Advanced Separation Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Iran University of Science and Technology
- Tehran 16846-13114
- Iran
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4
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Denktaş C. Mechanical and film formation behavior from PDMS/NaY zeolite composite membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cenk Denktaş
- Department of PhysicsY.T.Ü. Esenler Istanbul Turkey
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5
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Fluorescence and photon transmission techniques for studying film formation from PS/GO nanocomposites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Casier R, Gauthier M, Duhamel J. Using Pyrene Excimer Fluorescence To Probe Polymer Diffusion in Latex Films. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Remi Casier
- Institute for Polymer Research, Waterloo
Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L
3G1, Canada
| | - Mario Gauthier
- Institute for Polymer Research, Waterloo
Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L
3G1, Canada
| | - Jean Duhamel
- Institute for Polymer Research, Waterloo
Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L
3G1, Canada
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7
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Ugur S, Sunay MS. Investigation of particle size effect on film formation of polystyrene latexes using fluorescence technique. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Jiang G, Hore MJA, Gam S, Composto RJ. Gold nanorods dispersed in homopolymer films: optical properties controlled by self-assembly and percolation of nanorods. ACS NANO 2012; 6:1578-1588. [PMID: 22283716 DOI: 10.1021/nn2045449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, polymer nanocomposite films containing gold nanorods (AuNRs) and poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (P2VP) have been investigated for their structure-optical property relationship. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the assembly of AuNRs (7.9 nm × 28.4 nm) grafted with a P2VP brush in P2VP films is examined as a function of the AuNR volume fraction Ø(AuNRs) and film thickness h. For h ∼ 40 nm, AuNRs are confined to align parallel to the film and uniformly dispersed at low Ø(AuNRs). Upon increasing Ø(AuNRs), nanorods form discrete aggregates containing mainly side-by-side arrays due to depletion-attraction forces. For Ø(AuNRs) = 2.7%, AuNRs assemble into a 2D network where the discrete aggregates are connected by end-to-end linked nanorods. As Ø(AuNRs) further increases, the polymer-rich regions of the network fill in with nanorods and rod overlap is observed. Monte Carlo simulations capture the experimentally observed morphologies. The effect of film thickness is investigated at Ø(AuNRs) = 2.7%, where thicker films (40 and 70 nm) show a dense array of percolated nanorods and thinner films (20 nm) exhibit mainly isolated nanorods. Using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), the AuNRs are observed to segregate near the substrate during spin-casting. Optically, the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peaks are correlated with the local orientation of the AuNRs, where side-by-side and end-to-end alignments induce blue and red shifts, respectively. The LSPR undergoes a red shift up to 51 nm as Ø(AuNRs) increases from 1.6 to 2.7%. These studies indicate that the optical properties of polymer nanocomposite films containing gold nanorods can be fine-tuned by changing Ø(AuNRs) and h. These results are broadly applicable and provide guidelines for dispersing other functional nanoparticles, such as quantum dots and carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqian Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272, United States
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9
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Genix AC, Tatou M, Imaz A, Forcada J, Schweins R, Grillo I, Oberdisse J. Modeling of Intermediate Structures and Chain Conformation in Silica–Latex Nanocomposites Observed by SANS During Annealing. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202308c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Caroline Genix
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb
UMR 5221, Université Montpellier 2, F-34095 Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb
UMR 5221, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Mouna Tatou
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb
UMR 5221, Université Montpellier 2, F-34095 Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb
UMR 5221, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
- Institut Laue-Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Ainara Imaz
- Grupo de Ingeniería Química,
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, The University of the Basque Country, 20080 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jacqueline Forcada
- Grupo de Ingeniería Química,
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, The University of the Basque Country, 20080 San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | | | - Julian Oberdisse
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb
UMR 5221, Université Montpellier 2, F-34095 Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb
UMR 5221, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin,
UMR 12 CEA/CNRS, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif
sur Yvette, France
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10
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Tatou M, Genix AC, Imaz A, Forcada J, Banc A, Schweins R, Grillo I, Oberdisse J. Reinforcement and Polymer Mobility in Silica–Latex Nanocomposites with Controlled Aggregation. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2012893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Tatou
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Université Montpellier 2, F-34095 Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
- Institut Laue-Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Anne-Caroline Genix
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Université Montpellier 2, F-34095 Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Ainara Imaz
- Grupo de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, The University of the Basque Country, 20080 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jacqueline Forcada
- Grupo de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, The University of the Basque Country, 20080 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Amélie Banc
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Université Montpellier 2, F-34095 Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Julian Oberdisse
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, Université Montpellier 2, F-34095 Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR 12 CEA/CNRS, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
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11
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Uğur Ş, Elaissari A, Yargi Ö, Pekcan Ö. Reversible film formation from nano-sized PNIPAM particles below glass transition. Colloid Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-006-1584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Uğur S, Pehlivan E, Tepehan F, Pekcan O. Ceramic encapsulated latex composites. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 295:457-63. [PMID: 16188272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2004] [Revised: 07/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the encapsulation of latex particles in Al2O3-polystyrene (PS) composite films. These films were prepared from PS particles in Al2O3 dispersion at room temperature in various latex contents. Composite films were annealed at elevated temperatures in 10 min time interval above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of polystyrene. Transmitted photon intensities, I(tr) were monitored after each annealing step. AFM micrographs were also used to observe the physical changes of the composite films during annealing. It was observed that latex particles are encapsulated above a critical Al2O3 content of 33 wt% which corresponds to the critical occupation probability of p(c) = 0.33 at which the film obey the site-percolation model with a critical exponent of 0.45. Below p(c), it was seen that complete latex film formation process took place, where transparency of the film was increased by annealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uğur
- Department of Physics, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Uğur S, Pekcan O. Film formation from pure and mixed latices; transient fluorescence study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2005; 291:405-10. [PMID: 16009372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Revised: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A fast transient fluorescence technique was used to study latex film formation induced by organic solvent vapor. Mixtures of pyrene (P)- and naphthalene (N)-labeled and/or pure naphthalene-labeled latex films were prepared separately from poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) particles. Then these pure and mixed latex films were exposed to vapor of various chloroform-heptane mixtures in seven different experiments. In both films, fluorescence lifetimes from N were monitored during vapor-induced film formation. It was observed that N lifetimes decreased as the vapor exposure time is increased. A Stern-Volmer kinetic analysis was used for low quenching efficiencies to interpret the decrease in N lifetimes. A Prager-Tirrell model was employed to obtain back-and-forth frequencies, nu, of reptating PMMA chains during latex film formation induced by solvent vapor. In both pure and mixed latex films, nu values were found to be correlated with the chloroform content in the vapor mixture. It was observed that polymer interdiffusion obeyed a t1/2 law during film formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saziye Uğur
- Department of Physics, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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15
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Uğur Ş, Elaissari A, Pekcan Ö. Film formation from nano-sized polystyrene latex particles. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Uğur S, Elaissari A, Pekcan O. Void closure and interdiffusion processes during latex film formation from surfactant-free polystyrene particles: a fluorescence study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2003; 263:674-83. [PMID: 12909062 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9797(03)00398-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a steady state fluorescence (SSF) technique for studying film formation from surfactant-free polystyrene (PS) latex particles. The latex films were prepared from pyrene (P)-labeled PS particles at room temperature and annealed at elevated temperatures for 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-min time intervals above the glass transition (T(g)) temperature of polystyrene. During the annealing processes, the transparency of the film changed considerably. Scattered light (I(sc)) and fluorescence intensity (I(0P)) from P were measured after each annealing step to monitor the stages of film formation. Evolution of transparency of latex films were monitored using photon transmission intensity, I(tr). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to detect variation in the physical structure of annealed films. Onset temperature for film formation, T(0), void closure, T(v), and healing temperatures, T(h), were determined and corresponding activation energies were measured. Void closure and interdiffusion stages were modeled and related activation energies were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saziye Uğur
- Department of Physics, Istanbul Technical University, 80626 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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17
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Pekcan �, Adiyaman N, U?ur ? Energy-transfer method to study vapor-induced latex film formation. J Appl Polym Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/app.10346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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18
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Akkök B, Uğur S, Pekcan O. Fast transient fluorescence technique (FTRF) for studying vapor-induced latex film formation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2002; 246:348-55. [PMID: 16290422 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2001.8068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2001] [Accepted: 10/29/2001] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A fast transient fluorescence (FTRF) technique was used to study latex film formation induced by organic solvent vapor. Seven different films with the same latex content were prepared separately from poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) particles and exposed to vapor of various chloroform-heptane mixtures in seven different experiments. Latex films were prepared from pyrene (Py)-labeled latex particles and fluorescence lifetimes of Py were monitored during vapor-induced film formation. It was observed that pyrene lifetimes decreased as vapor exposure time increased. A Stern-Volmer kinetic analysis was used for low quenching efficiencies to interpret the decrease in pyrene lifetimes. A Prager-Tirrel model was employed to obtain back-and-forth frequencies, nu, of the reptating PMMA chains during latex film formation induced by solvent vapor. nu values were found to be correlated with chloroform content in vapor mixture. It was observed that polymer interdiffusion obeyed a t(1/2) law during film formation. The results of optical transmission experiments were found to support these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Akkök
- Department of Physics, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 80626, Turkey
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19
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Akkök B, Pekcan O, Arda E. Molecular weight effect on latex film formation induced by solvent vapor: an optical transmission study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2002; 245:397-401. [PMID: 16290374 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2001.7929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2001] [Accepted: 08/17/2001] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two different sets of powder latex film were prepared from high- and low-molecular-weight (HM and LM) poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The optical transmission method was used to the study film formation induced by organic vapor. Various HM and LM films with the same latex content were prepared separately from the PMMA particles and exposed to vapor of a chloroform-heptane mixture in various volume percents of chloroform. Transmitted light intensities, I(tr), from these films increased in time under vapor exposure, which was attributed to the increase in "crossing density" at the junction surface. The Prager-Tirrell model was employed to obtain the back-and-forth frequency, nu, of the reptating polymer chain during film formation induced by solvent vapor. nu values were obtained and found to be strongly correlated with the percent of chloroform in the solvent mixture and the molecular weight of the polymer chain. It is observed that high-molecular-weight chains reptate much more slowerly than low-molecular-weight chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Akkök
- Department of Physics, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, 80626, Turkey
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20
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Aydin K, Adiyaman N, U?ur ?, Pekcan �. Dissolution of latex films after ?-ray treatment. J Appl Polym Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/app.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Kim SD, Klein A, Sperling LH. Review of polystyrene diffusion studies in latex particles by small-angle neutron scattering. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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23
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Odrobina E, Winnik MA. Influence of Entanglements on the Time Dependence of Mixing in Nonradiative Energy Transfer Studies of Polymer Diffusion in Latex Films. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0014618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Odrobina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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24
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Arda E, Pekcan Ö Ö. Effect of Molecular Weight on Packing during Latex Film Formation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2001; 234:72-78. [PMID: 11161492 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2000.7280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A UV-visible technique is used to study the evolution of transparency during film formation from latex particles. Latex particles with high and low molecular weight (HM and LM) polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) are used to prepare films. Two sets of films with different latex content were prepared from HM and LM particles separately, by annealing PMMA particles above the glass transition temperature. Transmitted photon intensity, I(tr), from HM and LM films increased as the annealing temperature was increased. The increase in the transmitted photon intensity is attributed to the latex content (film thickness) for the annealed film samples. It is suggested that as the latex particles are packed (film thickness is increased) fewer voids or cracks are formed in the films. Positive and negative absorption coefficients are measured below and above 210 and 180 degrees C annealing temperatures for the HM and LM films. Packing coefficients are obtained for films in various latex contents. It is observed that LM particles are packed much easier than HM particles. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertan Arda
- Department of Physics, Trakya University, Edirne, 22030, Turkey
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25
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Arda E, Özer F, Pişkin E, Pekcan Ö. Film Formation from Nanosized Copolymeric Latex Particles: A Photon Transmission Study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2001; 233:271-279. [PMID: 11121276 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2000.7234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The photon transmission technique was used to monitor the evolution of transparency during film formation from nanosized copolymeric latex particles. The latex films were prepared from poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl methacrylate) (P(MMA-co-BMA)) particles which were produced by microemulsion polymerization. These films were annealed at elevated temperatures in various time intervals above the glass transition temperature (T(g)) of P(MMA-co-BMA). It is observed that the transmitted photon intensity (I(tr)) from these films increased as the annealing temperature increased. There are three different film formation stages. These stages are explained by the void closure, healing, and interdiffusion processes, respectively. The activation energies for viscous flow (DeltaH approximately 16 kcal/mol), minor chains (DeltaE(H) approximately 27 kcal/mol), and backbone motion (Delta E(b) approximately 132 kcal/mol) were obtained using various models. Void closure (tau(v), T(v)) and healing points (tau(H), T(H)) were determined. Using the time-temperature pairs, void closure and healing activation energies were measured and found to be 21 and 30 kcal/mol, respectively. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Arda
- Department of Physics, Trakya University, Edirne, 22030, Turkey
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Pekcan �, Arda E, Kesenc?? K, P???k??n E. Effects of aging on latex film formation from polystrene particles: A photon transmission study. J Appl Polym Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-4628(20010314)79:11<2014::aid-app1010>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Steward PA, Hearn J, Wilkinson MC. An overview of polymer latex film formation and properties. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2000; 86:195-267. [PMID: 10997764 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-8686(99)00037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The literature on polymer latex film formation has grown enormously in recent times--driven by the need to find alternatives for solvent-based systems with their adverse environmental impacts. Although greater insight has been shown by the use of modern instrumental techniques such as small angle neutron scattering, direct non-radiative energy transfer and atomic force microscopy, the actual mechanisms involved in deforming spherical particles into void-free films are still the subject of controversy and debate. Surfactant-free homopolymer model colloid latices, favoured in academic studies, together with latices containing surfactants whose redistribution can influence film properties, and the more complex copolymer, blended, core-shell and pigmented systems needed to satisfy a full range of film properties are all considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Steward
- Nottingham Trent University, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Nottingham, UK
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Chevalier Y, Hidalgo M, Cavaillé JY, Cabane B. Structure of Waterborne Organic Composite Coatings. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma990561e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Chevalier
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Organiques à Propriétés Spécifiques, LMOPS-CNRS, BP 24, 69390 Vernaison, France; Groupe d'Études de Métallurgie Physique et Physique des Matériaux, GEMPPM-INSA, av. A. Einstein, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, CERMAV-CNRS, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France; and Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, PMMH, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - M. Hidalgo
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Organiques à Propriétés Spécifiques, LMOPS-CNRS, BP 24, 69390 Vernaison, France; Groupe d'Études de Métallurgie Physique et Physique des Matériaux, GEMPPM-INSA, av. A. Einstein, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, CERMAV-CNRS, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France; and Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, PMMH, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - J.-Y. Cavaillé
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Organiques à Propriétés Spécifiques, LMOPS-CNRS, BP 24, 69390 Vernaison, France; Groupe d'Études de Métallurgie Physique et Physique des Matériaux, GEMPPM-INSA, av. A. Einstein, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, CERMAV-CNRS, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France; and Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, PMMH, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - B. Cabane
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Organiques à Propriétés Spécifiques, LMOPS-CNRS, BP 24, 69390 Vernaison, France; Groupe d'Études de Métallurgie Physique et Physique des Matériaux, GEMPPM-INSA, av. A. Einstein, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, CERMAV-CNRS, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 09, France; and Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, PMMH, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Pekcan Ö, Arda E. Void closure and interdiffusion in latex film formation by photon transmission and fluorescence methods. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7757(98)00476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pekcan �, Kemero?lu F. Photon transmission method for studying void-closure kinetics during coalescence of hard latex particles. J Appl Polym Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19990523)72:8<981::aid-app1>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Arda E, Bulmuş V, Pişkin E, Pekcan Ö. Molecular Weight Effect on Latex Film Formation from Polystyrene Particles: A Photon Transmission Study. J Colloid Interface Sci 1999; 213:160-168. [PMID: 10191018 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.1998.6051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The photon transmission method was used to probe the time evolution of film formation from latex particles. Two different latex films were prepared from high molecular weight (HM) and low molecular weight (LM) polystyrene particles at room temperature and were annealed at various temperatures in 2.5-min time intervals above the glass transition. The increase in the transmitted photon intensity (Itr) is attributed to the increase in "crossing density" at the junction surface. The Prager-Tirrell model was employed to interpret the increase in crossing density at the junction surface. The back and forth activation energies were measured for HM and LM films and found to be around 59 and 87 kcal/mol for a reptating polymer chain across the junction surface. Monte Carlo simulations were performed for photon transmission through a rectangular lattice. The number of transmitted photons (Ntr) was calculated as a function of the mean free path of photons. It was observed that Ntr, similar to Itr, increases as the square of the mean free path of photons is increased. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Arda
- Department of Physics, Trakya University, Edirne, 22030, Turkey
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Pekcan Ö, Kemeroglu F, Arda E. Measuring backbone activation energy at polymer–polymer interfaces during latex film formation by using a photon transmission method. Eur Polym J 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-3057(97)00265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Feng J, Odrobina E, Winnik MA. Effect of Hard Polymer Filler Particles on Polymer Diffusion in a Low-Tg Latex Film. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma980117w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Feng
- Department of Chemistry, 80 St. George Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Ewa Odrobina
- Department of Chemistry, 80 St. George Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department of Chemistry, 80 St. George Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3H6
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Güzntürk K, Gız A, Pekcan Ö. Monte-Carlo simulation of fluorescence decay profiles during interdiffusion of donor–acceptor spheres to mimic latex film formation. Eur Polym J 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-3057(97)00206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Canpolat M, Pekcan Ö. Photon diffusion and energy transfer processes during chain interdiffusion in films formed from fluorescence labelled high-T latex particles. POLYMER 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(97)85590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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