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Ng KM, Lau YTR, Weng LT, Yeung KL, Chan CM. ToF-SIMS and computation analysis: Fragmentation mechanisms of polystyrene, polystyrene-d5, and polypentafluorostyrene. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Mo Ng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Hong Kong
- Advanced Engineering Materials Facility; Hong Kong
| | - Yiu-Ting R. Lau
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Hong Kong
| | - Lu-Tao Weng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Hong Kong
- Materials Characterization and Preparation Facility; Hong Kong
| | - King-Lun Yeung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Hong Kong
- Division of Environment; Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ming Chan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Hong Kong
- Division of Environment; Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Hong Kong
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2
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Harton SE, Stevie FA, Zhu Z, Ade H. Changes in Thermodynamic Interactions at Highly Immiscible Polymer/Polymer Interfaces due to Deuterium Labeling. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:10602-5. [PMID: 16771304 DOI: 10.1021/jp061811d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deuterium labeling has been shown previously to affect thermodynamic interactions at polymer surfaces, polymer/polymer heterogeneous interfaces, and in bulk (away from a surface or interface). However, the changes in polymer-polymer interactions due to deuterium labeling have not been thoroughly investigated for highly immiscible systems. It is shown here that deuterium labeling can influence polymer-polymer interactions at heterogeneous interfaces with highly immiscible systems, namely, polystyrene/poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS/P2VP), polystyrene/poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS/P4VP), and polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS/PMMA). Using secondary ion mass spectrometry, segregation of deuterium labeled polystyrene (dPS) in a dPS + unlabeled PS (dPS:hPS) blend layer was observed at the dPS:hPS/hP2VP, dPS:hPS/hP4VP, and dPS:hPS/hPMMA heterogeneous interfaces. However, a reference system involving PS on a PS brush shows no segregation of dPS to the interface.
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Harton SE, Stevie FA, Zhu Z, Ade H. Carbon-13 Labeled Polymers: An Alternative Tracer for Depth Profiling of Polymer Films and Multilayers Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2006; 78:3452-60. [PMID: 16689549 DOI: 10.1021/ac060133o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
13C labeling is introduced as a tracer for depth profiling of polymer films and multilayers using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Deuterium substitution has traditionally been used in depth profiling of polymers but can affect the phase behavior of the polymer constituents with reported changes in both bulk-phase behavior and surface and interfacial interactions. SIMS can provide contrast by examining various functional groups, chemical moieties, or isotopic labels. 13C-Labeled PS (13C-PS) and unlabeled PS (12C-PS) and PMMA were synthesized using atom-transfer radical polymerization and assembled in several model thin-film systems. Depth profiles were recorded using a Cameca IMS-6f magnetic sector mass spectrometer using both 6.0-keV impact energy Cs+ and 5.5-keV impact energy O2+ primary ion bombardment with detection of negative and positive secondary ions, respectively. Although complete separation of 12C1H from 13C is achieved using both primary ion species, 6.0-keV Cs+ clearly shows improved detection sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio for detection of 12C, 12C1H, and 13C secondary ions. The use of Cs+ primary ion bombardment results in somewhat anomalous, nonmonotonic changes in the 12C, 12C1H, and 13C secondary ion yields through the PS/PMMA interface; however, it is shown that this behavior is not due to sample charging. Through normalization of the 13C secondary ion yield to the total C (12C + 13C) ion yield, the observed effects through the PS/PMMA interface can be greatly minimized, thereby significantly improving analysis of polymer films and multilayers using SIMS. Mass spectra of 13C-PS and 12C-PS were also analyzed using a PHI TRIFT I time-of-flight mass spectrometer, with 15-keV Ga+ primary ion bombardment and detection of positive secondary ions. The (12)C7(1)H7 ion fragment and its 13C-enriched analogues have significant secondary ion yields with negligible mass interferences, providing an early indication of the potential for future use of this technique for cluster probe depth profiling of high molecular weight 13C-labeled fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Harton
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Analytical Instrumentation Facility, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Abstract
Recent and older literature (covering the last 12-13 years) in the field of mass spectra of random and block copolymers is reviewed. A detailed description is given of the information on copolymer properties that can be recovered from the analysis of the low-mass region of the spectrum (the region below 500 Da) and the high-mass region. The features of mass spectra of copolymers obtained by different synthetic routes are discussed, such as free radical, condensation, ring-chain equilibration, microbial synthesis, ring-opening, simple anionic, cationic, Ziegler-Natta, and/or metallocene catalysis, along with some random and block copolymers that occur in Nature. The emphasis is on copolymer composition and average molar mass determination, and on the benefits of coupling mass spectrometry (MS) with separation techniques such as size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio S Montaudo
- Instituto per la Chimica e la Tecnologia dei Materiali Polimerici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, viale A Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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Shard AG, Clarke S, Davies MC. Static SIMS analysis of random poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid). SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Vanden Eynde X, Reihs K, Bertrand P. Influence of Triad Sequences on the Secondary Ion Emission in Random Copolymers. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0014113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Vanden Eynde
- Université catholique de Louvain, Unité PCPM, Place Croix du Sud 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, and Bayer AG, Central Research, D-51369 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - K. Reihs
- Université catholique de Louvain, Unité PCPM, Place Croix du Sud 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, and Bayer AG, Central Research, D-51369 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - P. Bertrand
- Université catholique de Louvain, Unité PCPM, Place Croix du Sud 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, and Bayer AG, Central Research, D-51369 Leverkusen, Germany
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Vanden Eynde X, Bertrand P, Penelle J. “Matrix” Effects in ToF-SIMS Analyses of Styrene−Methyl Methacrylate Random Copolymers. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma991960c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Vanden Eynde
- Université catholique de Louvain, Unité PCPM, Place Croix du Sud 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - P. Bertrand
- Université catholique de Louvain, Unité PCPM, Place Croix du Sud 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - J. Penelle
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-4530
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Delcorte A, Vanden Eynde X, Bertrand P, Vickerman JC, Garrison BJ. Kiloelectronvolt Particle-Induced Emission and Fragmentation of Polystyrene Molecules Adsorbed on Silver: Insights from Molecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp993539w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Delcorte
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 152 Davey Lab, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, PCPM, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1 Croix du Sud, B1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, and Surface Analysis Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, UMIST, P.O. Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, U.K
| | - X. Vanden Eynde
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 152 Davey Lab, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, PCPM, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1 Croix du Sud, B1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, and Surface Analysis Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, UMIST, P.O. Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, U.K
| | - P. Bertrand
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 152 Davey Lab, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, PCPM, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1 Croix du Sud, B1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, and Surface Analysis Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, UMIST, P.O. Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, U.K
| | - J. C. Vickerman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 152 Davey Lab, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, PCPM, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1 Croix du Sud, B1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, and Surface Analysis Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, UMIST, P.O. Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, U.K
| | - B. J. Garrison
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 152 Davey Lab, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, PCPM, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1 Croix du Sud, B1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, and Surface Analysis Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, UMIST, P.O. Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, U.K
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Eynde XV, Oike H, Hamada M, Tezuka Y, Bertrand P. Evidence of simple intramolecular rearrangement at polymer end groups in secondary ion mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 1999; 13:1917-1923. [PMID: 10487938 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(19991015)13:19<1917::aid-rcm733>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrenes with various end groups were analyzed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). These end groups were obtained by termination of the active anionic group by sulfonate or chlorosilane derivatives. Characteristic end group fragments for each sulfonate derivative were observed. On the one hand, for PS capped by methyl sulfonate, or -(CH(2))(4)-O-SO(2)-CH(3), almost complete end group fragment is observed at m/z 95 and a [O-SO(2)-CH(3)](-) molecular structure. On the other hand, when PS is terminated by silyl methyl sulfonate, or -Si(CH(3))(2)-(CH(2))(3)-O-SO(2)-CH(3), the most characteristic fragment in the fingerprint secondary ion mass spectrum is located at m/z 153 with [Si(CH(3))(2)-O-SO(2)-CH(3)](+) and the complete end group peak, [Si(CH(3))(2)-(CH(2))(3)-O-SO(2)-CH(3)](+), at m/z 201, is absent. According to the molecular structure, characteristic end group secondary ions can be emitted as complete or rearranged fragments. Various silylalkyl alcohol or sulfonate functionalities are analyzed and fragmentation pathways are discussed. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such rearrangement at silyl functions has been observed and demonstrated in fingerprint secondary ion mass spectra. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- XV Eynde
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Unité de Physico-Chimie et de Physique des Matériaux, Bat. Boltzmann, Place Croix du Sud 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Vanden Eynde X, Reihs K, Bertrand P. Molecular Weight Dependent Fragmentation of Selectively Deuterated Polystyrenes in ToF−SIMS. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma981558i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Vanden Eynde
- Unité de Physico-Chimie et de Physique des Matériaux, UCL Place Croix du Sud 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, and Central Research-Physics, Bayer AG, Bldg E41, D-51369 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - K. Reihs
- Unité de Physico-Chimie et de Physique des Matériaux, UCL Place Croix du Sud 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, and Central Research-Physics, Bayer AG, Bldg E41, D-51369 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - P. Bertrand
- Unité de Physico-Chimie et de Physique des Matériaux, UCL Place Croix du Sud 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, and Central Research-Physics, Bayer AG, Bldg E41, D-51369 Leverkusen, Germany
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11
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McEvoy RL, Krause S, Wu P. Surface characterization of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and ethylene-acrylic acid (EAA) co-polymers using XPS and AFM. POLYMER 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(97)10177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vanden Eynde X, Bertrand P, Dubois P, Jérôme R. Influence of End Group and Molecular Weight on Polybutadiene Fingerprint Secondary Ion Mass Spectra. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9807062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The phase separation and dewetting of thin films of blends of deuterated polystyrene (dPS) and poly(p-methylstyrene) (PpMS) were investigated during annealing. The surface morphology, obtained from atomic force microscopy and phase measurement interference microscopy, the density profile, determined by X-ray reflectivity in the region of total external reflection, and the surface composition obtained from static secondary ion mass spectroscopy, are reported. This system is only weakly incompatible. The interaction of the components with substrate and air during phase separation leads to a bilayer formation with a broad polymer-polymer interface. PpMS segregates to the air interface. The bilayer structure is unstable and defines the starting point for the dewetting of PpMS on top of the dPS layer. In the final dewetting state a homogeneous layer of dPS on top of the substrate is covered with an ultrathin layer of PpMS as well as with quite thick mesoscopic drops of PpMS.
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Vanden Eynde X, Bertrand P, Jérôme R. Molecular Weight Effects on Polystyrene Fingerprint Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) Spectra. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9702049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Vanden Eynde
- Unité de Physico-Chimie et de Physique des Matériaux (PCPM), Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - P. Bertrand
- Unité de Physico-Chimie et de Physique des Matériaux (PCPM), Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - R. Jérôme
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, Bat. B6, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Shard AG, Davies MC, Schacht E. Chain End Contribution in Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry of Oligomeric Poly(ethylene glycols). SURF INTERFACE ANAL 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9918(199611)24:12<787::aid-sia181>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Brant P, Karim A, Douglas JF, Bates FS. Surface Composition of Amorphous and Crystallizable Polyethylene Blends As Measured by Static SIMS. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma951349n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Brant
- Baytown Polymers Center, Exxon Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77522, Polymers Division, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, and Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - A. Karim
- Baytown Polymers Center, Exxon Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77522, Polymers Division, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, and Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - J. F. Douglas
- Baytown Polymers Center, Exxon Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77522, Polymers Division, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, and Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - F. S. Bates
- Baytown Polymers Center, Exxon Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77522, Polymers Division, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, and Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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Affrossman S, Henn G, O'Neill SA, Pethrick RA, Stamm M. Surface Topography and Composition of Deuterated Polystyrene−Poly(bromostyrene) Blends. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9516910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Affrossman
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK, and Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Postfach 3148, 55021 Mainz, Germany
| | - Guido Henn
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK, and Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Postfach 3148, 55021 Mainz, Germany
| | - Scott A. O'Neill
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK, and Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Postfach 3148, 55021 Mainz, Germany
| | - Richard A. Pethrick
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK, and Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Postfach 3148, 55021 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred Stamm
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK, and Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Postfach 3148, 55021 Mainz, Germany
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