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Kareem YG, Rachid S, Al-Jaf O. Synthesis and characterization of novel poly cysteine methacrylate nanoparticles and their morphology and size studies. RSC Adv 2024; 14:13474-13481. [PMID: 38665499 PMCID: PMC11044863 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00067f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) have significantly advanced the field of biomedicine, showcasing the remarkable potential for precise drug delivery, administration of nutraceuticals, diagnostics/imaging applications, and the fabrication of biocompatible materials, among other uses. Despite these promising developments, the invention faces notable challenges related to biodegradability, bioactivity, target-site specificity, particle size, carrier efficiency, and controlled release. Addressing these concerns is essential for optimizing the functionality and impact of PNPs in biomedical applications. Here, new poly cysteine methacrylate nanoparticles (PCMANPs), ca. (200 nm) in size have been synthesized from the cysteine methacrylate (CysMA) monomer using different strategies, including emulsion and inverse emulsion polymerization techniques. The monomer was synthesized using the Michael addition reaction, involving the addition of 3-(acryloyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate to the sulfhydryl group (-SH) of the cysteine (Cys) active site, with the aid of dimethyl phenyl phosphine (DMPP) as a nucleophilic agent as previously reported. To enhance nano-polymerization, a thorough exploration of various initiators, including ammonium persulfate (APS) and 4,4'-azobis (4-cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA), alongside surfactants, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), was conducted. Additionally, critical parameters, such as reaction time, temperature, and solvents, were systematically investigated due to their substantial influence on the shape, size, stability, and morphology of the synthesized polymer nanoparticles. This comprehensive approach aims to optimize the synthesis process, ensuring precise control over the key characteristics of the resulting nanoparticles for enhanced performance in diverse applications. Various characterization techniques, including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, and zeta sizer dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, were utilized to investigate purity, morphology, and particle size of the PNPs. As a result, a spherical, monodispersed (homogenized), and stable PCMANP with defined size and morphology was achieved. This may exhibit a remarkable achievement in the future of drug delivery systems and therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaseen G Kareem
- Charmo Center for Research, Training, and Consultancy, Charmo University Chamchamal, Kurdistan Region 46023 Iraq
- Medical Laboratory Science, Komar University for Science and Technology Sulaymaniah, Kurdistan Region 46001 Iraq
| | - Shwan Rachid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Science, Charmo University Chamchamal, Kurdistan Region 46023 Iraq
| | - O Al-Jaf
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, Charmo University Chamchamal, Kurdistan Region 46023 Iraq
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Li H, Yang L, Feng W, Liu W, Wang M, Liu F, Li G, Wang X. Poly(amino acid)-based drug delivery nanoparticles eliminate Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus via tunable release of antibiotic. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 239:113882. [PMID: 38593511 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial infections threaten public health, and novel therapeutic strategies critically demand to be explored. Herein, poly(amino acid) (PAA)-based drug delivery nanoparticles (NPs) were designed for eliminating Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) via tunable release of antibiotic. Using N-acryloyl amino acids (valine, valine methyl ester, aspartic acid, serine) as monomers, four kinds of amphiphilic PAAs were synthesized via photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition fragmentation chain-transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization and were further assembled into nano-sized delivery systems. Their assemble behavior was drove mainly by hydrophobic/hydrophilic interaction, which determined the particle size, efficacy of drug loading and release; but numerous hydrogen bonding (HB) interaction also played an important role in regulating morphologies of the NPs and enriching drug-binding capacity. By changing the HB- and hydrophobic-interaction of the PAAs, the particle sizes (240.7 nm-302.7 nm), the drug loading efficiency (9.57%-19.76%), and the Rifampicin (Rif) release rate (49.6%-69.7%) of the PAA-based NPs could be tunable. Specially, the antimicrobial properties of the Rif-loaded NPs are found to be related to the release of Rif, which was determined by its hydrophobic interaction with hydrophobic blocks and HB interaction with hydrophilic blocks. These studies provide a new outlook for the design of delivery systems for the therapy of bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Longlong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Wenli Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Weilin Liu
- College of Bioengineering, Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Fang Liu
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Guofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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3
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Synthesis and self-assembly of optically active random copolymers bearing L-alanine and L-glutamic acid moieties in aqueous medium. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Li G, Feng W, Corrigan N, Boyer C, Wang X, Xu J. Precise synthesis of poly(N-acryloyl amino acid) through photoinduced living polymerization. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00366a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A library of N-acryloylamino acid polymers with controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn < 1.20) was created by a universal and versatile photoinduced living radical polymerization technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P. R. China
| | - Wenli Feng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P. R. China
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney 2052
- Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney 2052
- Australia
| | - Xing Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- P. R. China
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney 2052
- Australia
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5
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Bauri K, Roy SG, De P. Side-Chain Amino-Acid-Derived Cationic Chiral Polymers by Controlled Radical Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Bauri
- Polymer Research Centre; Department of Chemical Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur; 741246 Nadia West Bengal India
| | - Saswati Ghosh Roy
- Polymer Research Centre; Department of Chemical Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur; 741246 Nadia West Bengal India
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer Research Centre; Department of Chemical Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur; 741246 Nadia West Bengal India
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Ladmiral V, Charlot A, Semsarilar M, Armes SP. Synthesis and characterization of poly(amino acid methacrylate)-stabilized diblock copolymer nano-objects. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01556h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Two amino acid methacrylates prepared via Michael addition are used as building blocks to prepare novel diblock copolymer nano-objects via polymerisation-induced self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ladmiral
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier (UMR 5253
- CNRS-UM2-ENSCM-UM1) ENSCM
- 34296 Montpellier
- France
| | | | - Mona Semsarilar
- Institut Européen des Membranes (UMR 5635
- ENSCM-CNRS-UM2)
- Université Montpellier 2
- 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05
- France
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FAWZY AHMED. Kinetics and Mechanistic Approach to the Oxidative Behavior of Biological Anticancer Platinum(IV) Complex toward -Asparagine in Acid Medium and the Effect of Copper(II) Catalyst. INT J CHEM KINET 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AHMED FAWZY
- Chemistry Department; Faculty of Science; Assiut University; Assiut 71516 Egypt
- Chemistry Department; Faculty of Applied Sciences; Umm Al-Qura University; Makkah Al-Mukarramah 13401 Saudi Arabia Kingdom
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Alfaifi AY, El-Newehy MH, Abdel-Halim E, Al-Deyab SS. Microwave-assisted graft copolymerization of amino acid based monomers onto starch and their use as drug carriers. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 106:440-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Solution Properties and Potential Biological Applications of Zwitterionic Poly(ε-N-methacryloyl-l-lysine). Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401549c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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El-Newehy MH, Elsherbiny AS, Mori H. Synthesis of amino acid-based polymers having metronidazole moiety and study of their controlled releasein vitro. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Mori H, Endo T. Amino-Acid-Based Block Copolymers by RAFT Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1090-107. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Mallakpour S, Dinari M. Progress in Synthetic Polymers Based on Natural Amino Acids. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2011.586289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kinetic Studies and Mechanism of Hydrogen Peroxide Catalytic Decomposition by Cu(II) Complexes with Polyelectrolytes Derived from L-Alanine and Glycylglycine. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20721280 PMCID: PMC2913805 DOI: 10.1155/2010/643120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by Cu(II) complexes with polymers bearing L-alanine (PAla) and glycylglycine (PGlygly) in their side chain was studied in alkaline aqueous media. The reactions were of pseudo-first order with respect to [H2O2] and [L-Cu(II)] (L stands for PAla or PGlygly) and the reaction rate was increased with pH increase. The energies of activation for the reactions were determined at pH 8.8, in a temperature range of 293–308 K. A suitable mechanism is proposed to account for the kinetic data, which involves the Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox pair, as has been demonstrated by ESR spectroscopy. The trend in catalytic efficiency is in the order PGlygly>PAla, due to differences in modes of complexation and in the conformation of the macromolecular ligands.
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14
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O'Reilly RK. Using controlled radical polymerisation techniques for the synthesis of functional polymers containing amino acid moieties. POLYM INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Rahman M, Czaun M, Takafuji M, Ihara H. Synthesis, Self-Assembling Properties, and Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of an AlkylatedL-Phenylalanine-Derived Monomeric Organogel from Silica: A New Approach To Prepare Packing Materials for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Chemistry 2008; 14:1312-21. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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17
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Mori H, Matsuyama M, Sutoh K, Endo T. RAFT Polymerization of Acrylamide Derivatives Containing l-Phenylalanine Moiety. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma052756u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideharu Mori
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Motonobu Matsuyama
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sutoh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan
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19
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20
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Bourke SL, Kohn J. Polymers derived from the amino acid L-tyrosine: polycarbonates, polyarylates and copolymers with poly(ethylene glycol). Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2003; 55:447-66. [PMID: 12706045 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(03)00038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The natural amino acid L-tyrosine is a major nutrient having a phenolic hydroxyl group. This feature makes it possible to use derivatives of tyrosine dipeptide as a motif to generate diphenolic monomers, which are important building blocks for the design of biodegradable polymers. Particularly useful monomers are desaminotyrosyl-tyrosine alkyl esters (abbreviated as DTR, where R stands for the specific alkyl ester used). Using this approach, a wide variety of polymers have been synthesized. Here, tyrosine-derived polycarbonates, polyarylates, and polyethers are reviewed with special emphasis on recent developments relating to cellular and in vivo responses, sterilization techniques, surface characterization, drug delivery, and processing and fabrication techniques. The commercial development of tyrosine-derived polycarbonates is most advanced, with one polymer, poly(DTE carbonate) (E=ethyl), being under review by the USA Federal Drug Administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Bourke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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21
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Methenitis C, Morcellet J, Pneumatikakis G, Morcellet M. Copper coordination by polymers with glycylglycine, phenylalanine or methionine in the side chain: potentiometric and viscosimetric study. Eur Polym J 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-3057(02)00299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Poncet-Legrand C, Winnik FM. Solution Properties of Hydrophobically-Modified Copolymers of N-Isopropylacrylamide and N-L-Valine Acrylamide. A Study by Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Microcalorimetry. Polym J 2001. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.33.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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24
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Sanda F, Kurokawa T, Endo T. Synthesis, Reactions, and Electrolyte Properties of Polymethacrylamides Having the L-threo-β-Hydroxyaspartic Acid Moiety. Polym J 1999. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.31.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Sanda F, Kamatani J, Handa H, Endo T. Radical Polymerization Behavior of a Proline-Substituted Acrylamide. Effect of s-Cis−s-Trans Isomerization on the Polymerization. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9814090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Sanda
- Research Laboratory of Resources Utilization and Frontier Collaborative Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Jun Kamatani
- Research Laboratory of Resources Utilization and Frontier Collaborative Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Handa
- Research Laboratory of Resources Utilization and Frontier Collaborative Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Research Laboratory of Resources Utilization and Frontier Collaborative Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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26
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Sanda F, Ogawa F, Endo T. Syntheses of functionalized polymethacrylamides based on methionine oxides. POLYMER 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(97)10201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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27
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Electron paramagnetic resonance studies on interactions between difunctionalized polymers and copper(II). REACT FUNCT POLYM 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-5148(97)00039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Synthesis of chelating molecules as agents for magnetic resonance imaging, 4 1 . Complexing properties of polycondensates prepared from diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid bisanhydride. REACT FUNCT POLYM 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-5148(96)00068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Sanda F, Nakamura M, Endo T. Syntheses and Radical Copolymerization Behavior of Optically Active Methacrylamides Having l- and d-Leucine Moieties. Interaction between l- and d-Forms. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma960906i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Sanda
- Research Laboratory of Resources Utilization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226, Japan
| | - Masafumi Nakamura
- Research Laboratory of Resources Utilization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226, Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Research Laboratory of Resources Utilization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226, Japan
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31
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Lekchiri A, Castellano A, Morcellet J, Morcellet M. Copper complexes and catalase-like activity of a polyelectrolyte derived from aspartic acid. Eur Polym J 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-3057(91)90065-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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