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Lu CH, Chang C, Huang YC, You JX, Liang M. Synthesis and Characterization of DOPO-Containing Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)s by Oxidative Coupling Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:303. [PMID: 38276710 PMCID: PMC10818327 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A set of polyphenylene oxides incorporating DOPO (9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide) functionality, denoted as DOPO-R-PPO, was synthesized by copolymerization of 2,6-dimethylphenol (2,6-DMP) with various DOPO-substituted tetramethyl bisphenol monomers. In the initial step, a Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction was employed to react 2,6-DMP with different acyl chlorides, leading to the formation of ketone derivatives substituted with 2,6-dimethylphenyl groups. Subsequently, the ketones, along with DOPO and 2,6-DMP, underwent a condensation reaction to yield a series of DOPO-substituted bisphenol derivatives. Finally, polymerizations of 2,6-dimethylphenol with these DOPO-substituted bisphenols were carried out in organic solvents using copper(I) bromide/N-butyldimethylamine catalysts (CuBr/DMBA) under a continuous flow of oxygen, yielding telechelic PPO oligomers with DOPO moieties incorporated into the polymer backbone. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized using various analytical techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). When compared to conventional poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)s with a similar molecular weight range, all DOPO-PPOs exhibited higher glass transition temperatures, enhanced thermal degradability, and increased char yield formation at 800 °C without compromising solubility in organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mong Liang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chia-Yi University, Chia-Yi 600, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.C.); (Y.-C.H.); (J.-X.Y.)
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Moyses S, Ramakrishnan V, Lietzau C, Bajaj P. The effect of in situ‐formed copolymers on the morphology of reactive poly(phenylene ether)/poly(amide‐6) blends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kim K, Shin MJ, Kim YT, Kim JI, Kim YJ. A Highly Efficient Aromatic Amine Ligand/Copper(I) Chloride Catalyst System for the Synthesis of Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether). Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10040350. [PMID: 30966385 PMCID: PMC6415001 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly active catalyst systems for polymerizing 2,6-dimethylphenol were studied by using aromatic amine ligands and copper(I) chloride. The aromatic amine ligands employed were pyridine, 1-methylimidazole, 2-aminopyridine, 3-aminopyridine, and 4-aminopyridine. A mixture of chloroform and methanol (9:1, v/v) was used as a polymerization solvent. All experiments were performed with oxygen uptake measurement apparatus, while the reaction rate for each aromatic amine ligand-Cu catalyst system and the amount of by-product, 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethyl-4,4'diphenoquinone (DPQ), were measured to determine the efficiency of the catalyst systems. The 4-aminopyridine/Cu (I) catalyst system was found to be extremely efficient in poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) (PPE) synthesis; it had the fastest reaction rate of 6.98 × 10-4 mol/L·s and the lowest DPQ production. The relatively high basicity of 4-aminopyridne and the less steric hindrance arising from a coordination of Cu and 4-aminopyridine in this catalyst are responsible for the fast polymerization rate. When 2-aminoprydine (an isomer of 4-aminopyridine) was used as a ligand, however, no polymerization occurred probably due to steric hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisoo Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
- Hyosung R&D Business Labs, 74 Simin-daero, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si 14080, Gyunggi-do, Korea.
| | - Min Jae Shin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
- LG Household & Health Care R&D Center, LG Science Park, Magok, Kangseo-go, Seoul 07795, Korea.
| | - Yong Tae Kim
- SAMSUNG SDI, SDI-dong, Maetan-dong 130, Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Korea.
| | - Joong-In Kim
- Hyosung R&D Business Labs, 74 Simin-daero, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyunggi-do 14080, Korea.
| | - Young Jun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
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Chung K, Park M, Mun S, Ohm B, Yoo P, Hong Y. Modification of asphalt using polymer-forming monomer. POLYM ENG SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyungho Chung
- Department of Polymer Engineering; The University of Suwon, Gyunggi-do; Hwasung-si 445-743 Korea
| | - Moonsoo Park
- Department of Polymer Engineering; The University of Suwon, Gyunggi-do; Hwasung-si 445-743 Korea
| | - Sungho Mun
- School of Construction & Civil Engineering; Seoul National University of Science & Technology; Seoul-si 139-743 Korea
| | - Byungsik Ohm
- Highway Research Division; Korea Institute of Construction Technology; Gyunggi-do Goyang-si 411-712 Korea
| | - Pyeongjun Yoo
- Highway Research Division; Korea Institute of Construction Technology; Gyunggi-do Goyang-si 411-712 Korea
| | - Youngkeun Hong
- Department of Polymer Engineering; The University of Suwon, Gyunggi-do; Hwasung-si 445-743 Korea
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OKADA A, YOKOTA E, SANADA T. Molecular Structure Determination of Polyphenylene Ether (PPE)-Polyamide (PA) Covalent Links in a PPE-PA Alloy^|^mdash;Application of Two-Dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2013. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.70.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Fang C, Julius D, Tay SW, Hong L, Lee JY. Ion pair reinforced semi-interpenetrating polymer network for direct methanol fuel cell applications. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:6416-24. [PMID: 22594641 DOI: 10.1021/jp2081353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of ion-pair-reinforced semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (SIPNs) as proton exchange membranes (PEMs) for the direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Specifically, sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (SPPO), a linear polymer proton source, was immobilized in a brominated PPO (BPPO) network covalently cross-linked by ethylenediamine (EDA). The immobilization of SPPO in the SIPN network was accomplished not only by the usual means of mechanical interlocking but also by ion pair formation between the sulfonic acid groups of SPPO and the amine moieties formed during the cross-linking reaction of BPPO with EDA. Through the ion pair interactions, the immobilization of SPPO polymer in the BPPO network was made more effective, resulting in a greater uniformity of sulfonic acid cluster distribution in the membrane. The hydrophilic amine-containing cross-links also compensated for some of the decrease in proton conductivity caused by ion pair formation. The SIPN membranes prepared as such showed good proton conductivity, low methanol permeability, good mechanical properties, and dimensional stability. Consequently, the PPO based SIPN membranes were able to deliver a higher maximum power density than Nafion, demonstrating the potential of the SIPN structure for PEM designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunliu Fang
- National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, 28 Medical Drive, 117456, Singapore
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Moulay S. Towards Halomethylated Benzene-Bearing Monomeric and Polymeric Substrates. Des Monomers Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/138577211x557495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saad Moulay
- a Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique Moléculaire et Macromoléculaire, Département de Chimie Industrielle, Faculté des Sciences de L'Ingénieur, Université Saâd Dahlab de Blida, B.P. 270, Route de Soumâa, 09000 Blida, Algeria;,
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Tada Y, Moriya N, Kanazawa M, Asanuma K, Suzuki A, Koyama S. Preparation and properties of novel oligo(phenylene oxide)-branched cyclophosphazenes. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20433a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Percec V, Wang JH. The synthesis and reactivity of ω-(P
-vinylbenzyl ether) macromonomer of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19920540143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Percec V, Wang JH, Clough RS. Mechanisms of the aromatic polyetherification reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19920540123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cella J, Rubinsztajn S. Preparation of Polyaryloxysilanes and Polyaryloxysiloxanes by B(C6F5)3 Catalyzed Polyetherification of Dihydrosilanes and Bis-Phenols. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800833c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Cella
- GE Global Research Center, Polymer and Chemical Technology, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, New York 12309
| | - Slawomir Rubinsztajn
- GE Global Research Center, Polymer and Chemical Technology, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, New York 12309
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Van Aert HAM, Venderbosch RW, Van Genderen MHP, Lemstra PJ, Meijer EW. Controlled Molecular Weight by the Precipitation Polymerization of 2,6-Dimethylphenol. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10601329508013680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - E. W. Meijer
- e Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
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Shibasaki Y, Nakamura M, Ishimaru R, N. Kondo J, Ueda M. Oxidative Coupling Polymerization of 2,6-Dimethylphenol with a Copper–Amine Catalyst Immobilized within the Interior of SBA-15. CHEM LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2005.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Chiang CR, Ju MY, Chang FC. Polymer blends of PA6 and PPE compatibilized by poly[methylene (phenylene isocyanate)] (PMPI) coupler. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Krijgsman J, Feijen J, Gaymans R. Synthesis and characterisation of telechelic poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) for copolymerisation. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Richter F, Schneider S, Distler F, Schubert R. Analysis of the products formed during the photodegradation of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) by various GC and HPLC techniques. Consequences for the mechanism of photodegradation. Polym Degrad Stab 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(99)00021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Baesjou PJ, Driessen WL, Challa G, Reedijk J. A kinetic study of the copper-catalysed oxidative coupling of 2,6-dimethylphenol. The role of copper, base and phenol concentrations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1169(98)00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lukác I, Chmela S, Pilichowski JF, Lacoste J. Brominated Polyethylene. Synthesis, Photooxidation and Use as the Intermediate for the Preparation of New Polymeric Stabilizers. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/10601329808002123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hydrobromination of polyoctenamer—II. Access to new polymeric hindered amine stabilizers by nucleophilic substitution. Polym Degrad Stab 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(97)00218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ikeda R, Sugihara J, Uyama H, Kobayashi S. Enzymatic Oxidative Polymerization of 2,6-Dimethylphenol. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma961055h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Ikeda
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-77, Japan
| | - Junji Sugihara
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-77, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-77, Japan
| | - Shiro Kobayashi
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-77, Japan
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Camus A, Garozzo MS, Marsich N, Mari M. Oxidative coupling of 2,6-dimethylphenol to polyphenylene ether catalyzed by a dinuclear Cu(II) dihydroxo-diiodo complex of 2,2′-dipyridylamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/1381-1169(96)00237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Takayama S, Mathubara N, Arai T, Takeda K. Rearrangement of the main-chain and subsequent thermal degradation of polyphenylene-ether. Polym Degrad Stab 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-3910(95)00142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chao HSI, Whalen JM. Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) (PPE) redistribution and its significance in the preparation of PPE/epoxy laminate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0923-1137(91)90143-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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