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Matsuyama A. Thermoreversible Gel-Dispersed Liquid Crystals. Gels 2023; 9:965. [PMID: 38131951 PMCID: PMC10743161 DOI: 10.3390/gels9120965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple model is introduced to describe phase behaviours of binary mixtures of a thermoreversible gel and a low-molecular-weight liquid crystal (LC). We predict novel phase diagrams on the temperature-concentration plane, including sol-gel transition, nematic-isotropic phase transition, and phase separation. At high temperatures, the phase separation between the isotropic sol and gel phases appears. As the temperature decreases, we have the phase separation between nematic sol and isotropic gel phases, in which the nematic domains are dispersed in the isotropic gel phase. We suggest that thermoreversible gelation of reactive molecules mixed with LCs will become one of the new classes of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Matsuyama
- Department of Physics and Information Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka 820-8502, Fukuoka, Japan
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2
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Tanaka F. Comparative Study on the Models of Thermoreversible Gelation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810325. [PMID: 36142229 PMCID: PMC9499641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical survey on the various theoretical models of thermoreversible gelation, such as the droplet model of condensation, associated-particle model, site–bond percolation model, and adhesive hard sphere model, is presented, with a focus on the nature of the phase transition predicted by them. On the basis of the classical tree statistics of gelation, combined with a thermodynamic theory of associating polymer solutions, it is shown that, within the mean-field description, the thermoreversible gelation of polyfunctional molecules is a third-order phase transition analogous to the Bose–Einstein condensation of an ideal Bose gas. It is condensation without surface tension. The osmotic compressibility is continuous, but its derivative with respect to the concentration of the functional molecule reveals a discontinuity at the sol–gel transition point. The width of the discontinuity is directly related to the amplitude of the divergent term in the weight-average molecular weight of the cross-linked three-dimensional polymers. The solution remains homogeneous in the position space, but separates into two phases in the momentum space; particles with finite translational momentum (sol) and a network with zero translational momentum (gel) coexist in a spatially homogeneous state. Experimental methods used to detect the singularity at the sol–gel transition point are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Tanaka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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3
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Jeong JO, Oh YH, Jeong SI, Park JS. Optimization of the Physical Properties of HDPE/PU Blends through Improved Compatibility and Electron Beam Crosslinking. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173607. [PMID: 36080682 PMCID: PMC9460743 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer blending is a method in which polymers with different properties are mixed so that each advantage appears in one polymer blend. Improved thermal and mechanical properties of blends can be prepared by blending with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) of a non-polar polymer and polyurethane (PU) of a polar polymer. However, a compatibilizer is required because it has the disadvantage that blending has low miscibility due to the different phases. In this study, HDPE/PU blends with new and excellent physical properties were developed through optimal composition with improved compatibility between the HDPE and PU. In addition, the effects of improving the physical properties through electron-beam crosslinking were confirmed. In general, a crosslinking structure of HDPE is formed by electron beam irradiation to increase its thermal stability and strength, but its elongation is rapidly decreased. In particular, the elongation of HDPE irradiated at 100 kGy was about 110%, which was decreased about five times compared to unirradiated HDPE (510%). However, the HDPE/PU blend with improved compatibility (PU 30) showed an elongation of about 450% while maintaining excellent strength (22.5 MPa), which was increased by about four times compared to the HDPE irradiated at 100 kGy. In particular, the thermal stability of PU 30 irradiated at 100 kGy at a high temperature (180 °C) was improved more than six times compared to the HDPE. Therefore, it is possible to develop HDPE/PU blends with new and excellent physical properties by improving compatibility and using electron beam crosslinking technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Oh Jeong
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine (WFIRM), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Yong-Hyeon Oh
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup-si 56212, Korea
| | - Sung-In Jeong
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup-si 56212, Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Park
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup-si 56212, Korea
- Correspondence:
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4
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Samitsu S. Fabrication of mesoporous crystalline microparticles of poly(ether sulfone) via solvent-induced crystallization. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibananda Das
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Murugappan Muthukumar
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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6
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Zhang H, Wang X, Yu HB, Douglas JF. Dynamic heterogeneity, cooperative motion, and Johari-Goldstein [Formula: see text]-relaxation in a metallic glass-forming material exhibiting a fragile-to-strong transition. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2021; 44:56. [PMID: 33871722 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the Johari-Goldstein (JG) [Formula: see text]-relaxation process in a model metallic glass-forming (GF) material ([Formula: see text]), previously studied extensively by both frequency-dependent mechanical measurements and simulation studies devoted to equilibrium properties, by molecular dynamics simulations based on validated and optimized interatomic potentials with the primary aim of better understanding the nature of this universal relaxation process from a dynamic heterogeneity (DH) perspective. The present relatively low temperature and long-time simulations reveal a direct correspondence between the JG [Formula: see text]-relaxation time [Formula: see text] and the lifetime of the mobile particle clusters [Formula: see text], defined as in previous DH studies, a relationship dual to the corresponding previously observed relationship between the [Formula: see text]-relaxation time [Formula: see text] and the lifetime of immobile particle clusters [Formula: see text]. Moreover, we find that the average diffusion coefficient D nearly coincides with [Formula: see text] of the smaller atomic species (Al) and that the 'hopping time' associated with D coincides with [Formula: see text] to within numerical uncertainty, both trends being in accord with experimental studies. This indicates that the JG [Formula: see text]-relaxation is dominated by the smaller atomic species and the observation of a direct relation between this relaxation process and rate of molecular diffusion in GF materials at low temperatures where the JG [Formula: see text]-relaxation becomes the prevalent mode of structural relaxation. As an unanticipated aspect of our study, we find that [Formula: see text] exhibits fragile-to-strong (FS) glass formation, as found in many other metallic GF liquids, but this fact does not greatly alter the geometrical nature of DH in this material and the relation of DH to dynamical properties. On the other hand, the temperature dependence of the DH and dynamical properties, such as the structural relaxation time, can be significantly altered from 'ordinary' GF liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hai-Bin Yu
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jack F Douglas
- Material Measurement Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
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Shi X, Wang L, Yan N, Wang Z, Guo L, Steinhart M, Wang Y. Fast Evaporation Enabled Ultrathin Polymer Coatings on Nanoporous Substrates for Highly Permeable Membranes. Innovation (N Y) 2021; 2:100088. [PMID: 34557742 PMCID: PMC8454551 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thin polymer coatings covering on porous substrates are a common composite structure required in numerous applications, including membrane separation, and there is a strong need to push the coating thicknesses down to the nanometer scale to maximize the performances. However, producing such ultrathin polymer coatings in a facile and efficient way remains a big challenge. Here, uniform ultrathin polymer covering films (UPCFs) are realized by a facile and general approach based on rapid solvent evaporation. By fast evaporating dilute polymer solutions spread on the surface of porous substrates, we obtain ultrathin coatings (down to ∼30 nm) exclusively on the top surface of porous substrates, forming UPCFs with a block copolymer of polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinyl pyridine) at room temperature or a homopolymer of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) at elevated temperatures. Upon selective swelling of the block copolymer and crosslinking of PVA, we obtain highly permeable membranes delivering ∼2–10 times higher permeance in ultrafiltration and pervaporation than state-of-the-art membranes with comparable selectivities. We have invented a very convenient but highly efficient process for the direct preparation of defective-free ultrathin coatings on porous substrates, which is extremely desired in different fields in addition to membrane separation. Fast solvent evaporation is developed to produce UPCFs on porous substrates Selective swelling to cavitate block copolymers to form interconnected mesopores UPCFs enable the preparation of highly permeable membranes
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiansong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P.R. China
| | - Nina Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P.R. China
| | - Zhaogen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P.R. China
| | - Leiming Guo
- Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Martin Steinhart
- Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
- Corresponding author
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, P.R. China
- Corresponding author
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8
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Kim MR, Park HJ, Cheon KH, Yeom CK, Lee KY. Novel behavior in a polymer solution: the disappearance of the melting temperature (T m) and enthalpy change (ΔH m) of the solvent. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13348. [PMID: 32770011 PMCID: PMC7415149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70331-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The phase change temperature and enthalpy change as a function of polystyrene (PS) concentration in dimethylformamide through a dynamic heating and quenching process were investigated. Cold crystallization, freezing and melting phenomena in a 10 wt% PS solution were all observed. Cold crystallization and melting phenomena were still observed in a 20 wt% solution. In a 30 wt% solution, all three phenomena disappeared without any solvent enthalpy changes, e.g., enthalpy changes at the melting temperature. The disappearance of both the melting temperature and the melting enthalpy change indicated that all polymer and solvent molecules in the 30 wt% solution existed only in the amorphous phase without any phase changes despite repeated heating and quenching processes. Thus, our results can provide a new approach for gelation through enthalpy changes and can be applied in the fabrication of porous membranes with a narrow distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Rae Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Deajeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jung Park
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 150 Bugahyeon-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Ho Cheon
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Deajeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Kyun Yeom
- SepraTek, 730 Gyejok-Ro, Daedeok-Gu, Daejeon, 34396, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Yoon Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Deajeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Concentration dependence of the sol-gel phase behavior of agarose-water system observed by the optical bubble pressure tensiometry. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2620. [PMID: 32060370 PMCID: PMC7021719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58905-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied an expansion behavior of pressurized bubbles at the orifice of a capillary inserted in gelator-solvent (agarose-water) mixtures as a function of the gelator concentration in which the phase transition points are included. The pressure (P) -dependence of the radius of the curvature (R) of the bubbles monitored by laser beam has shown a discontinuous decrease in the exponent (m) of the experimental power law R = KΔP-m (K: constant) from 1 to 1/2 and a discontinuous increase in the average surface tension (γave) obtained from the work-area plots of the mixtures exceeding that of pure water (72.6 mN/m) at 0.02 < [agarose] < 0.03 wt%, which is attributed to the disappearance of the fluidity. The apparent surface tension (γapp = ΔP/2 R) of the system in the concentration range of 0.03-0.20 wt% has been analyzed by a modified Shuttleworth equation γapp = σ0 + τln(A/A0), where σ0 is an isotropic constant component and the second term is a surface area (A) -dependent elastic component, in which τ is the coefficient and A0 is the area of the orifice. The analysis has indicated that σ0 coincides with the γapp value of the mixture of 0.02 wt% and the second term at >0.02 wt% is the dominant component. From the appearance of the elastic component and concentration dependence of τ, the plateau of τ for the agarose-water mixtures at 0.03-0.10 wt% (Region II) has been explained to the phase separation giving two-phase mixtures of 0.02 wt% sol and 0.10 wt% gel and the upward inflection of τ at 0.10 wt% has been assigned to an increase in the elasticity of the gel with the increase of the agarose concentration in the range of >0.10 wt% (Region III). On considering the concentration dependence of the surface tension of agarose-water mixtures, the discontinuous and inflection points were assigned to the 1st- and 2nd-order phase transition concentrations of the agarose gel, respectively. Given the results with our tensiometry based on the optical bubble pressure method, distinct gelation points for other systems could be determined both mechanically and thermodynamically which will provide a diagnostic criterion of sol-gel transitions.
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10
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Zhikol OA, Shishkina SV, Lipson VV, Semenenko AN, Mazepa AV, Borisov AV, Mateychenko PV. Low molecular weight supramolecular dehydroepiandrosterone-based gelators: synthesis and molecular modeling study. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01390c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Three novel isomeric low molecular weight dehydroepiandrosterone-based gelators are synthesized. Their ability to self-assemble is studied in several solvents both experimentally and theoretically by molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A. Zhikol
- State Scientific Institution “Institute for Single Crystals” of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
- Kharkov 61001
- Ukraine
| | - Svitlana V. Shishkina
- State Scientific Institution “Institute for Single Crystals” of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
- Kharkov 61001
- Ukraine
- Chemistry Department
- V. N. Karazin Kharkov National University
| | - Victoria V. Lipson
- State Scientific Institution “Institute for Single Crystals” of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
- Kharkov 61001
- Ukraine
- Chemistry Department
- V. N. Karazin Kharkov National University
| | - Alexander N. Semenenko
- State Scientific Institution “Institute for Single Crystals” of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
- Kharkov 61001
- Ukraine
| | - Alexander V. Mazepa
- A. V. Bogatsky Physico-Chemical Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
- Odessa
- Ukraine
| | | | - Pavel V. Mateychenko
- State Scientific Institution “Institute for Single Crystals” of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
- Kharkov 61001
- Ukraine
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11
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Chai Y, Raegen AN, Zhu S, Forrest JA. Crystallization of low molecular weight atactic polystyrene. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6883-6891. [PMID: 30087980 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00424b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We observe and characterize the crystallization of atactic polystyrenes (PS) of nearly oligomeric Mw using atomic force microscopy. We find that the low Mw polystyrene exhibits observable crystals on the surface. The crystals appear to be a few nm thick and nm to microns wide. These crystals grow at all temperatures less than ∼290 K. Melting of crystals was probed over an extended temperature range, and some fraction of the crystals start to melt at 302 K, but some fraction persist to higher temperatures and do not exhibit complete melting until 343 K. The tacticity of the molecules is tested with NMR spectroscopy and found to be atactic. We suggest that the crystals form due simply to the distribution of isomerism along the molecule which necessarily leaves some fraction of the molecules with uniform stereoregularity. This natural crystallinity may be related to previously observed and not definitively explained gel formation in atactic PS (a-PS), as well as cluster formation. The measurements are compared with the theory by Semenov (Macromolecules, 2009, 42, 6761) and together suggest that such crystallinity is possible over a wide range of polymerization index (N), and is limited only by the vanishingly small volume fractions and sluggish growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chai
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Adam N Raegen
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Shipei Zhu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - James A Forrest
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada. and Perimeter Institute of Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
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12
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SATO T, LI Y. Structural Studies of Polymer Nano-Assemblies in Solution by Scattering Techniques. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2018. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.2018-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro SATO
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University
| | - Yan LI
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Osaka University
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13
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Chai Y, Forrest JA. Using Atomic Force Microscopy to Probe Crystallization in Atactic Polystyrenes. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Waterloo; Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - James A. Forrest
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Waterloo; Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics; 31 Caroline St. Waterloo ON N2L 2Y5 Canada
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14
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Teo N, Jana SC. Open Cell Aerogel Foams via Emulsion Templating. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:12729-12738. [PMID: 29048907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The water-in-oil emulsion-templating method is used in this work for fabrication of open cell aerogel foams from syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS). A surfactant-stabilized emulsion is prepared at 60-100 °C by dispersing water in a solution of sPS in toluene. sPS gel, formed upon cooling of the emulsion to room temperature, locks the water droplets inside the gel. The gel is solvent exchanged in ethanol and then dried under supercritical condition of carbon dioxide to yield the aerogel foams. The aerogel foams show a significant fraction of macropores with a diameter of a few tens of micrometers, defined as macrovoids that originated from the emulsified water droplets. In conjunction, customary macropores of diameter 50-200 nm are derived from sPS gels. The macrovoids add additional openness to the aerogel structures. This paper evaluates the structural characteristics of the macrovoids, such as diameter distribution, macrovoid interconnect density, and skin layer density, in conjunction with the final aerogel foam properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Teo
- Department of Polymer Engineering The University of Akron , 250 South Forge Street, Akron, Ohio 44325-0301, United States
| | - Sadhan C Jana
- Department of Polymer Engineering The University of Akron , 250 South Forge Street, Akron, Ohio 44325-0301, United States
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15
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Kitazawa Y, Ueno K, Watanabe M. Advanced Materials Based on Polymers and Ionic Liquids. CHEM REC 2017; 18:391-409. [PMID: 28925581 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are ambient temperature molten salts, which have attracted considerable attention owing to their unique properties. In this contribution, we review advanced materials composed of ILs and polymers for the basis of a new design protocol to fabricate novel materials. As electrolytes for electrochemical devices, cross-linked polymers containing ILs (ion gels) are endowed with functional properties inherited from ILs and mechanical consistency derived from polymers. To create such materials, micro-phase separation of block copolymers and colloidal arrays in the ILs are utilized. Based on the molecular design of task-specific ILs, the resultant ion gels are applicable as electrolytes for actuator, fuel cell, and secondary battery applications. Thermo- and photo-responsive polymers in ILs are also highlighted, whereby such stimuli elicit changes in the solubility of the self-assembly of block copolymers and colloidal arrays in the ILs. Further, thermo- and photo-reversible changes in the self-assembled structure can be exploited to demonstrate sol-gel transitions and fabricate photo-healable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Kitazawa
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwa-dai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ueno
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwa-dai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwa-dai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
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16
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Asymmetric porous membranes from binary polymer solution by physical gelation induced phase separation. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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New insights into fabrication of hydrophobic/hydrophilic composite hollow fibers for direct contact membrane distillation. Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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McAllister JW, Schmidt PW, Dorfman KD, Lodge TP, Bates FS. Thermodynamics of Aqueous Methylcellulose Solutions. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John W. McAllister
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Peter W. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kevin D. Dorfman
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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19
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Su B, Zhao YS, Chen F, Fu Q. Effect of microdomain structure on the mechanical behavior of binary blends. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-015-1649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Ravarian R, Craft M, Dehghani F. Enhancing the biological activity of chitosan and controlling the degradation by nanoscale interaction with bioglass. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:2898-908. [PMID: 25690303 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A nonuniform degradation of physical mixture of organic-inorganic biomaterials increases their risk of failure. In this study a chemical bonding between chitosan and bioglass was used as an alternative product to address this issue. To prepare a homogenous composite, chitosan was functionalized with γ-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane and chemically bonded with bioglass during sol-gel method. The gelation time of these hybrids samples was optimized by varying parameters such as composition of chitosan and temperature. It was shown that gelation time was reduced from 7 days for pure bioglass at 25°C to less than six minutes at 70°C for chitosan 40 vol % bioglass hybrid. Furthermore, the enzymatic degradation after 4 weeks was decreased from 80% mass loss for pure chitosan to 32% for chitosan 40 vol % bioglass hybrid. The results of in vitro study demonstrated that the presence of nanoscale interaction enhanced the bioactivity of chitosan. Additionally, hybrid scaffolds were fabricated with pore sizes in the range of 200-400 µm. These scaffolds were prepared by the addition of sodium bicarbonate during sol-gel method as a gas foaming agent and a neutralizer that resulted in decreasing the gelation time of hybrids to less than three minutes. The hybrids fabricated in this study possessed superior characteristics compared to chitosan, also physical mixture of chitosan-bioglass and are promising alternatives for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Ravarian
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Michaela Craft
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
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21
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Elias HG. Thermodynamics of Polymer Solutions. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527627233.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Bai W, Xiao X, Cai L, Xu Y, Lin J. Fabrication of morphology-controlled nano/microstructural polyfluorene in mixed nonsolvent vapor atmospheres. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Pelc D, Marion S, Požek M, Basletić M. Role of microscopic phase separation in gelation of aqueous gelatin solutions. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:348-356. [PMID: 24651841 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52542b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Using a unique home-made cell for four-contact impedance spectroscopy of conductive liquid samples, we establish the existence of two low frequency conductivity relaxations in aqueous solutions of gelatin, in both liquid and gel states. A comparison with diffusion measurements using pulsed field gradient NMR, and circular dichroism spectroscopy, shows that the faster relaxation process is due to gelatin macromolecule self-diffusion. This single molecule diffusion is mostly insensitive to the macroscopic state of the sample, implying that we have a clear separation of gelatin molecules into a free and network-bound phase. Scaling relationships for the self-diffusion indicate that the gelation process is not a percolative phenomenon, but is caused by aggregation of triple helices into a system-spanning fibre network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damjan Pelc
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenička 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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24
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Lu CC, Su SK. A New Low-Molecular-Weight Gelator: 2,4,6-Tris(N′-Laurylureido-Phenoxy)Triazine in Different Solvents. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200900017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Lu CC, Su SK. Gelation of a Highly Fluorescent Urea-Containing Triarylmelamine Derivative: 2,4,6-Tris(p-N′-Octadecylureido-Anilino)Triazine in Organic Solvents. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200900016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Frank-Finney RJ, Bradley LC, Gupta M. Formation of Polymer–Ionic Liquid Gels Using Vapor Phase Precursors. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401219e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Frank-Finney
- Mork Family Department of Chemical
Engineering and
Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Laura C. Bradley
- Mork Family Department of Chemical
Engineering and
Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Malancha Gupta
- Mork Family Department of Chemical
Engineering and
Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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27
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Haldar S, Maji SK. Spontaneous physical gelation from functionally modified tripeptides [C16-Ser(OBz)-X-Ser(OBz)-C16] via supramolecularly assisted polarophobic association in diverse organic media. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Gelation/crystallization mechanisms of UHMWPE solutions and structures of ultradrawn gel films. Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2013.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Vujičić NŠ, Glasovac Z, Zweep N, van Esch JH, Vinković M, Popović J, Žinić M. Chiral Hexa- and Nonamethylene-Bridged Bis(L-Leu-oxalamide) Gelators: The First Oxalamide Gels Containing Aggregates with a Chiral Morphology. Chemistry 2013; 19:8558-72. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Gao Y, Yu C, Chen M, Wang X, Zhou D, Xue G. Thermo-reversible gelation of atactic poly(methyl methacrylate) in poly(ethylene glycol) oligomers. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2013; 36:9851. [PMID: 23605566 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2013-13037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The temperature-concentration behavior of physical gel by atactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (aPMMA) in poly(ethylene glycol) oligomer (PEG400) was investigated. A liquid-liquid demixing interferes with a glass transition during cooling. The combination of demixing and T g leads to the formation of amorphous gels at low temperature. We suggest that the gelation of aPMMA/PEG400 is a glassy gel, in which short-range attractive depletion interaction in the polymer/oligomer system was the driving force at molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Gao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, P.R. China
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31
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Liu Y, Lloyd A, Guzman G, Cavicchi KA. Polyelectrolyte–Surfactant Complexes as Thermoreversible Organogelators. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201023v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Liu
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States
| | - Ashley Lloyd
- Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering, Needham, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Gustavo Guzman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Kevin A. Cavicchi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States
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32
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ZHANG S, ZHENG M, DENG F, XIE Q, MA X. PREPARATION OF CHOLESTEROL IMPRINTED POLYMERIZED ORGANOGEL AND SELECTIVITY ADSORPTION ABILITY. ACTA POLYM SIN 2011. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2011.10094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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34
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Structures in polystyrene solutions: Their origins and their implications on physical gelation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19900390108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Harner JM, Hoagland DA. Thermoreversible Gelation of an Ionic Liquid by Crystallization of a Dissolved Polymer. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:3411-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9043144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Harner
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - David A. Hoagland
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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36
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Lu CC, Su SK. New gelators of urea-containing triazine derivatives: effects of aggregation and optical features in different organic solvents. Supramol Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10610270802516591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chi Lu
- a Department of Polymer Engineering , National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shuenn Kung Su
- a Department of Polymer Engineering , National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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37
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Lu CC, Su SK. Gelation of a highly fluorescent urea-containing triarylamine derivative: N, N, N ′, N ′-tetrakis (p-octadecylureido-phenyl)-p-phenylenediamine in organic solvents. Supramol Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10610270802406603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chi Lu
- a Department of Polymer Engineering , National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shuenn Kung Su
- a Department of Polymer Engineering , National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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38
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Zweep N, Hopkinson A, Meetsma A, Browne WR, Feringa BL, van Esch JH. Balancing hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions in cyclohexane-based bisamide and bisurea organogelators. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:8802-8809. [PMID: 20050051 DOI: 10.1021/la9004714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The solvent dependence of the gelation properties, the thermotropic behavior, and the melting enthalpy of a series of enantiomerically pure cyclohexane-based bisamide and bisurea compounds are reported. The two series of gelators examined are related structurally with the intermolecular interactions responsible for gelation differing in a systematic manner through varying the length of the alkyl tail and the number of hydrogen bonding units present. The gelation properties of the compounds in decalin, DMSO, and 1-propanol were studied by FTIR spectroscopy and by comparison of the thermal stability of their gels as determined by dropping ball experiments and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). FTIR spectroscopy, supported by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction of a3, indicates that the gelator molecules are aggregated through intermolecular hydrogen bonding in all of the solvents examined. The thermal stability of the gels in apolar and polar solvents was found to be dependent primarily on the relative strength of intermolecular hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions, respectively, compared with the strength of solvent-gelator interactions. The results of DSC indicated that the contribution of the difference in intergelator van der Waals interactions, compared with the gelator-solvent van der Waals and hydrogen bonding interactions, provided by the alkyl tail to the stability of the gel has a linear relationship with the number of methylene units in alkyl chains of length greater than six. In polar solvents, this contribution lies between 3.5 and 4.2 kJ mol(-1) per methylene unit, and in apolar solvents, it is 2.2 kJ mol(-1). The hydrogen bonding interactions were weaker in polar solvents and hence gelation occurred only where sufficient compensation was provided by intergelator van der Waals interactions. The results show that the direct relation of gelation strength to changes in solvent properties is not possible and more complex relationships should be considered. Furthermore, it is apparent that the development of design rules for the construction of LMWG molecules incorporating more than one anisotropic growth element must take into consideration the role of the solvent in determining which of the contributions is dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niek Zweep
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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39
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Westcott A, Sumby CJ, Walshaw RD, Hardie MJ. Metallo-gels and organo-gels with tripodal cyclotriveratrylene-type and 1,3,5-substituted benzene-type ligands. NEW J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b819352e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Chen K, Baker AN, Vyazovkin S. Formation and Thermal Behavior of Polystyrene and Polystyrene/Clay Gels. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200800430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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41
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Rogovina LZ, Vasil’ev VG, Braudo EE. Definition of the concept of polymer gel. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES C 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1811238208010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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42
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Borges AR, Hyacinth M, Lum M, Dingle CM, Hamilton PL, Chruszcz M, Pu L, Sabat M, Caran KL. Self-assembled thermoreversible gels of nonpolar liquids by racemic propargylic alcohols with fluorinated and nonfluorinated aromatic rings. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:7421-7431. [PMID: 18553992 DOI: 10.1021/la800201d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and colloidal study of a new class of low molecular weight organogelators is reported. Racemic propargylic alcohols with perfluoroaryl and nonfluorinated aryl rings are capable of forming gels in alkane liquids and/or silicone oil. A full colloidal characterization of alkane gels prepared from (R/S)-1-pentafluorophenyl-3-phenylprop-2-yn-1-ol [(R/S)- 1] was conducted, including both structural [optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR)] and thermal stability [differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)] studies. A model of the organization of gelator molecules within gel fibers has been proposed primarily based on the correlation of diffraction data for the powder XRD pattern of a gel and a simulated powder pattern from a sublimed crystal of the gelator. Furthermore, structural requirements for propargylic alcohol gelators were investigated by subjecting derivatives with modified structures to gelation tests. An enantiomerically enriched sample [(R)- 1, 83% ee] fails to entrap the solvent under conditions where the racemate successfully forms a gel. The remaining racemic derivatives (with p-alkoxy or p-alkyl substituents on the nonfluorinated arene) form gels or partial gels in silicone oil and in some alkane preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh R Borges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, USA
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43
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Dautel O, Robitzer M, Flores JC, Tondelier D, Serein-Spirau F, Lère-Porte JP, Guérin D, Lenfant S, Tillard M, Vuillaume D, Moreau J. Electroactive Nanorods and Nanorings Designed by Supramolecular Association of π-Conjugated Oligomers. Chemistry 2008; 14:4201-13. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Simone PM, Lodge TP. Lyotropic Phase Behavior of Polybutadiene−Poly(ethylene oxide) Diblock Copolymers in Ionic Liquids. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma702252v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Simone
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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45
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Mamodia M, Panday A, Gido SP, Lesser AJ. Effect of Microdomain Structure and Process Conditions on the Mechanical Behavior of Cylindrical Block Copolymer Systems. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma070006+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Kim BS, Baek ST, Song KW, Park IH, Lee JO, Nemoto N. Thermoreversible Gelation of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) in Propylene Carbonate. J MACROMOL SCI B 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/mb-120030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. S. Kim
- a Division of Chemical Engineering , Pusan National University , 30 Changjun‐dong, Kumjung‐gu , Pusan , 609‐735 , Korea
| | - S. T. Baek
- a Division of Chemical Engineering , Pusan National University , 30 Changjun‐dong, Kumjung‐gu , Pusan , 609‐735 , Korea
| | - K. W. Song
- a Division of Chemical Engineering , Pusan National University , 30 Changjun‐dong, Kumjung‐gu , Pusan , 609‐735 , Korea
| | - I. H. Park
- b Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Kum Oh National University of Technology , Kumi , Korea
| | - J. O. Lee
- a Division of Chemical Engineering , Pusan National University , 30 Changjun‐dong, Kumjung‐gu , Pusan , 609‐735 , Korea
| | - N. Nemoto
- c Department of Molecular and Material Sciences, IGSES , Kyushu University , Hakozaki , Fukuoka , Japan
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47
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Francis TJ, Vogt BD, Wang MX, Watkins JJ. Scaling of Interdomain Spacing of Diblock Copolymers in a Selective Diluent. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma062000a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Francis
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, and Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Bryan D. Vogt
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, and Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Michael Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, and Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - James J. Watkins
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, and Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
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48
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Lo CT, Lee B, Winans RE, Thiyagarajan P. Phase Behavior of Nanoparticle/Diblock Copolymer Complex in a Selective Solvent. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma061950t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Tsung Lo
- X-ray Science Division, Chemistry Division, and Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Chemistry Division, and Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Randall E. Winans
- X-ray Science Division, Chemistry Division, and Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - P. Thiyagarajan
- X-ray Science Division, Chemistry Division, and Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. C. Yang
- a Polymer Group Department of Metallurgy and Mining Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois, 61801
- b B. F. Goodrich Chemical Group, Technical Center , P. O. Box 122, Avon Lake, Ohio, 44102
| | - P. H. Geil
- a Polymer Group Department of Metallurgy and Mining Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois, 61801
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50
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Akiba I, Akiyama S. THERMOREVERSIBLE GELS OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF POLY(N-VINYLPYRROLIDONE)-POLY(4-VINYLPHENOL) BLENDS. J MACROMOL SCI B 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/mb-100000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isamu Akiba
- a Department of Organic, Faculty of Technology , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Saburo Akiyama
- b Polymer Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Technology , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
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