1
|
Reinforcing and plasticizing effects of reclaimed rubber on the vulcanization and properties of natural rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
2
|
Force-reversible chemical reaction at ambient temperature for designing toughened dynamic covalent polymer networks. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3231. [PMID: 35680925 PMCID: PMC9184613 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30972-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Force-reversible C-N bonds, resulting from the click chemistry reaction between triazolinedione (TAD) and indole derivatives, offer exciting opportunities for molecular-level engineering to design materials that respond to mechanical loads. Here, we displayed that TAD-indole adducts, acting as crosslink points in dry-state covalently crosslinked polymers, enable materials to display reversible stress-responsiveness in real time already at ambient temperature. Whereas the exergonic TAD-indole reaction results in the formation of bench-stable adducts, they were shown to dissociate at ambient temperature when embedded in a polymer network and subjected to a stretching force to recover the original products. Moreover, the nascent TAD moiety can spontaneously and immediately be recombined after dissociation with an indole reaction partners at ambient temperature, thus allowing for the adjustment of the polymer segment conformation and the maintenance of the network integrity by force-reversible behaviors. Overall, our strategy represents a general method to create toughened covalently crosslinked polymer materials with simultaneous enhancement of mechanical strength and ductility, which is quite challenging to achieve by conventional chemical methods. Weak force-activated covalent bonds as crosslink points can increase mechanical strength and ductility in polymers but the bonds, once broken, cannot be reformed in real time under ambient conditions leading to irreversible damage. Here, the authors demonstrate that triazolinedione (TAD)-indole adducts acting as crosslink points enable materials to display already at ambient temperature reversible stress-responsiveness in real time.
Collapse
|
3
|
Phase morphology, mechanical, and thermal properties of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic elastomer: Effects of blend composition and compatibilization. JOURNAL OF REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES 2022; 41:267-283. [PMID: 35469127 PMCID: PMC9028046 DOI: 10.1177/07316844211051749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, recycled high density polyethylene (rHDPE) was compounded with regenerated tire rubber (RR) (35-80 wt.%) and reinforced with recycled tire textile fiber (RTF) (20 wt.%) as a first step. The materials were compounded by melt extrusion, injection molded, and characterized in terms of morphological, mechanical, physical, and thermal properties. Although, replacement of the rubber phase with RTF compensated for tensile/flexural moduli losses of rHDPE/RR/RTF blends because of the more rigid nature of fibers increasing the composites stiffness, the impact strength substantially decreased. So, a new approach is proposed for impact modification by adding a blend of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE)/RR (70/30) into a fiber-reinforced rubberized composite. As in this case, a more homogeneous distribution of the fillers was observed due to better compatibility between MAPE, rHDPE, and RR. The tensile properties were improved as the elongation at break increased up to 173% because of better interfacial adhesion. Impact modification of the resulting thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) composites based on rHDPE/(RR/MAPE)/RTF was successfully performed (improved toughness by 60%) via encapsulation of the rubber phase by MAPE forming a thick/soft interphase decreasing interfacial stress concentration slowing down fracture. Finally, the thermal stability of rubberized fiber-reinforced TPE also revealed the positive effect of MAPE addition on molecular entanglements and strong bonding yielding lower weight loss, while the microstructure and crystallinity degree did not significantly change up to 60 wt.% RR/MAPE (70/30).
Collapse
|
4
|
Graphene matrix formation in a natural rubber dispersoid. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00620-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
5
|
Devulcanization of ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer rubber waste. Effect of diphenyl disulfide derivate as devulcanizing agent on vulcanization, and devulcanization process. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
6
|
|
7
|
A chemical milling process to produce water-based inkjet printing ink from waste tire carbon blacks. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 122:64-70. [PMID: 33486304 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a chemical milling process is developed to convert carbon residues from pyrolyzed waste tires into valuable water-based inkjet printing inks. The residues after waste tire pyrolysis were first sieved to remove ash components and ground into powder (~80 μm). The resulting waste tire carbon blacks (TCB) processed by regular dry or wet milling with the help of compatible solvent can only produce particle sizes around 250 nm. To further reduce particle size under the same mechanical energy, aqueous potassium hydroxide was used in the milling process to leach silica in TCB to create loose and vulnerable structure. Moreover, an ionic surfactant, poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS), was used to decorate the TCB surface and to inhibit particle aggregation. After chemical milling, the PSS/TCB had a primary particle size around 50 nm and a hydraulic diameter around 110 nm. The PSS/TCB suspension possessed a high zeta potential of -73 mV to stably disperse in water for more than 30 days. To help adhesion of the ink on substrates, the PSS/TCB particles were further mixed with waterborne polyurethane (WPU). The WPU/PSS/TCB ink could be inkjet printed into various black patterns, which showed a higher blackness (jetness value = 342.83) than commercial black inks. Moreover, the printed patterns were water-proof and had a pencil scratch hardness of 4H. In summary, this study provides a guideline to convert waste carbon materials into useful printing supplies, and offers a potential application for waste tire recycling.
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
|
10
|
Bacterial and enzymatic degradation of poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) rubber: Novel biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 44:107606. [PMID: 32758514 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) rubber is a highly demanded elastomeric material mainly used for the manufacturing of tires. The end-cycle of rubber-made products is creating serious environmental concern and, therefore, different recycling processes have been proposed. However, the current physical-chemical processes include the use of hazardous chemical solvents, large amounts of energy, and possibly generations of unhealthy micro-plastics. Under this scenario, eco-friendly alternatives are needed and biotechnological rubber treatments are demonstrating huge potential. The cleavage mechanisms and the biochemical pathways for the uptake of poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) rubber have been extensively reported. Likewise, novel bacterial strains able to degrade the polymer have been studied and the involved structural and functional enzymes have been analyzed. Considering the fundamentals, biotechnological approaches have been proposed considering process optimization, cost-effective methods and larger-scale experiments in the search for practical and realistic applications. In this work, the latest research in the rubber biodegradation field is shown and discussed, aiming to analyze the combination of detoxification, devulcanization and polymer-cleavage mechanisms to achieve better degradation yields. The modified superficial structure of rubber materials after biological treatments might be an interesting way to reuse old rubber for re-vulcanization or to find new materials.
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Effect of N, N′-m-phenylene bismaleimide on mechanical performance of waste rubber powder sintered by high-pressure high-temperature method. J RUBBER RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42464-019-00034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
13
|
Natural rubber bio-nanocomposites reinforced with self-assembled chitin nanofibers from aqueous KOH/urea solution. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 225:115230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
14
|
In vitro studies on the degradation of poly(cis-1,4-isoprene). Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:890-899. [PMID: 29603909 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cleavage of the backbone of poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) (IR) in solid rubber material was accomplished by the addition of partially purified latex clearing protein (Lcp1VH2 ) using a 200-mL enzyme reactor. Two strategies for the addition of Lcp1VH2 were studied revealing that the daily addition of 50 µg mL-1 of Lcp1VH2 for 5 days was clearly a more efficient regime in comparison to a one-time addition of 250 µg of Lcp1VH2 at the beginning. Soluble oligo(cis-1,4-isoprene) molecules occurred as degradation products and were identified by ESI-MS and GPC. Oxygenase activity of Lcp1VH2 with solid IR particles as substrate was shown for the first time by measuring the oxygen consumption in the reaction medium. A strong decrease of the dissolved oxygen concentration was detected at the end of the assay, which indicates an increase in the number of cleavage reactions. The oligo(cis-1,4-isoprene) molecules comprised 1 to 11 isoprene units and exhibited an average molecular weight (Mn ) of 885 g mol-1 . Isolation of the oligo(cis-1,4-isoprene) molecules was achieved by using silica gel column chromatography. The relative quantification of the isolated products was performed by HPLC-MS after derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenilhydrazyne yielding a concentration of total degradation products of 1.62 g L-1 . Analysis of the polymer surface in samples incubated for 3 days with Lcp1VH2 via ATR-FTIR indicated the presence of carbonyl groups, which occurred upon the cleavage reaction. This study presents a cell-free bioprocess as an alternative rubber treatment that can be applied for the partial degradation of the polymer. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:890-899, 2018.
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
|
17
|
Half-submerged cultivation method for the microbial desulfurization of waste latex rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
18
|
Independent investigation on the influences of the processing conditions on the reclamation of crosslinked isoprene rubber after the impregnation of a reclaiming reagent. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
19
|
Continuous production of liquid reclaimed rubber from ground tire rubber and its application as reactive polymeric plasticizer. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
20
|
Reinforcement of maleated polyethylene/ground tire rubber thermoplastic elastomers using talc and wood flour. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
21
|
Degradation behavior of maleated polyethylene/ground tire rubber thermoplastic elastomers with and without stabilizers. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
22
|
WASTE RUBBER POWDER MODIFIED BY BOTH MICROWAVE TREATMENT AND SOL-GEL METHOD AND THE PROPERTIES OF NATURAL RUBBER/MODIFIED WASTE RUBBER POWDER COMPOSITES. ACTA POLYM SIN 2013. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2013.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
|
25
|
|
26
|
Preparation of thermoplastic vulcanizates based on waste crosslinked polyethylene and ground tire rubber through dynamic vulcanization. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
27
|
Physical properties and cure characteristics of natural rubber/nanoclay composites with two different compatibilizers. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
28
|
An environmental friendly approach for recycling of post-vulcanized fluoroelastomer scraps through high-shear mechanical milling. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
29
|
|
30
|
Cure characteristics and physical properties of ground-rubber-filled natural rubber vulcanizates: Effects of the curing systems of the ground rubber and rubber matrix. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
31
|
Effects of Thermal and UV-induced Grafting of Bismaleimide on Mechanical Performance of Reclaimed Rubber/Natural Rubber Blends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-005-3046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
32
|
Formulation, characterization and optimization of the processing condition of blends of recycled polyethylene and ground tyre rubber: Mechanical and rheological analysis. Polym Degrad Stab 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
33
|
Improvement of mechanical properties of rubber compounds using waste rubber/virgin rubber. POLYM ENG SCI 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
34
|
|
35
|
Amphiphilic particulate phase semi-interpenetrating polymer networks based on recycled rubber matrix. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
36
|
Rubber plasticizers from degraded/devulcanized scrap rubber: A method of recycling waste rubber. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
37
|
|