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Sterchi R, Maeda N, Keller S, Zehnder B, Meier DM. In Situ Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopic Monitoring of Supercritical CO 2 Extraction for Green Process Applications. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sterchi
- Institute of Materials and Process Engineering (IMPE), School of Engineering (SoE), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Winterthur CH-8400, Switzerland
| | - Nobutaka Maeda
- Institute of Materials and Process Engineering (IMPE), School of Engineering (SoE), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Winterthur CH-8400, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Keller
- SITEC-Sieber Engineering AG, Aschbach 7, Maur CH-8124, Switzerland
| | - Beat Zehnder
- SITEC-Sieber Engineering AG, Aschbach 7, Maur CH-8124, Switzerland
| | - Daniel M. Meier
- Institute of Materials and Process Engineering (IMPE), School of Engineering (SoE), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Winterthur CH-8400, Switzerland
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2
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Sobornova VV, Belov KV, Dyshin AA, Gurina DL, Khodov IA, Kiselev MG. Molecular Dynamics and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Supercritical CO 2 Sorption in Poly(Methyl Methacrylate). Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235332. [PMID: 36501726 PMCID: PMC9737377 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of supercritical carbon dioxide sorption processes is an important and urgent task in the field of "green" chemistry and for the selection of conditions for new polymer material formation. However, at the moment, the research of these processes is very limited, and it is necessary to select the methodology for each polymer material separately. In this paper, the principal possibility to study the powder sorption processes using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, relaxation-relaxation correlation spectroscopy and molecular dynamic modeling methods will be demonstrated based on the example of polymethylmethacrylate and supercritical carbon dioxide. It was found that in the first nanoseconds and seconds during the sorption process, most of the carbon dioxide, about 75%, is sorbed into polymethylmethacrylate, while on the clock scale the remaining 25% is sorbed. The methodology presented in this paper makes it possible to select optimal conditions for technological processes associated with the production of new polymer materials based on supercritical fluids.
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Burger NA, Meier G, Bouteiller L, Loppinet B, Vlassopoulos D. Dynamics and Rheology of Supramolecular Assemblies at Elevated Pressures. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6713-6724. [PMID: 36018571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A methodology to investigate the linear viscoelastic properties of complex fluids at elevated pressures (up to 120 MPa) is presented. It is based on a dynamic light scattering (DLS) setup coupled with a stainless steel chamber, where the test sample is pressurized by means of an inert gas. The viscoelastic spectra are extracted through passive microrheology. We discuss an application to hydrogen-bonding motif 2,4-bis(2-ethylhexylureido)toluene (EHUT), which self-assembles into supramolecular structures (tubes and filaments) in apolar solvents dodecane and cyclohexane. High levels of pressure (roughly above 20 MPa) are found to slow down the terminal relaxation process; however, the increases in the entanglement plateau modulus and the associated persistence length are not significant. The concentration dependence of the plateau modulus, relaxation times (fast and slow), and correlation length is practically the same for all pressures and exhibits distinct power-law behavior in different regimes. Within the tube phase in dodecane, the relative viscosity increment is weakly enhanced with increasing pressure and reaches a plateau at about 60 MPa. In fact, depending on concentration, the application of pressure in the tube regime may lead to a transition from a viscous (unentangled) to a viscoelastic (partially entangled to well-entangled) solution. For well-entangled, long tubes, the extent of the plateau regime (ratio of high- to low-moduli crossover frequencies) increases with pressure. The collective information from these observations is summarized in a temperature-pressure state diagram. These findings provide ingredients for the formulation of a solid theoretical framework to better understand and exploit the role of pressure in the structure and dynamics of supramolecular polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos A Burger
- Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas (FORTH), Institute for Electronic Structure & Laser, Heraklion 70013, Greece.,Department of Materials Science & Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Gerhard Meier
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Biomacromolecular Systems and Processes (IBI-4), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Laurent Bouteiller
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IPCM, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Loppinet
- Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas (FORTH), Institute for Electronic Structure & Laser, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Dimitris Vlassopoulos
- Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas (FORTH), Institute for Electronic Structure & Laser, Heraklion 70013, Greece.,Department of Materials Science & Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece
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4
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Bastidas CY, Del P Castillo R, Manuel Amigo J, von Plessing C, Troncoso J. Distributional homogeneity and penetration depth assessment of antibiotic added by surface coating to pellets with mid Infrared imaging and multivariate curve resolution. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 271:120864. [PMID: 35074673 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.120864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fourier Transform Mid Infrared with Attenuated Total Reflection Imaging (FTIR-ATR imaging) and Multivariate Curve Resolution with Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) were used in a multiblock fashion to study the presence, distribution and penetration depth of very low concentrations of florfenicol (FF) in a complex matrix like feed pellets for salmonids. Images from the surface, at 150 µm deep and 200 µm deep from the surface were analyzed to certify the penetration power of FF added by surface coating methodology. Besides, the unique homogeneity index was calculated in order to evaluate the distributional homogeneity of each component. The results demonstrated the reliability of MCR-ALS in studying the distributional homogeneity of FF. It was demonstrated that FF remains mostly on the surface of the pellets with almost no penetration. The rest of the components of the pellets (oil, protein and carbohydrates) were also analyzed. These three nutrients are distributed on the three layers analyzed with a relatively homogeneous location, being carbohydrates (%H = 51 ± 3) the component with the best homogeneous distribution, unlike protein (%H = 45 ± 5), and oil (%H = 40 ± 7). This is the first publication where the penetration of an antibiotic, added with surface-coating to feed pellets, was analyzed with FTIR-ATR imaging and multivariate analysis, showing the contribution these analytical tools can make to the medicated feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Y Bastidas
- Departamento de Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386 Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile; Laboratorio de Bioespectroscopía y Quimiometría, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción. 4070386 Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Rosario Del P Castillo
- Departamento de Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386 Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile; Laboratorio de Bioespectroscopía y Quimiometría, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción. 4070386 Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
| | - José Manuel Amigo
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 15 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Carlos von Plessing
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción. 4070386 Barrio Universitario s/n Concepción, Chile.
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Watanabe R, Sugahara A, Hagihara H, Mizukado J, Shinzawa H. Molecular-scale deformation of glass-fiber-reinforced polypropylene probed by rheo-optical Fourier transform infrared imaging combined with a two-trace two-dimensional correlation technique. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Mankar R, Gajjela CC, Shahraki FF, Prasad S, Mayerich D, Reddy R. Multi-modal image sharpening in fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy. Analyst 2021; 146:4822-4834. [PMID: 34198314 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00103e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mid-infrared Spectroscopic Imaging (MIRSI) provides spatially-resolved molecular specificity by measuring wavelength-dependent mid-infrared absorbance. Infrared microscopes use large numerical aperture objectives to obtain high-resolution images of heterogeneous samples. However, the optical resolution is fundamentally diffraction-limited, and therefore wavelength-dependent. This significantly limits resolution in infrared microscopy, which relies on long wavelengths (2.5 μm to 12.5 μm) for molecular specificity. The resolution is particularly restrictive in biomedical and materials applications, where molecular information is encoded in the fingerprint region (6 μm to 12 μm), limiting the maximum resolving power to between 3 μm and 6 μm. We present an unsupervised curvelet-based image fusion method that overcomes limitations in spatial resolution by augmenting infrared images with label-free visible microscopy. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach by fusing images of breast and ovarian tumor biopsies acquired using both infrared and dark-field microscopy. The proposed fusion algorithm generates a hyperspectral dataset that has both high spatial resolution and good molecular contrast. We validate this technique using multiple standard approaches and through comparisons to super-resolved experimentally measured photothermal spectroscopic images. We also propose a novel comparison method based on tissue classification accuracy.
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Kiran E, Sarver JA, Hassler JC. Solubility and Diffusivity of CO2 and N2 in Polymers and Polymer Swelling, Glass Transition, Melting, and Crystallization at High Pressure. A Critical Review and Perspectives on Experimental Methods, Data, and Modeling. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Fernández Ponce MT, Cejudo Bastante C, Casas Cardoso L, Mantell C, Martínez de la Ossa EJ, Pereyra C. Potential Use of Annona Genus Plants Leaf Extracts to Produce Bioactive Transdermal Patches by Supercritical Solvent Impregnation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081196. [PMID: 34439444 PMCID: PMC8388995 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present work was to develop a bioactive transdermal patch functionalized with Annona leaf extracts (ALE) by means of supercritical impregnation technique. The potential of six different Annona leaf extracts (ALE) obtained with the enhanced solvent system formed by carbon dioxide + ethanol/acetone was evaluated taking into account the antioxidant activity, total phenol composition and global extraction yields. For the impregnation of ALE, two drug supporting systems were tested: hydrocolloid sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) and polyester dressings (PD). The effect of the impregnation conditions, including pressure (P), temperature (T), percent of co-solvent (ethanol) and ALE/polymer mass ratio, was determined with regard to the loading and the functional activity of the impregnated samples. The optimal impregnation conditions of ALE were established at 55 °C and 300 bar which led to obtained transdermal patches with antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity. In order to understand the behavior of the process, the homogeneity of the samples in the vessels was also evaluated. The best results were obtained at higher proportions of co-solvent in the system.
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9
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Nikulova UV, Chalykh AE. Thermodynamic analysis of the phase equilibrium of the polystyrene‐poly(vinyl methyl ether) system. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Uliana V. Nikulova
- Laboratory of Structural and Morphological Investigations Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCE RAS) Moscow Russia
| | - Anatoly E. Chalykh
- Laboratory of Structural and Morphological Investigations Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCE RAS) Moscow Russia
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10
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Watanabe R, Sugahara A, Hagihara H, Mizukado J, Shinzawa H. In Situ Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging for Elucidating Variations in Chemical Structures of Polymer Composites at the Matrix–Filler Interface during Reactive Processing. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Watanabe
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Aki Sugahara
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hagihara
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Junji Mizukado
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Shinzawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
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11
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Lu H, Kazarian SG, Sato H. Simultaneous Visualization of Phase Separation and Crystallization in PHB/PLLA Blends with In Situ ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Sergei G. Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Harumi Sato
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Tsurukabuto 3-11, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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12
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Watanabe R, Sugahara A, Hagihara H, Mizukado J, Shinzawa H. Molecular-Scale Deformation of Polypropylene/Silica Composites Probed by Rheo-Optical Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Imaging Analysis Combined with Disrelation Mapping. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12160-12167. [PMID: 32786446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel rheo-optical Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) imaging technique that can probe the molecular-scale deformation behavior of a polymer matrix in composite materials. This rheo-optical FTIR imaging is based on in situ-polarized FTIR imaging of a polymer sample while it is being deformed by mechanical force. This imaging technique readily captures the orientation of the polymer molecules resulting from the applied strain. Analysis of the resulting FTIR imaging data by disrelation mapping makes it possible to further elucidate subtle but pertinent spectral variations arising from changes in the state of molecules within the spectroscopic images. In this study, the rheo-optical FTIR imaging is applied to analysis of the deformation behaviors of a composite composed of polypropylene containing hydroxyl groups (PPOH) and silica spheres (SS) to investigate matrix-filler adhesion of the composite. Our rheo-optical FTIR imaging analysis revealed selective inhibition of PPOH orientation at the matrix-filler interface during tensile deformation due to high matrix-filler adhesion via hydrogen bonding. The strong link between the PPOH matrix and SS filler efficiently restricts mobility of the matrix, resulting in the reinforcement of PPOH by addition of SS. Rheo-optical FTIR imaging is an effective tool for probing localized deformation behavior at the matrix-filler interface as well as achieving a better understanding of the correlation between matrix-filler adhesion and the effective reinforcement of composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Watanabe
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Aki Sugahara
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hagihara
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Junji Mizukado
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Shinzawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
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13
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Rasskazov IL, Singh R, Carney PS, Bhargava R. Extended Multiplicative Signal Correction for Infrared Microspectroscopy of Heterogeneous Samples with Cylindrical Domains. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 73:859-869. [PMID: 31149835 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819844528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Optical scattering corrections are invoked to computationally distinguish between scattering and absorption contributions to recorded data in infrared (IR) microscopy, with a goal to obtain an absorption spectrum that is relatively free of the effects of sample morphology. Here, we present a modification of the extended multiplicative signal correction (EMSC) approach that allows for spectral recovery from fibers and cylindrical domains in heterogeneous samples. The developed theoretical approach is based on exact Mie theory for infinite cylinders. Although rigorous Mie theory implies utilization of comprehensive and time-consuming calculations, we propose to change the workflow of the original EMSC algorithm to minimize extensive calculations for each recorded spectrum at each iteration step. This makes the modified EMSC approach practical for routine use. First, we tested our approach using synthetic data derived from a rigorous model of scattering from cylinders in an IR microscope. Second, we applied the approach to Fourier transform IR (FT-IR) microspectroscopy data recorded from filamentous fungal and cellulose samples with pronounced fiber-like shapes. While the corrected spectra show greatly reduced baseline offsets and consistency, strongly absorbing regions of the spectrum require further refinement. The modified EMSC algorithm broadly mitigates the effects of scattering, offering a practical approach to more consistent and accurate spectra from cylindrical objects or heterogeneous samples with cylindrical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia L Rasskazov
- 1 The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Rajveer Singh
- 2 Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- 3 Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P Scott Carney
- 1 The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- 2 Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- 4 Departments of Bioengineering, Electrical & Computer Engineering, Chemistry, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Mechanical Science and Engineering, Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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15
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Analysis of molecular orientation in polymeric spherulite using polarized micro attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic imaging. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1065:79-89. [PMID: 31005154 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Micro ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging enables the visualization of two-dimensional chemical distribution at a higher spatial resolution than macro-transmission FTIR imaging approach. In this study, micro ATR-FTIR imaging was applied for analysis of a specific morphology in a spherulite of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). The PHB spherulites crystallized at an isothermal condition, showed the fine band structure due to the twisting lamellar crystals during the spherulite growth under the polarized optical microscope (POM). In addition, the band structure observed in the PHB spherulite was the double band pattern in which the higher and lower birefringence banded areas alternatively appear due to the three-dimensional orientation of crystallographic axes and the biaxial refractive index ellipsoid of PHB crystalline structure. Micro ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging was employed for detecting the double band structure in the PHB spherulite. However, the obtained spectral images did not indicate any band structures. To detect the difference of molecular orientation among the double band structures, the micro ATR-FTIR imaging was performed with a linear polarizer at four different angles. The mean values of absorbance in each measured area changed depending on the polarizer angle. The in-plane molecular orientation to the tangential direction of spherulite, caused by the dependence of the average absorbance on the polarizer angles, was determined by the position of measured area in the spherulite and the linear dicroism of each of the spectral band used. To visualize the small difference of molecular orientation in the double band structure, micro ATR-FTIR images of the dichroic differences at three spectral bands were calculated from two different sets of polarizer angles. The micro ATR-FTIR images representing the dichroic differences displayed their corresponding distributions among three spectral bands. The complementary distributions of the dichroic difference were caused by the crystallographic orientation of b- and c-axes and were successfully visualized to reveal the pattern with the features less than 10 μm in size. The results achieved in this study were due to two advantages of the polarized micro ATR-FTIR imaging: the high spatial resolution of micro ATR-FTIR imaging technique, and the high sensitivity of polarization measurements. Thus, this work demonstrates the power of this spectroscopic approach for such analytical investigation.
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17
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Zhao YB, Lv XD, Ni HG. Solvent-based separation and recycling of waste plastics: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:707-720. [PMID: 29960198 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the creation of first man-made plastic, the global production and consumption of plastics have been continuously increasing. However, because plastic materials are durable and very slow to degrade, they become waste with high staying power. The over-consumption, disposal, and littering of plastics result in pollution, thus causing serious environmental consequences. To date, only a fraction of waste plastics is reused and recycled. In fact, recycling plastics remains a great challenge because of technical challenges and relatively insufficient profits, especially in mixed plastics. This review focuses on an environmentally friendly and potentially profitable method for plastics separation and recovery and solvents extraction. It includes the dissolution/reprecipitation method and supercritical fluid extraction, which produce high-quality recovered plastics comparable to virgin materials. These methods are summarized and discussed taking mass-produced plastics (PS, PC, Polyolefins, PET, ABS, and PVC) as examples. To exploit the method, the quality and efficiency of solvent extraction are elaborated. By eliminating these technical challenges, the solvent extraction method is becoming more promising and sustainable for plastic issues and polymer markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Bo Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xu-Dong Lv
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Hong-Gang Ni
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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18
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Zhao J, Wang Z, Wang H, Zhou G. Novel poly(aryl ether nitrile ketone) foams and the influence of copolymer structure on the foaming result. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Jilin China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Jilin China
| | - Honghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Jilin China
| | - Guangyuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Jilin China
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19
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Angelini G, Gasbarri C, Kazarian SG. Pluronic L121, BMIM BF4 and PEG-400 comparison to identify the best solvent for CO2 sorption. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.02.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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20
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Ewing AV, Kazarian SG. Current trends and opportunities for the applications of in situ vibrational spectroscopy to investigate the supercritical fluid processing of polymers. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Michelino F, Gebrekidan MT, Zambon A, Vetralla M, Braeuer AS, Spilimbergo S. In situ Raman-analysis of supercritical carbon dioxide drying applied to acellular esophageal matrix. J Supercrit Fluids 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Rasskazov IL, Spegazzini N, Carney PS, Bhargava R. Dielectric Sphere Clusters as a Model to Understand Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging Data Recorded from Complex Samples. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10813-10818. [PMID: 28895722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the infrared (IR) spectral response of materials as a function of their morphology is not only of fundamental importance but also of contemporary practical need in the analysis of biological and synthetic materials. While significant work has recently been reported in understanding the spectra of particles with well-defined geometries, we report here on samples that consist of collections of particles. First, we theoretically model the importance of multiple scattering effects and computationally predict the impact of local particles' environment on the recorded IR spectra. Both monodisperse and polydisperse particles are considered in clusters with various degrees of packing. We show that recorded spectra are highly dependent on the cluster morphology and size of particles but the origin of this dependence is largely due to the scattering that depends on morphology and not absorbance that largely depends on the volume of material. The effect of polydispersity is to reduce the fine scattering features in the spectrum, resulting in a closer resemblance to bulk spectra. Fourier transform-IR (FT-IR) spectra of clusters of electromagnetically coupled poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) spheres with wavelength-scale diameters were recorded and compared to simulated results. Measured spectra agreed well with those predicted. Of note, when PMMA spheres occupy a volume greater than 18% of the focal volume, the recorded IR spectrum becomes almost independent of the cluster's morphological changes. This threshold, where absorbance starts to dominate the signal, exactly matches the percolation threshold for hard spheres and quantifies the transition between the single particle and bulk behavior. Our finding enables an understanding of the spectral response of structured samples and points to appropriate models for recovering accurate chemical information from in IR microspectroscopy data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia L Rasskazov
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nicolas Spegazzini
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - P Scott Carney
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Departments of Bioengineering, Chemistry, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Li Q, Tang Y, Yan Z, Zhang P. Identification of trace additives in polymer materials by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared mapping coupled with multivariate curve resolution. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 180:154-160. [PMID: 28284161 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although multivariate curve resolution (MCR) has been applied to the analysis of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging, it is still problematic to determine the number of components. The reported methods at present tend to cause the components of low concentration missed. In this paper a new idea was proposed to resolve this problem. First, MCR calculation was repeated by increasing the number of components sequentially, then each retrieved pure spectrum of as-resulted MCR component was directly compared with a real-world pixel spectrum of the local high concentration in the corresponding MCR map. One component was affirmed only if the characteristic bands of the MCR component had been included in its pixel spectrum. This idea was applied to attenuated total reflection (ATR)/FTIR mapping for identifying the trace additives in blind polymer materials and satisfactory results were acquired. The successful demonstration of this novel approach opens up new possibilities for analyzing additives in polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Analysis and Test Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yongjiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Analysis and Test Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhiwei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Analysis and Test Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pudun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Analysis and Test Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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Shinzawa H, Mizukado J, Kazarian SG. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopic Imaging Analysis of Partially Miscible PMMA-PEG Blends Using Two-Dimensional Disrelation Mapping. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:1189-1197. [PMID: 27680085 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816670917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel technique called disrelation spectroscopic imaging describes the process of identifying an area where a coordinated or out-of-phase change in pattern of spectral absorbance occurs. Disrelation mapping can be viewed as a spatial filter based on the well-established two-dimensional (2D) correlation function to highlight specific areas where disrelated variation occurs between ν1 and ν2. Disrelation intensity develops only if the spectral absorbance measured at ν1 and ν2 vary out of phase with each other within a specific spatial area. The disrelation mapping locates regions where absorbance varies in a dissimilar manner because of the contribution from species of different physical or chemical origins. Consequently, it becomes possible to probe onset of molecular interactions or presence of intermediate forms between components, which is not fully detected by the conventional visualizations based on a single wavenumber. Data analysis using disrelation mapping applied to Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic images is presented in this study. Data sets of FT-IR spectroscopic images of blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were subjected to the disrelation mapping. It was found that the disrelation intensity between 1730 and 1714 cm-1 becomes especially acute around the spatial boundary between PMMA and PEG domains within the studied blend sample. Thus the band at 1730 cm-1 most likely represents the C=O stretching mode of the C=O···H-O species due to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between PMMA and PEG. The appearance of such disrelation is more noticeable in the PEG-rich region, for the PEG with low molecular weight. Consequently, it suggests that the blends of PMMA and PEG are partially miscible at the molecular level and these intermolecular interactions are affected by the quantity of the terminal -OH groups of the PEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Shinzawa
- 1 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan
- 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Junji Mizukado
- 1 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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25
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Shinzawa H, Turner B, Mizukado J, Kazarian SG. Protein hydration in living cells probed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging. Analyst 2017; 142:2475-2483. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00337d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
FT-IR spectra of a HEK cell were analyzed with 2D disrelation mapping to reveal molecular states of water and protein hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Shinzawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Imperial College London
- UK
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Japan
| | - B. Turner
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Imperial College London
- UK
| | - J. Mizukado
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Japan
| | - S. G. Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Imperial College London
- UK
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26
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Lanzarotta A. Approximating the detection limit of an infrared spectroscopic imaging microscope operating in an attenuated total reflection (ATR) modality: theoretical and empirical results for an instrument using a linear array detector and a 1.5 millimeter germanium hemisphere internal reflection element. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 69:205-214. [PMID: 25588210 DOI: 10.1366/14-07538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical and empirical detection limits have been estimated for aripiprazole (analyte) in alpha lactose monohydrate (matrix model pharmaceutical formulation) using a micro-attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging instrument equipped with a linear array detector and a 1.5 mm germanium hemisphere internal reflection element (IRE). The instrument yielded a theoretical detection limit of 0.0035% (35 parts per million (ppm)) when operating under diffraction-limited conditions, which was 49 times lower than what was achieved with a traditional macro-ATR instrument operating under practical conditions (0.17%, 1700 ppm). However, these results may not be achievable for most analyses because the detection limits will be particle size limited, rather than diffraction limited, for mixtures with average particle diameters greater than 8.3 μm (most pharmaceutical samples). For example, a theoretical detection limit of 0.028% (280 ppm) was calculated for an experiment operating under particle size-limited conditions where the average particle size was 23.4 μm. These conditions yielded a detection limit of 0.022% (220 ppm) when measured empirically, which was close to the theoretical value and only eight times lower than that of a faster, more simplistic macro-ATR instrument. Considering the longer data acquisition and processing times characteristic of the micro-ATR imaging approach (minutes or even hours versus seconds), the cost-benefit ratio may not often be favorable for the analysis of analytes in matrices that exhibit only a few overlapping absorptions (low-interfering matrices such as alpha lactose monohydrate) using this technique compared to what can be achieved using macro-ATR. However, the advantage was significant for detecting analytes in more complex matrices (those that exhibited several overlapping absorptions with the analyte) because the detection limit of the macro-ATR approach was highly formulation dependent while that of the micro-ATR imaging technique was not. As a result, the micro-ATR imaging technique is expected to be more valuable than macro-ATR for detecting analytes in high-interfering matrices and in products with unknown ingredients (e.g., illicit tablets, counterfeit tablets, and unknown powders).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lanzarotta
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Forensic Chemistry Center, 6751 Steger Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45237 USA
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Gabrienko AA, Subramani V, Martyanov ON, Kazarian SG. Correlation between Asphaltene Stability in n-Heptane and Crude Oil Composition Revealed with In Situ Chemical Imaging. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1260/0263-6174.32.4.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anton A. Gabrienko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Velu Subramani
- BP Products North America, Inc. Refining and Logistics Technology, Naperville, IL 60563, USA
| | - Oleg N. Martyanov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Akademika Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei G. Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Hikima Y, Morikawa J, Hashimoto T. Wavenumber Dependence of FT-IR Image of Molecular Orientation in Banded Spherulites of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and Poly(l-lactic acid). Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma302560q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Hikima
- Tokyo Institute Technology, 2-12-1, S8-29, Ookayama,
Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Junko Morikawa
- Tokyo Institute Technology, 2-12-1, S8-29, Ookayama,
Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Hashimoto
- Tokyo Institute Technology, 2-12-1, S8-29, Ookayama,
Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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29
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Unger M, Sato H, Ozaki Y, Fischer D, Siesler HW. Temperature-dependent Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman mapping spectroscopy of phase-separation in a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-poly(L-lactic acid) blend. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 67:141-148. [PMID: 23622432 DOI: 10.1366/12-06712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Variable-temperature Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopic mapping measurements were applied to study the phase separation of a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)-poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) (50 : 50 wt.%) polymer-blend film as a function of temperature between 25 and 175 °C. Because of the better band separation compared with the fundamental absorptions, the first overtones of the ν(C=O) bands of PHB and PLA were used to evaluate the temperature-dependent FT-IR images as PLA-PHB and PHB-PLA band-ratio contour plots, respectively. From the visualization of the band-ratio FT-IR images, it could be derived that even beyond the melting point of PLA (145 °C), the lateral position and the geometry of the PHB-rich and PLA-rich phases were retained up to 165 °C. Furthermore, the FT-IR images derived during and after the melting of PHB (174 °C) provided an interesting insight into the homogenization process of the polymer melt. By exploiting its higher lateral resolution, valuable additional information became available from the Raman mapping measurements. Based on the Raman data, the scenario of phase-separated PHB-rich and PLA-rich domains of about 50 μm size, based on the FT-IR imaging measurements, had to be revised. Instead, the originally interpreted PHB-rich and PLA-rich domains are actually clusters of much smaller grains. Additionally, the Raman images measured in the same temperature interval revealed that the clusters of small PHB-rich grain structures aggregated as a function of temperature increase. These investigations prove that FT-IR and Raman imaging in combination with variable-temperature measurements can provide new (and so far unavailable) insights into structural phenomena of phase-separated polymer blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Unger
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda 669-1337, Japan.
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Suttiwijitpukdee N, Sato H, Unger M, Ozaki Y. Effects of Hydrogen Bond Intermolecular Interactions on the Crystal Spherulite of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Blends: Studied by FT-IR and FT-NIR Imaging Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201598s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nattaporn Suttiwijitpukdee
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology and Research Center
for Environment Friendly Polymers, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Sanda 669-1337, Japan
| | - Harumi Sato
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology and Research Center
for Environment Friendly Polymers, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Sanda 669-1337, Japan
| | - Miriam Unger
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology and Research Center
for Environment Friendly Polymers, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Sanda 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology and Research Center
for Environment Friendly Polymers, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Sanda 669-1337, Japan
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31
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Cai X, Hu B, Sun T, Kelly KF, Baldelli S. Sum frequency generation-compressive sensing microscope. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:194202. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3660202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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32
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Di Noto V, Vezzù K, Giffin GA, Conti F, Bertucco A. Effect of High Pressure CO2 on the Structure of PMMA: A FT-IR Study. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:13519-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jp207917n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Di Noto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technology of the CNR of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Keti Vezzù
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, University of Venezia, via Dorsoduro 2137, I-30123 Venezia, Italy
| | - Guinevere A. Giffin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Fosca Conti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Bertucco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
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33
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Blends of cellulose and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) prepared from the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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Hikima Y, Morikawa J, Hashimoto T. FT-IR Image Processing Algorithms for In-Plane Orientation Function and Azimuth Angle of Uniaxially Drawn Polyethylene Composite Film. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2003129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Hikima
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Junko Morikawa
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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35
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36
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Xu L, Zhang X, Yang H, Li X, Li C, Zhang S. Vesicle formation of polystyrene-block-poly (ethylene oxide) block copolymers induced by supercritical CO2 treatment. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Merten C, Kowalik T, Aßhoff SJ, Hartwig A. FTIR Imaging of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and Isotactic Poly(propylene oxide) Spherulites. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Kazarian SG, Chan KLA. Micro- and macro-attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging. Plenary Lecture at the 5th International Conference on Advanced Vibrational Spectroscopy, 2009, Melbourne, Australia. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 64:135A-152A. [PMID: 20482963 DOI: 10.1366/000370210791211673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging has become a very powerful method in chemical analysis. In this review paper we describe a variety of opportunities for obtaining FT-IR images using the attenuated total reflection (ATR) approach and provide an overview of fundamental aspects, accessories, and applications in both micro- and macro-ATR imaging modes. The advantages and versatility of both ATR imaging modes are discussed and the spatial resolution of micro-ATR imaging is demonstrated. Micro-ATR imaging has opened up many new areas of study that were previously precluded by inadequate spatial resolution (polymer blends, pharmaceutical tablets, cross-sections of blood vessels or hair, surface of skin, single live cells, cancerous tissues). Recent applications of ATR imaging in polymer research, biomedical and forensic sciences, objects of cultural heritage, and other complex materials are outlined. The latest advances include obtaining spatially resolved chemical images from different depths within a sample, and surface-enhanced images for macro-ATR imaging have also been presented. Macro-ATR imaging is a valuable approach for high-throughput analysis of materials under controlled environments. Opportunities exist for chemical imaging of dynamic aqueous systems, such as dissolution, diffusion, microfluidics, or imaging of dynamic processes in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, England
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39
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López-Periago A, Argemí A, Andanson J, Fernández V, García-González C, Kazarian S, Saurina J, Domingo C. Impregnation of a biocompatible polymer aided by supercritical CO2: Evaluation of drug stability and drug–matrix interactions. J Supercrit Fluids 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2008.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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41
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Chan KLA, Kazarian SG. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared imaging of large areas using inverted prism crystals and combining imaging and mapping. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 62:1095-1101. [PMID: 18926018 DOI: 10.1366/000370208786049042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FT-IR) imaging is a very useful tool for capturing chemical images of various materials due to the simple sample preparation and the ability to measure wet samples or samples in an aqueous environment. However, the size of the array detector used for image acquisition is often limited and there is usually a trade off between spatial resolution and the field of view (FOV). The combination of mapping and imaging can be used to acquire images with a larger FOV without sacrificing spatial resolution. Previous attempts have demonstrated this using an infrared microscope and a Germanium hemispherical ATR crystal to achieve images of up to 2.5 mm x 2.5 mm but with varying spatial resolution and depth of penetration across the imaged area. In this paper, we demonstrate a combination of mapping and imaging with a different approach using an external optics housing for large ATR accessories and inverted ATR prisms to achieve ATR-FT-IR images with a large FOV and reasonable spatial resolution. The results have shown that a FOV of 10 mm x 14 mm can be obtained with a spatial resolution of approximately 40-60 microm when using an accessory that gives no magnification. A FOV of 1.3 mm x 1.3 mm can be obtained with spatial resolution of approximately 15-20 microm when using a diamond ATR imaging accessory with 4x magnification. No significant change in image quality such as spatial resolution or depth of penetration has been observed across the whole FOV with this method and the measurement time was approximately 15 minutes for an image consisting of 16 image tiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Andrew Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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42
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Chan KLA, Tay FH, Poulter G, Kazarian SG. Chemical imaging with variable angles of incidence using a diamond attenuated total reflection accessory. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 62:1102-1107. [PMID: 18926019 DOI: 10.1366/000370208786049222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A new development in Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging using a diamond attenuated total reflection (ATR) imaging accessory in a novel manner that allows the angle of incidence to be varied in order to obtain images from subsurface layers of different thickness is introduced. Chemical images of samples from the same area but with different depths of penetration are obtained by changing the angle of incidence as well as using different spectral bands at different wavenumbers. Changes in the angle of incidence with this accessory were made possible by taking advantage of the relatively large numerical aperture employed by the original imaging optics. This arrangement allowed us to introduce an additional movable aperture in the optical design to restrict the angle of incidence to certain values. Two samples have been studied, one for the calibration of the angle of incidence while the other demonstrates the capability of obtaining three-dimensional (3D) information using this approach. Advantages of this new approach include the relatively high spatial resolution (it can spatially resolve features as small as 12 mum without a microscope) and no change in the imaging area and sampling area during manipulation of the angle of incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Andrew Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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43
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Vega-González A, Subra-Paternault P, López-Periago AM, García-González CA, Domingo C. Supercritical CO2 antisolvent precipitation of polymer networks of l-PLA, PMMA and PMMA/PCL blends for biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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44
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Dehghani F, Annabi N, Valtchev P, Mithieux SM, Weiss AS, Kazarian SG, Tay FH. Effect of Dense Gas CO2 on the Coacervation of Elastin. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:1100-5. [DOI: 10.1021/bm700891b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nasim Annabi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Valtchev
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne M. Mithieux
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S. Weiss
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei G. Kazarian
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Feng H. Tay
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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45
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Vogel C, Wessel E, Siesler HW. FT-IR imaging spectroscopy of phase separation in blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) with poly(L-lactic acid) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone). Biomacromolecules 2007; 9:523-7. [PMID: 18163580 DOI: 10.1021/bm701035p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The detection of phase separation and identification of miscibility in biopolymer blends is an important aspect for the improvement of their physical properties. In this article, the phase separation in blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) with poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL), respectively, has been studied as a function of the blend composition by FT-IR imaging spectroscopy. For both polymer blend systems, a miscibility gap has been found around the 50:50% (w/w) composition of the two components. Furthermore, the separating phases have been identified as blends of the two polymer components and their compositions could be determined from calibrations based on the spectra of the blends in the compositional range of miscibility. The data derived from FT-IR spectroscopic imaging were corroborated by additional DSC analyses and mechanical stress-strain measurements of polymer blend films, which exhibited a characteristic fracture behavior as a function of PHB composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vogel
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Schuetzenbahn 70, D-45117 Essen, Germany
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46
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Tominaga Y, Asai S, Sumita M. Relation between Ionic Conductivity and Solubility of CO2 in Pressurized Solid Polymer Electrolytes. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0624402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Tominaga
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Shigeo Asai
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masao Sumita
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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47
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Chan KLA, Kazarian SG. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared imaging with variable angles of incidence: a three-dimensional profiling of heterogeneous materials. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 61:48-54. [PMID: 17311716 DOI: 10.1366/000370207779701415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Depth profiling in Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging has been demonstrated using a single reflection variable angle attenuated total reflection (ATR) accessory. Chemical information about samples can be obtained in three dimensions by acquiring ATR-FT-IR images at different angles of incidence through the ATR crystal. The image quality and field of view achieved at different angles of incidence has been discussed. A polymer film comprising two layers has been used as an example to demonstrate the principle of the measurement. The demonstrated approach is a promising tool to obtain depth profiles of heterogeneous materials. The extent of the measured depths is limited and ranges from approximately 0.3 to 4 microm, but the spatial resolution in the z-direction is not limited by diffraction. The development of this approach opens up the possibility to study the spatial heterogeneity of thin films including biological tissues, such as hair and skin, with high depth resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Andrew Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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48
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Wessel E, Heinsohn G, Schmidt-Lewerkuehne H, Wittern KP, Rapp C, Siesler HW. Observation of a penetration depth gradient in attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging applications. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 60:1488-92. [PMID: 17217601 DOI: 10.1366/000370206779321391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Wessel
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Unnastrasse 48, D-20253 Hamburg, Germany.
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49
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Kazarian SG, Chan KLA. Applications of ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging to biomedical samples. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:858-67. [PMID: 16566893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 02/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
FTIR spectroscopic imaging in ATR (Attenuated Total Reflection) mode is a powerful tool for studying biomedical samples. This paper summarises recent advances in the applications of ATR-FTIR imaging to dissolution of pharmaceutical formulations and drug release. The use of two different ATR accessories to obtain chemical images of formulations in contact with water as a function of time is demonstrated. The innovative use of the diamond ATR accessory allowed in situ imaging of tablet compaction and dissolution. ATR-FTIR imaging was also applied to obtain images of the surface of skin and the spatial distribution of protein and lipid rich domains was obtained. Chemical images of cross-section of rabbit aorta were obtained using a diamond ATR accessory and the possibility of in situ imaging of arterial samples in contact with aqueous solution was demonstrated for the first time. This experiment opens an opportunity to image arterial samples in contact with solutions containing drug molecules. This approach may help in understanding the mechanisms of treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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50
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Fleming OS, Chan KA, Kazarian SG. High-pressure CO2-enhanced polymer interdiffusion and dissolution studied with in situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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