1
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Duncan AM, Akutagawa K, Ramier JL, Busfield JJC. Improved Dual Network Model for Aging of Rubber Composites under Set Strains. Macromolecules 2023; 56:6704-6711. [PMID: 37720561 PMCID: PMC10501203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
A new model is presented to predict rubber behavior during chemical aging at fixed strains. The model is validated using a carbon black-filled nitrile butadiene rubber aged in air at 125 °C. The model improves upon Tobolsky's dual network theory, designed for unfilled elastomers undergoing conventional aging but which has also often been used in rubber composites undergoing more complex aging scenarios. This work explores the shortcomings of the original model and demonstrates how the new model overcomes them. The model was validated using uniaxial tensile samples aged at 125 °C for 24-72 h at strains from 0-30%. The permanent set was measured, and the samples were tested on an Instron uniaxial test machine after aging. The cross-link density was estimated by equilibrium swelling. Results show that the new model more accurately models the stress-strain behavior to higher strains and provides more reliable estimates of chain scission and cross-linking after aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Duncan
- School
of Engineering and Material Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - Keizo Akutagawa
- School
of Engineering and Material Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | | | - James J. C. Busfield
- School
of Engineering and Material Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.
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2
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Zhao S, Jie X, Ma Z, Wang Z, Zhang J, Li Y, Nie Q, Ma Y. Preparation of Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rubber and Biofuel Ethanol Simultaneously by the Yeast Fermentation Process. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:24185-24197. [PMID: 37457490 PMCID: PMC10339325 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Taraxacum kok-saghyz(TKS) rubber is considered the most ideal alternative source of natural rubber (NR). Extracting rubber from TKS with high quality, low cost, and low pollution is the basis of commercial development. The TKS roots were subjected to morphological observation and detailed compositional analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirm that rubber filaments are physically entangled with plant tissues due to differences in molecular polarity. Compared with the traditional solvent TKS rubber extraction process, a new rubber extraction process developed in this study, namely, the microbial extraction (″ME″) process, is less harmful to the environment and lower in cost. The ″ME″ process is divided into three steps: dilute acid pretreatment process, enzyme degradation process, and fermentation process. After each step is completed, the purity of TKS rubber will gradually increase from 84.8% to 93.8 to 95.5%. The TKS rubber finally obtained fully meets the requirements of the traditional rubber industry, especially the tire industry. Besides, the yield of biofuel ethanol, a by-product of cellulose fermentation, reaches 2.05 g/100 g of TKS roots (dry weight), which can effectively reduce the production cost of TKS rubber. In the rubber extraction process, microorganisms have little effect on the quality of TKS rubber. The results show that the molecular weight and chemical structure of TKS rubber is very close to NR, so the ″ME″ process can be used as a new method for large-scale extraction of TKS rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhao
- Center
of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science &
Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiang Jie
- Center
of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science &
Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Center
of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science &
Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- College
of Life Science and Technology, Beijing
University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jichuan Zhang
- Center
of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science &
Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Energy
Conservation and Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center
of Elastomer Materials, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yushi Li
- Shandong
Linglong Tyre Co., Ltd, Zhaoyuan 265406, China
| | - Qiuhai Nie
- Shandong
Linglong Tyre Co., Ltd, Zhaoyuan 265406, China
| | - Yong Ma
- Shandong
Linglong Tyre Co., Ltd, Zhaoyuan 265406, China
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3
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Experimental data and development of Weibull distribution model for relative dynamic modulus profile of PMMA/TiO2 polymer nanocomposites. INTERNATIONAL NANO LETTERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40089-023-00400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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4
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Osaka N, Takeda N, Adachi M, Okufuji M, Osaka R. Miscibility, Hierarchical Structures, and Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Acrylic Rubber by the Formation of a Chemically and Physically Crosslinked Partially Miscible Interpenetrating Polymer Network with Poly(vinylidene fluoride). Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Osaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho,
Kita-ku, Okayama700-0005, Japan
| | - Natsuko Takeda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho,
Kita-ku, Okayama700-0005, Japan
| | - Maki Adachi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho,
Kita-ku, Okayama700-0005, Japan
| | - Misaki Okufuji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho,
Kita-ku, Okayama700-0005, Japan
| | - Rikuto Osaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho,
Kita-ku, Okayama700-0005, Japan
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5
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Femina G, de Ballesteros OR, Urciuoli G, van Duin M, Gögelein C, Tammaro D, Sotta P, Auriemma F. X-ray diffraction study of strain-induced crystallization of hydrogenated nitrile-butadiene rubbers: Effect of crosslink density. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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6
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Kruželák J, Kvasničáková A, Dosoudil R, Hudec I, Vilčáková J. Influence of curing system composition and aging on the performance of rubber magnets based on NBR and EPDM. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ján Kruželák
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Kvasničáková
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Rastislav Dosoudil
- Department of Electromagnetic Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Hudec
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jarmila Vilčáková
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Zlín, Czech Republic
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7
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Wei B, Yu C, Bai Y, Liu L, He J. Preparation Optimization of CFRP and EPDM Composite by the Co-Curing Method. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:503. [PMID: 36676238 PMCID: PMC9865802 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As the requirements of aerospace technology become more rigorous, the performance of solid rocket motor (SRM) cases needs to be further optimized. In the present study, a co-curing technique was used to fabricate carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)/ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) composites whereby the properties of CFRP/EPDM composites were adjusted by varying the temperature, heating time and type of vulcanizing agent to obtain the optimum manufacturing process. The results of crosslink density (3.459 × 10-4 mol/cm3) tested by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), a 90° peel strength test (2.342 N/mm), and an interlaminar shear test (ILSS = 82.08 MPa) demonstrated that the optimum mechanical properties of composites were obtained under the temperature 160 °C heated for 20 min with the curing agent DCP/S. The interfacial phase and bonding mechanism of composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) further indicated that EPDM/DCP/S had favorable thermal stability. This will provide valuable recommendations for the optimization of the SRM shell preparation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binxiao Wei
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Wuxi HIT New Material Research Institute Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214183, China
| | - Chen Yu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yongping Bai
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Wuxi HIT New Material Research Institute Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214183, China
| | - Li Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jinmei He
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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8
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Posadas P, Valentín JL, Benavente R, Blázquez-Blázquez E, Urtiaga A, Álvarez JA, Cerrada ML. Crosslinked networks in electron beam irradiated polyethylenes evaluated by proton low-field NMR spectroscopy. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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9
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Zhong X, Song Y, Zheng Q. Payne effect and Mullins effect of silica filled butadiene rubber nanocomposites vulcanizates and their unextractable gels. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Thermodynamics incompatibility-driven covalent crosslinking network in situ phase separation from biomimetic design. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Huang YT, Zhou Y, Yu WW, Liao S, Luo MC. Nonprestretching double-network enabled by physical interaction-induced aggregation. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Pérez-Campos R, Fayos-Fernández J, Monzó-Cabrera J, Martín Salamanca F, López Valentín J, Catalá-Civera JM, Plaza-González P, Sánchez-Marín JR. Dynamic Permittivity Measurement of Ground-Tire Rubber (GTR) during Microwave-Assisted Devulcanization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173543. [PMID: 36080618 PMCID: PMC9460287 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many efforts are being made to find innovative ways of recycling rubber from end-of-life tires (ELTs), also called ground tire Rubber (GTR). Recycling through devulcanization allows the reintroduction of rubber back into the manufacturing industry. Such a process requires providing enough energy to break the sulfur links, while preventing damage to the polymeric chain. Microwave heating is controllable, efficient, and it does not rely on conventional heating mechanisms (conduction, convection) which may involve high heating losses, but rather on direct dielectric heating. However, to adequately control the microwave-assisted devulcanization performance, a thorough knowledge of the GTR permittivity versus temperature is required. In this work, GTR permittivity was monitored during its devulcanization. A resonant technique based on a dual-mode cylindrical cavity was used to simultaneously heat rubber and measure its permittivity at around 2 GHz. The results show sharp changes in the GTR permittivity at 160 and 190 °C. After the GTR cooled down, a shifted permittivity evidences a change in the GTR structure caused by the devulcanization process. Microwave-assisted devulcanization effectiveness is proven through time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements, by verifying the decrease in the cross-link density of processed GTR samples compared to the original sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pérez-Campos
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - José Fayos-Fernández
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), 30202 Cartagena, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-968-326-595
| | - Juan Monzó-Cabrera
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín Salamanca
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan López Valentín
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Catalá-Civera
- Instituto de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Plaza-González
- Instituto de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Rafael Sánchez-Marín
- Instituto de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
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13
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Le Cam JB, Tayeb A, Charlès S. First evidence and characterization of strain-induced crystallization heterogeneity in natural rubber under homogeneous strain states. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Chiari L, Nippa M, Ikeda Y, Sato T, Tsujimoto Y, Kato A, Chiba N, Fujinami M. Free volume in carbon‐black‐filled isoprene rubber investigated by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Chiari
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Madoka Nippa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Yuko Ikeda
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Kyoto Institute of Technology Kyoto Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology Kyoto Japan
| | - Yuji Tsujimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology Kyoto Japan
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Phenomenon Analysis Department NISSAN ARC, LTD Yokosuka Japan
| | - Naomichi Chiba
- Functional Analysis Department NISSAN ARC, LTD Yokosuka Japan
| | - Masanori Fujinami
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Chiba University Chiba Japan
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15
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Application of Sulfur and Peroxide Curing Systems for Cross-Linking of Rubber Composites Filled with Calcium Lignosulfonate. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091921. [PMID: 35567090 PMCID: PMC9103945 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium lignosulfonate in different loadings was applied to the rubber matrix based on EPDM. A sulfur curing system, organic peroxide, and a combination of organic peroxide with two coagent types were used for cross-linking of rubber compounds. The work was focused on the investigation of filler content and curing system composition in the curing process, cross-link density, morphology, and physical–mechanical properties of composites. The achieved results demonstrated that the curing parameters of rubber compounds cured with the sulfur system were significantly different from those cured with peroxide systems. There was also an observed different influence of curing systems composition on cross link density, though in all cases, the degree of cross-linking showed a decreasing trend with increasing content of lignosulfonate. The tensile strength of the composites cured with sulfur system and organic peroxide was comparable, regardless of lignosulfonate loading. This points to the application of both curing systems in cross-linking of rubber compounds with biopolymer filler. However, the introduction of coagents in peroxide vulcanization led to the improvement of adhesion and compatibility between the rubber and the filler on the filler–rubber interface. This subsequently resulted in the improvement of the tensile characteristics of composites. The introduction of organic peroxide in combination with coagent seems to be a very simple and efficient way for the preparation of biopolymer-filled composites with applicable physical–mechanical properties.
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16
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Fang S, Wang J, Wu S, Yu S, Tang Z, Guo B. Heterogeneous network design strategy toward mechanically robust and recyclable elastomers. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Influence of Sulfur-Curing Conditions on the Dynamics and Crosslinking of Rubber Networks: A Time-Domain NMR Study. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040767. [PMID: 35215681 PMCID: PMC8880187 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of the structural and dynamic properties of rubber networks is of fundamental importance in rubber science and technology to design materials with optimized mechanical properties. In this work, natural and isoprene rubber networks obtained by curing at three different temperatures (140, 150, and 170 °C) and three different sulfur contents (1, 2, and 3 phr) in the presence of a 3 phr accelerator were studied using a combination of low-field time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) techniques, including 1H multiple-quantum experiments for the measurement of residual dipolar couplings (Dres), the application of the Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill pulse sequence for the measurement of the transverse magnetization decay and the extraction of 1H T2 relaxation times, and the use of field cycling NMR relaxometry for the determination of T1 relaxation times. The microscopic properties determined by TD-NMR experiments were discussed in comparison with the macroscopic properties obtained using equilibrium swelling, moving die rheometer, and calorimetric techniques. The obtained correlations between NMR observables, crosslink density values, maximum torque values, and glass transition temperatures provided insights into the effects of the vulcanization temperature and accelerator/sulfur ratio on the structure of the polymer networks, as well as on the effects of crosslinking on the segmental dynamics of elastomers. Dres and T2 were found to show linear correlations with the crosslink density determined by equilibrium swelling, while T1 depends on the local dynamics of polymer segments related to the glass transition, which is also affected by chemical modifications of the polymer chains occurring during vulcanization.
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18
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Andrade-Acuña D, Sanchez SA, González-Jiménez A, Valentin JL, Marcos-Fernández Á, Dahrouch M. Obtention of biocompatible hydrogels containing PEGs/silicon fatty blocks with potential use as A controlled release system. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Sotta P, Albouy PA, Abou Taha M, Moreaux B, Fayolle C. Crosslinked Elastomers: Structure-Property Relationships and Stress-Optical Law. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010009. [PMID: 35012035 PMCID: PMC8747717 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a combination of independent techniques in order to characterize crosslinked elastomers. We combine well-established macroscopic methods, such as rheological and mechanical experiments and equilibrium swelling measurements, a more advanced technique such as proton multiple-quantum NMR, and a new method to measure stress-induced segmental orientation by in situ tensile X-ray scattering. All of these techniques give access to the response of the elastomer network in relation to the crosslinking of the systems. Based on entropic elasticity theory, all these quantities are related to segmental orientation effects through the so-called stress-optical law. By means of the combination of these techniques, we investigate a set of unfilled sulfur-vulcanized styrene butadiene rubber elastomers with different levels of crosslinking. We validate that the results of all methods correlate very well. The relevance of this approach is that it can be applied in any elastomer materials, including materials representative of various industrial application, without prerequisite as regards, e.g., optical transparency or simplified formulation. Moreover, the approach may be used to study reinforcement effects in filled elastomers with nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Sotta
- Laboratoire Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, CNRS, UMR 5268, Solvay, F-69192 Saint-Fons, France;
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, INSA Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UJM, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Pierre-Antoine Albouy
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR 8502, F-91405 Orsay, France;
| | - Mohammad Abou Taha
- Laboratoire Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, CNRS, UMR 5268, Solvay, F-69192 Saint-Fons, France;
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, INSA Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UJM, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Benoit Moreaux
- Solvay Silica, F-69660 Collonges-au-Mont-d’Or, France; (B.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Caroline Fayolle
- Solvay Silica, F-69660 Collonges-au-Mont-d’Or, France; (B.M.); (C.F.)
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20
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Hebner TS, Fowler HE, Herbert KM, Skillin NP, Bowman CN, White TJ. Polymer Network Structure, Properties, and Formation of Liquid Crystalline Elastomers Prepared via Thiol–Acrylate Chain Transfer Reactions. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tayler S. Hebner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hayden E. Fowler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Katie M. Herbert
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Nathaniel P. Skillin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Timothy J. White
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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21
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Li Y, Yang J, Cheng H, Cai L, Ye K, Xia Z, Zhang Q, Wang D, Chen W. Network structure of swollen iodine-doped poly(vinyl alcohol) amorphous domain as characterized by low field NMR. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:8973-8981. [PMID: 34558595 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00988e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The network structure in the amorphous domain of swollen iodine-doped poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was systematically investigated by low-field (LF) NMR techniques to reveal the PVA-iodine complex formation mechanism. Three PVA-iodine complexes were obtained under different iodine concentrations (ciodine) of KI/I2 solution: (i) ciodine < 0.1 M: PVA-I3-/I5- complex only exists in the non-crystalline region, (ii) 0.1 M < ciodine < 1 M: formation of PVA-I3- complex I, and (iii) ciodine > 1 M: formation of PVA-I3- complex II. It was found that there is no intermediate-magnitude chain motion of PVA under dyeing conditions to induce the substance exchange, as evidenced by the unchanged second moment M2 (∼1.2 × 104 m s-2) at elevated temperature (<380 K). The introduction of iodine ions can affect the chain mobility of the interphase and mobile regions. With increasing ciodine, the chain dynamics become more restricted, as detected by the faster decay of the T2 relaxometry results, which further accelerates the complexation process. The residual dipolar coupling strength, Dres, obtained by the more quantitative double-quantum (DQ) NMR, increases abruptly at ciodine > 1 M. This suggests more constraints form in the amorphous network for the PVA-I3- complex II system. The constant defects fraction further reveals that the complexation prefers to happen along the tie chains. These results supply a possible formation pathway for the PVA-iodine complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Junsheng Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, and State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Linkun Cai
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, and State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ke Ye
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Zhijie Xia
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Qianlei Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Daoliang Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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22
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Xia Z, Zhao H, Wang Y, Ma Y, Wang X, Meng L, Wang D, Sheng J, Chen W. Chain dynamics and crystalline network structure of poly[ R-3-hydroxybutyrate- co-4-hydroxybutyrate] as revealed by solid-state NMR. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4195-4203. [PMID: 33881056 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02216k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The chain dynamics and crystalline network structure of poly[R-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate] (P(3HB-co-4HB)) were systematically investigated by the combination of various solid-state NMR techniques. High-resolution 13C cross-polarization (CP) and direct-polarization (DP) MAS with selective recycle delay times were first used to check the presence or absence of the 4HB unit in the crystalline domain. The results show that the 4HB unit is excluded from the crystalline domain. Afterward, 1H MAS Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy (NOESY) with different mixing times was used, which shows that no micro-phase separation exists in the amorphous domain. 1H magic-sandwich-echo (MSE)-FID at elevated temperature shows the absence of motions on a timescale of 100 μs and below in the crystalline domain, as evidenced by the invariant second moment M2 of the proton line shape. Finally, the crystalline based network density was characterized directly by magic and polarization echo (MAPE)-double quantum (DQ) NMR, which shows a significant decreasing tendency after 80 °C. Such a decreasing crystalline network density, together with the reduced relaxation time, results in the significant decrement of the maximum stretch ratio and modulus in the high-temperature region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Xia
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Haoyuan Zhao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Yusong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yiming Ma
- Center of Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lingpu Meng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Daoliang Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Junfang Sheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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23
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Yerxa M, Porter C, Pazur RJ. HEAT AGING OF A BROMOBUTYL TIRE INNER LINER UNDER AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.21.79941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A bromobutyl tire inner liner compound was prepared and subjected to aerobic and anaerobic heat aging at a temperature of 100 °C for seven aging times up to 8 weeks. Hardness and mechanical properties were monitored, and the evolution of the crosslink density was followed using equilibrium solvent swell and low field double quantum (DQ) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The hardness and the 300% tensile stress increased with heat aging, while both tensile strength and elongation at break dropped. Both chain scission and crosslinking reactions were taking place. Equilibrium swelling and DQ NMR results confirmed that a larger crosslink density increase was seen under aerobic versus anaerobic aging conditions. The network distribution consisting of a dominant low crosslinking zone and small areas of higher crosslinking slowly broadened and shifted toward higher crosslink densities upon heat aging. The compounds aged heterogeneously. Attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of an oxidized surface layer, and therefore diffusion-limited oxidation effects, but only under aerobic aging conditions. Reaction mechanisms are proposed to explain the net crosslink rise with heat aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Yerxa
- Department of National Defense, Quality Engineering Test Establishment, Polymer and Textile Science, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K2 Canada
| | - C. Porter
- Department of National Defense, Quality Engineering Test Establishment, Polymer and Textile Science, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K2 Canada
| | - R. J. Pazur
- Department of National Defense, Quality Engineering Test Establishment, Polymer and Textile Science, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K2 Canada
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24
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Bernal-Ortega P, Bernal MM, Blume A, González-Jiménez A, Posadas P, Navarro R, Valentín JL. Sulfur-Modified Carbon Nanotubes for the Development of Advanced Elastomeric Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:821. [PMID: 33800114 PMCID: PMC7962203 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The outstanding properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) present some limitations when introduced into rubber matrices, especially when these nano-particles are applied in high-performance tire tread compounds. Their tendency to agglomerate into bundles due to van der Waals interactions, the strong influence of CNT on the vulcanization process, and the adsorptive nature of filler-rubber interactions contribute to increase the energy dissipation phenomena on rubber-CNT compounds. Consequently, their expected performance in terms of rolling resistance is limited. To overcome these three important issues, the CNT have been surface-modified with oxygen-bearing groups and sulfur, resulting in an improvement in the key properties of these rubber compounds for their use in tire tread applications. A deep characterization of these new materials using functionalized CNT as filler was carried out by using a combination of mechanical, equilibrium swelling and low-field NMR experiments. The outcome of this research revealed that the formation of covalent bonds between the rubber matrix and the nano-particles by the introduction of sulfur at the CNT surface has positive effects on the viscoelastic behavior and the network structure of the rubber compounds, by a decrease of both the loss factor at 60 °C (rolling resistance) and the non-elastic defects, while increasing the crosslink density of the new compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Bernal-Ortega
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.P.); (R.N.)
- Department of Elastomer Technology and Engineering, University of Twente, Driener-Iolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Mar Bernal
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Anke Blume
- Department of Elastomer Technology and Engineering, University of Twente, Driener-Iolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Antonio González-Jiménez
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain;
| | - Pilar Posadas
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.P.); (R.N.)
| | - Rodrigo Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.P.); (R.N.)
| | - Juan L. Valentín
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.P.); (R.N.)
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25
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Zhong X, Song Y, Zheng Q, Wang W. Influence of coagents on Payne effect of butadiene rubber vulcanizates. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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26
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Valentín JL, Pérez-Aparicio R, Fernandez-Torres A, Posadas P, Herrero R, Salamanca FM, Navarro R, Saiz-Rodríguez L. ADVANCED CHARACTERIZATION OF RECYCLED RUBBER FROM END-OF-LIFE TIRES. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.20.79963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
There are currently many well-established applications for recycled rubber from end-of-life tires (ELT), but it is essential to investigate and seek new approaches to enhance the value of these products. Recent developments in new technologies and innovative recycling and devulcanization processes have opened up new perspectives for ELT crumb rubber. To promote the use of these products in newly added value applications, it is essential to develop and optimize methods that allow the characterization of parameters related to the ultimate properties of potential final applications. In this respect, a novel characterization methodology based on advanced 1H double-quantum (DQ) nuclear magnetic resonance experiments has been applied for the first time to quantify the key parameters that characterize the structure of ELT crumb rubber after diverse recycling processes: from simple mechanical grinding to complex devulcanization methods. This experimental approach enables the quantification of parameters that define the network structure of rubber, such as the nonelastic network defects (sol fraction, dangling chain ends, loops), the cross-link density, and the heterogeneity of the network, directly from rubber granulate and powder (without any additional sample preparation steps), overcoming most of the drawbacks and uncertainties that limit the application of traditional rubber characterization methods (e.g., equilibrium swelling experiments). By applying this experimental approach, it is possible to identify and quantify the actual technical limits for a complete selective devulcanization process of ELT crumb rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Valentín
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - A. Fernandez-Torres
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Posadas
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Herrero
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. M. Salamanca
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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27
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Ján Kruželák, Dugasová Z, Kvasničáková A, Tomanová K, Hudec I. Cross-Linking of Rubber Matrices with Dicumyl Peroxide and Zinc Dimethacrylate. Part I: Effect of Co-Agent Content. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090420330040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Fan X, Wen F, Shi X, Yang L, Hussain M, Song Y, Zheng Q. Roles played by novolac resin on rubber compounding, reinforcement and nonlinear rheological behaviors. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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How the Aggregates Determine Bound Rubber Models in Silicone Rubber? A Contrast Matching Neutron Scattering Study. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Miyaji K, Sugiyama T, Ohashi T, Saalwächter K, Ikeda Y. Study on Homogeneity in Sulfur Cross-Linked Network Structures of Isoprene Rubber by TD-NMR and AFM – Zinc Stearate System. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Miyaji
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takuma Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takumi Ohashi
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik—NMR, Martin-Luther Universtität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 7, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Yuko Ikeda
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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31
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Poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) as polymeric crosslinking accelerator for sulphur network formation. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04659. [PMID: 32904204 PMCID: PMC7452554 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The major controlling factors that determine the various mechanical properties of an elastomer system are type of chemical crosslinking and crosslink density of the polymer network. In this study, a catalytic amount of acrylonitrile butadiene copolymer (NBR) was used as a co-accelerator for the curing of polybutadiene (BR) elastomer. After the addition of this copolymer along with other conventional sulphur ingredients in polybutadiene compounds, a clear and distinct effect on the curing and other physical characteristics was noticed. The crosslinking density of BR was increased, as evidenced by rheometric properties, solid-state NMR and swelling studies. The vulcanization kinetics study revealed a substantial lowering of the activation energy of the sulphur crosslinking process when acrylonitrile butadiene copolymer was used in the formulation. The compounds were also prepared in the presence of carbon black and silica, and it was found that in the carbon black filled system the catalytic effect of the NBR was eminent. The effect was not only reflected in the mechanical performance but also the low-temperature crystallization behavior of BR systems was altered.
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32
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Curing behavior, chain dynamics, and microstructure of high Tg thiol-acrylate networks with systematically varied network heterogeneity. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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33
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Bernal-Ortega P, Bernal MM, González-Jiménez A, Posadas P, Navarro R, Valentín JL. New insight into structure-property relationships of natural rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber nanocomposites filled with MWCNT. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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Bernal-Ortega P, Bernal MM, González-Jiménez A, Posadas P, Navarro R, Valentín JL. New insight into structure-property relationships of natural rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber nanocomposites filled with MWCNT. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122604 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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35
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36
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Zhan Y, Wei Y, Zhang H, Luo M, Zheng T, Liao S. Analysis of the thermogenesis mechanism of natural rubber under high speed strain. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue‐Hua Zhan
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PR ChinaHainan University Haikou China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHainan University Haikou China
| | - Yan‐Chan Wei
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PR ChinaHainan University Haikou China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHainan University Haikou China
| | - Hui‐Feng Zhang
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PR ChinaHainan University Haikou China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHainan University Haikou China
| | - Ming‐Chao Luo
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PR ChinaHainan University Haikou China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHainan University Haikou China
| | - Ting‐Ting Zheng
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PR ChinaHainan University Haikou China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHainan University Haikou China
| | - Shuangquan Liao
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PR ChinaHainan University Haikou China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHainan University Haikou China
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37
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Kumar V, Lee G, Monika, Choi J, Lee DJ. Studies on composites based on HTV and RTV silicone rubber and carbon nanotubes for sensors and actuators. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Albouy PA, Sotta P. Draw Ratio at the Onset of Strain-Induced Crystallization in Cross-Linked Natural Rubber. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Antoine Albouy
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR 8502, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Paul Sotta
- Laboratoire Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, UMR 5268, CNRS/Solvay, R&I Centre Lyon, 69192 Saint-Fons, France
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39
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Zheng H, Pan G, Huang P, Xu D, Zhai W. Fundamental Influences of Crosslinking Structure on the Cell Morphology, Creep Property, Thermal Property, and Recycling Behavior of Microcellular EPDM Foams Blown with Compressed CO2. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510275, China
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ge Pan
- State Key Lab of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Pengke Huang
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, China
| | - Donghua Xu
- State Key Lab of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Wentao Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510275, China
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40
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Euchler E, Bernhardt R, Schneider K, Heinrich G, Wießner S, Tada T. In situ dilatometry and X-ray microtomography study on the formation and growth of cavities in unfilled styrene-butadiene-rubber vulcanizates subjected to constrained tensile deformation. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.122086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Ján Kruželák, Medlenová E, Kvasničáková A, Dosoudil R, Hudec I, Gořalík M. Rubber Magnetic Composites Cross-Linked with Peroxide Curing Systems. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090419060071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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42
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Aging of natural rubber studied via Fourier-transform rheology and double quantum NMR to correlate local chain dynamics with macroscopic mechanical response. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Zhao H, Li L, Zhang Q, Xia Z, Yang E, Wang Y, Chen W, Meng L, Wang D, Li L. Manipulation of Chain Entanglement and Crystal Networks of Biodegradable Poly(butylene adipate- co-butylene terephthalate) During Film Blowing through the Addition of a Chain Extender: An In Situ Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Scattering Study. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3895-3907. [PMID: 31525027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One prerequisite for the large-scale application of biodegradable polymers is the manipulation of macroscopic performances of commercially available biopolymers during processing according to different real service requirements. Herein, the microstructural evolution of poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT) modified by chain extender during film blowing was investigated by in situ synchrotron radiation X-ray scattering to unveil the origin of different performances. The chain dynamics difference induced by the chain extender was first characterized by the rheological measurement and 1H Multiple Quantum (MQ) NMR. It shows that the terminal relaxation is significantly slowed down, while the locally segmental dynamics is not apparently changed. With the assistance of the custom-built film blowing apparatus, the microstructure right above the die exit (D = 13-165 mm) was in situ, simultaneously captured by small- and wide-angle scattering (SAXS/WAXS), where four distinct regimes can be defined. Only the PBAT melt signals are found in regime I, whereas the formation of the mesomorphic domains as shown by the SAXS streaks appearing in regime II. The crystal shows up in regime III, where the WAXS signal appears. A dramatic increment of the crystallinity is found in regime III, which contributes to the continuous increasing bubble modulus with the formation of the crystal-based network. Such a crystal-based network is filled with crystals in regime IV, where the diameter of the PBAT bubble remains constant. The addition of the chain extender is found to significantly influence the structural evolution within different regimes. These dynamics and structure information could supply general guidance for bubble stability improvement and modification of macroscopic performances of biodegradable polymer products.
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Howse S, Porter C, Mengistu T, Petrov I, Pazur RJ. EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE QUANTITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF CHEMICAL CROSSLINKS IN UNAGED AND AGED NATURAL RUBBER. II: A SULFUR DONOR SYSTEM. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.19.81473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A series of unfilled and stabilized natural rubber compounds varying in concentration of tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD) was analyzed using rheometry, hardness, dynamic mechanical properties, stress–strain (Mooney–Rivlin), equilibrium solvent swell (Flory–Rhener), and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) by the double quantum (DQ) technique. Crosslinking level increased proportionately with TMTD concentration, and the reaction ratio of three TMTD molecules producing one crosslink was generally upheld. Unreacted TMTD acted as a pseudo-plasticizer and lowered the chain entanglement density with increasing TMTD content. DQ NMR confirmed that the elastic network was homogeneous and that the absolute chemical crosslink distributions broaden with increasing curative level. Upon mild heat aging, zinc complexes based on TMTD/ZnO are likely responsible for causing additional crosslinking, explaining the rise in crosslink density by equilibrium solvent swell and DQ NMR. The amine-based antioxidant, the generation of thiocarbamate radicals from TMTD, and the heat stability of the predominant monosulfide crosslinking system helped to limit network breakdown through chain scission. The chain entanglement increase is likely due to reduction of the plasticizing effect caused by unreacted curative. The distribution of crosslinks slightly broadens toward higher total crosslink density because of the generation of additional chemical crosslinks and chain entanglement densification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Howse
- Department of National Defense, Quality Engineering Testing Establishment (QETE), Polymer and Textile Science, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K2 Canada
| | - Christopher Porter
- Department of National Defense, Quality Engineering Testing Establishment (QETE), Polymer and Textile Science, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K2 Canada
| | - Tesfaldet Mengistu
- Department of National Defense, Quality Engineering Testing Establishment (QETE), Polymer and Textile Science, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K2 Canada
| | - Ivan Petrov
- Department of National Defense, Quality Engineering Testing Establishment (QETE), Polymer and Textile Science, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K2 Canada
| | - Richard J. Pazur
- Department of National Defense, Quality Engineering Testing Establishment (QETE), Polymer and Textile Science, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K2 Canada
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Naumova A, Agudelo DC, Villar MA, Vega DA, Valentin JL, Saalwächter K. Microscopic State of Polymer Network Chains upon Swelling and Deformation. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Naumova
- Institut für Physik—NMR, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Straße 7, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Diana Carolina Agudelo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, CONICET, B8002 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Marcelo A. Villar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, CONICET, B8002 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Daniel A. Vega
- Department of Physics, Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR), Universidad Nacional del Sur, CONICET, B8002 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | | | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik—NMR, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Straße 7, 06120 Halle, Germany
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Fujiyabu T, Yoshikawa Y, Chung UI, Sakai T. Structure-property relationship of a model network containing solvent. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2019; 20:608-621. [PMID: 31231450 PMCID: PMC6567130 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1618685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
For the application of polymer gels, it is necessary to control independently and precisely their various physical properties. However, the heterogeneity of polymer gels hinders the precise control over the structure, as well as the verification of theories. To understand the structure-property relationship of polymer gels, many researchers have tried to develop a homogeneous model network. Most of the model networks were made from polymer melts that did not have a solvent and had many entanglements in the structure. Because the contribution of entanglements is much larger than that of chemical crosslinking, it was difficult to focus on the crosslinking structure, which is the structure considered in conventional theories. To overcome such a situation, we have developed a new model network system that contains much solvent. Specifically, we fabricated the polymer gel (Tetra-PEG gel) by mixing two types of solutions of tetra-armed poly(ethylene glycol) (Tetra-PEG) with mutually reactive end groups (amine (-PA) and activated ester (-HS)). Because the existence of a solvent strongly reduces the effect of entanglements, the effect of the crosslinking structure on the physical properties can be extracted. In this review, we present the structure-property relationship of Tetra-PEG gel. First, we show the structural homogeneity of Tetra-PEG gels. Then, we explain gelation reaction, elastic modulus, fracture energy and kinetics of swelling and shrinking of Tetra-PEG gels by comparing the theories and experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Fujiyabu
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshikawa
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ung-il Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamasa Sakai
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Liu H, Huang GS, Wei LY, Zeng J, Fu X, Huang C, Wu JR. Inhomogeneous Natural Network Promoting Strain-induced Crystallization: A Mesoscale Model of Natural Rubber. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-019-2267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Candau N, Oguz O, Peuvrel-Disdier E, Bouvard JL, Pradille C, Billon N. Strain-induced network chains damage in carbon black filled EPDM. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Grasland F, Chazeau L, Chenal JM, Caillard J, Schach R. About the elongation at break of unfilled natural rubber elastomers. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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