1
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Higgins AM, Gutfreund P, Italia V, Nelson A, Cabral JT, Hynes EL. Hysteresis in phase volumes, compositions and interfacial roughness in model OPV-small-molecule/polymer thin-films. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2532-2546. [PMID: 38407462 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01066j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Domain morphology and composition, and the structure of interfaces between domains are key factors in the performance and stability of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) fabricated from polymer/small-molecule blends. In this study, we investigate the evolution of composition, phase-volume and interfacial roughness in model polymer/small-molecule bilayers, in response to thermal annealing. Polystyrene/fullerene mixing is studied as a function of annealing temperature, using in situ neutron reflectivity, in thin-film bilayer samples comprising pure component or mixed layers. Remarkably, we discover that thermal annealing at temperatures around or above the reported glass transition temperatures, Tg, of the components can result in extensive mass-transfer between layers, that has the superficial appearance of equilibration, but leaves the layer compositions, thicknesses, and/or the interfacial composition profile in a non-equilibrium state. This is not merely a case of slow kinetics near Tg, as subsequent heating to higher temperatures, followed by cooling, reveals pronounced hysteresis in these systems. This has important implications for the measurement of equilibrium compositions in polymer/small-molecule mixtures for OPV applications, and for device stability during operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Higgins
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Swansea University, Fabian Way, Crymlyn Burrows, Swansea SA1 8EN, Wales, UK.
| | - P Gutfreund
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - V Italia
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - A Nelson
- ANSTO, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, New South Wales 2232, Australia
| | - J T Cabral
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - E L Hynes
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Swansea University, Fabian Way, Crymlyn Burrows, Swansea SA1 8EN, Wales, UK.
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2
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Sharratt W, Aoki Y, Pont S, Seddon D, Dewhurst C, Porcar L, Clarke N, Cabral JT. Thermodynamics of Highly Interacting Blend PCHMA/dPS by TOF-SANS. Macromolecules 2023; 56:5619-5627. [PMID: 37521248 PMCID: PMC10373520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the thermodynamics of a highly interacting blend of poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate)/deuterated poly(styrene) (PCHMA/dPS) with small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). This system is experimentally challenging due to the proximity of the blend phase boundary (>200 °C) and degradation temperatures. To achieve the large wavenumber q-range and flux required for kinetic experiments, we employ a SANS diffractometer in time-of-flight (TOF) mode at a reactor source and ancillary microscopy, calorimetry, and thermal gravimetric analysis. Isothermal SANS data are well described by random-phase approximation (RPA), yielding the second derivative of the free energy of mixing (G″), the effective interaction (χ̅) parameter, and extrapolated spinodal temperatures. Instead of the Cahn-Hilliard-Cook (CHC) framework, temperature (T)-jump experiments within the one-phase region are found to be well described by the RPA at all temperatures away from the glass transition temperature, providing effectively near-equilibrium results. We employ CHC theory to estimate the blend mobility and G″(T) conditions where such an approximation holds. TOF-SANS is then used to precisely resolve G″(T) and χ̅(T) during T-jumps in intervals of a few seconds and overall timescales of a few minutes. PCHMA/dPS emerges as a highly interacting partially miscible blend, with a steep dependence of G″(T) [mol/cm3] = -0.00228 + 1.1821/T [K], which we benchmark against previously reported highly interacting lower critical solution temperature (LCST) polymer blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- William
N. Sharratt
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Yutaka Aoki
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Sebastian Pont
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Dale Seddon
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Charles Dewhurst
- Institut
Laue Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Lionel Porcar
- Institut
Laue Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nigel Clarke
- Department
of Physics, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K.
| | - João T. Cabral
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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3
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Qiu J, Chen X, Le AN, López-Barrón CR, Rohde BJ, White RP, Lipson JEG, Krishnamoorti R, Robertson ML. Thermodynamic Interactions in Polydiene/Polyolefin Blends Containing Diverse Polydiene and Polyolefin Units. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Qiu
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Xuejian Chen
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Amy N. Le
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | | | - Brian J. Rohde
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | - Ronald P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Jane E. G. Lipson
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Ramanan Krishnamoorti
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Megan L. Robertson
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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4
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Crystallization and polymorphic behaviour of melt miscible blends of crystalline homopolymers with close melting temperatures under confinement. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Fascinating morphology and crystallization behavior of melt miscible binary blends of crystalline homopolymers depicting nearly simultaneous melting transitions. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Inguva PK, Walker PJ, Yew HW, Zhu K, Haslam AJ, Matar OK. Continuum-scale modelling of polymer blends using the Cahn-Hilliard equation: transport and thermodynamics. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:5645-5665. [PMID: 34095939 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00272d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Cahn-Hilliard equation is commonly used to study multi-component soft systems such as polymer blends at continuum scales. We first systematically explore various features of the equation system, which give rise to a deep connection between transport and thermodynamics-specifically that the Gibbs free energy of mixing function is central to formulating a well-posed model. Accordingly, we explore how thermodynamic models from three broad classes of approach (lattice-based, activity-based and perturbation methods) can be incorporated within the Cahn-Hilliard equation and examine how they impact the numerical solution for two model polymer blends, noting that although the analysis presented here is focused on binary mixtures, it is readily extensible to multi-component mixtures. It is observed that, although the predicted liquid-liquid interfacial tension is quite strongly affected, the choice of thermodynamic model has little influence on the development of the morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan K Inguva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 25 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA and Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Pierre J Walker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Hon Wa Yew
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Kezheng Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Andrew J Haslam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Omar K Matar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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7
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Liang Z, Gao M, Zhang B, Wu J, Peng Z, Li M, Ye L, Geng Y. Fluorination Enables Tunable Molecular Interaction and Photovoltaic Performance in Non-Fullerene Solar Cells Based on Ester-Substituted Polythiophene. Front Chem 2021; 9:687996. [PMID: 34041227 PMCID: PMC8141579 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.687996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the advantages of low synthetic cost and high scalability of synthesis, polythiophene and its derivatives (PTs) have been of interest in the community of organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Nevertheless, the typical efficiency of PT based photovoltaic devices reported so far is much lower than those of the prevailing push-pull type conjugated polymer donors. Recent studies have underscored that the excessively low miscibility between PT and nonfullerene acceptor is the major reason accounting for the unfavorable active layer morphology and the inferior performance of OPVs based on a well-known PT, namely PDCBT-Cl and a non-halogenated nonfullerene acceptor IDIC. How to manipulate the miscibility between PT and acceptor molecule is important for further improving the device efficiency of this class of potentially low-cost blend systems. In this study, we introduced different numbers of F atoms to the end groups of IDIC to tune the intermolecular interaction of the hypo-miscible blend system (PDCBT-Cl:IDIC). Based on calorimetric, microscopic, and scattering characterizations, a clear relationship between the number of F atoms, miscibility, and device performance was established. With the increased number of F atoms in IDIC, the resulting acceptors exhibited enhanced miscibility with PDCBT-Cl, and the domain sizes of the blend films were reduced substantially. As a result, distinctively different photovoltaic performances were achieved for these blend systems. This study demonstrates that varying the number of F atoms in the acceptors is a feasible way to manipulate the molecular interaction and the film morphology toward high-performance polythiophene:nonfullerene based OPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengyuan Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junjiang Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongxiang Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Long Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou, China
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8
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Jangareddy S, Register RA. Incorporation of Styrene into a Model Polyolefin for Enhanced Compatibility with Polyisoprene. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sravya Jangareddy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Richard A. Register
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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9
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White RP, Aoki Y, Higgins JS, Keddie JL, Lipson JEG, Cabral JT. Thermodynamics of Model PαMSAN/dPMMA Blend: A Combined Study by SANS, Ellipsometry, and Locally Correlated Lattice (LCL) Theory. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Yutaka Aoki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Julia S. Higgins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Joseph L. Keddie
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Jane E. G. Lipson
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - João T. Cabral
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Capponi
- Department of Industrial and Applied Genomics, IBM AI and Cognitive Software Organization, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120-6099, United States
- NSF Center for Cellular Construction, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94115, United States
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC-UPV/EHU) - Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, UPV/EHU, Apartado 1072, 20080 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Dušan Račko
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 3, 841 45 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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11
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Schweizer KS, Simmons DS. Progress towards a phenomenological picture and theoretical understanding of glassy dynamics and vitrification near interfaces and under nanoconfinement. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:240901. [PMID: 31893888 DOI: 10.1063/1.5129405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of alterations to dynamics and vitrification in the nanoscale vicinity of interfaces-commonly referred to as "nanoconfinement" effects on the glass transition-has been an open question for a quarter century. We first analyze experimental and simulation results over the last decade to construct an overall phenomenological picture. Key features include the following: after a metrology- and chemistry-dependent onset, near-interface relaxation times obey a fractional power law decoupling relation with bulk relaxation; relaxation times vary in a double-exponential manner with distance from the interface, with an intrinsic dynamical length scale appearing to saturate at low temperatures; the activation barrier and vitrification temperature Tg approach bulk behavior in a spatially exponential manner; and all these behaviors depend quantitatively on the nature of the interface. We demonstrate that the thickness dependence of film-averaged Tg for individual systems provides a poor basis for discrimination between different theories, and thus we assess their merits based on the above dynamical gradient properties. Entropy-based theories appear to exhibit significant inconsistencies with the phenomenology. Diverse free-volume-motivated theories vary in their agreement with observations, with approaches invoking cooperative motion exhibiting the most promise. The elastically cooperative nonlinear Langevin equation theory appears to capture the largest portion of the phenomenology, although important aspects remain to be addressed. A full theoretical understanding requires improved confrontation with simulations and experiments that probe spatially heterogeneous dynamics within the accessible 1-ps to 1-year time window, minimal use of adjustable parameters, and recognition of the rich quantitative dependence on chemistry and interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Schweizer
- Departments of Materials Science, Chemistry and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - David S Simmons
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
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12
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Aoki Y, Wang H, Sharratt W, Dalgliesh RM, Higgins JS, Cabral JT. Small Angle Neutron Scattering Study of the Thermodynamics of Highly Interacting PαMSAN/dPMMA Blends. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Aoki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - William Sharratt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M. Dalgliesh
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, ISIS, Harwell, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Julia S. Higgins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - João T. Cabral
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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13
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Spinodal nanostructures in polymer blends: On the validity of the Cahn-Hilliard length scale prediction. Prog Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Chen QP, Xie S, Foudazi R, Lodge TP, Siepmann JI. Understanding the Molecular Weight Dependence of χ and the Effect of Dispersity on Polymer Blend Phase Diagrams. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qile P. Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0132, United States
| | | | - Reza Foudazi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, MSC 3805, P.O.
Box 30001, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003-8001, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0132, United States
| | - J. Ilja Siepmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0132, United States
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15
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Qiu J, Mongcopa KI, Han R, López-Barrón CR, Robertson ML, Krishnamoorti R. Thermodynamic Interactions in a Model Polydiene/Polyolefin Blend Based on 1,2-Polybutadiene. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Qiu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Katrina I. Mongcopa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Ruixuan Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | | | - Megan L. Robertson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Ramanan Krishnamoorti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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16
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Glova AD, Falkovich SG, Dmitrienko DI, Lyulin AV, Larin SV, Nazarychev VM, Karttunen M, Lyulin SV. Scale-Dependent Miscibility of Polylactide and Polyhydroxybutyrate: Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Artyom D. Glova
- Institute
of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj
pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stanislav G. Falkovich
- Institute
of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj
pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daniil I. Dmitrienko
- Faculty
of Physics, Saint-Petersburg University, Ulyanovskaya str. 1, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Lyulin
- Theory
of Polymers and Soft Matter Group, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sergey V. Larin
- Institute
of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj
pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Victor M. Nazarychev
- Institute
of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj
pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Institute
of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj
pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Applied Mathematics, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Sergey V. Lyulin
- Institute
of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj
pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty
of Physics, Saint-Petersburg University, Ulyanovskaya str. 1, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
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17
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Mulhearn WD, Register RA. Melt Miscibility in Diblock Copolymers Containing Polyethylene and Substituted Hydrogenated Polynorbornenes. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William D. Mulhearn
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Richard A. Register
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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18
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Mulhearn WD, Register RA. Lower Critical Ordering Transition of an All-Hydrocarbon Polynorbornene Diblock Copolymer. ACS Macro Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William D. Mulhearn
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Richard A. Register
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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19
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Sabattié EFD, Tasche J, Wilson MR, Skoda MWA, Hughes A, Lindner T, Thompson RL. Predicting oligomer/polymer compatibility and the impact on nanoscale segregation in thin films. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:3580-3591. [PMID: 28443905 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00048k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Compatibility between oligomers and polymers was systematically assessed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and was correlated with similarity in saturation and solubility parameter. These measurements enabled validation of detailed volume of mixing calculations using Statistical Association Fluid Theory (SAFT-γ Mie) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which can be used to predict behaviour beyond the experimentally accessible conditions. These simulations confirmed that squalane is somewhat more compatible with poly(isoprene), "PI" than poly(butadiene), "PB", and further enabled prediction of the temperature dependence of compatibility. Surface and interfacial segregation of a series of deuterated oligomers was quantified in rubbery polymer films: PI, PB and hydrogenated poly(isoprene) "hPI". A striking correlation was established between surface wetting transition and mixtures of low compatibility, such as oligo-dIB in PB or PI. Segregation was quantified normal to the surface by ion beam analysis and neutron reflectometry and in some cases lateral segregation was observable by AFM. While surface segregation is driven by disparity in molecular weight in highly compatible systems this trend reverses as critical point is approached, and surface segregation increases with increasing oligomer molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise F D Sabattié
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Site, Durham DH1 3LE, UK. and Procter & Gamble, German Innovation Center (GIC), Sulzbacher Str. 40-50, 65824, Schwalbach am Taunus, Germany
| | - Jos Tasche
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Site, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Mark R Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Site, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Maximilian W A Skoda
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot, OX110QX, UK
| | - Arwel Hughes
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot, OX110QX, UK
| | - Torsten Lindner
- Procter & Gamble, German Innovation Center (GIC), Sulzbacher Str. 40-50, 65824, Schwalbach am Taunus, Germany
| | - Richard L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Site, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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20
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21
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Huang X, Roth CB. Changes in the temperature-dependent specific volume of supported polystyrene films with film thickness. J Chem Phys 2017; 144:234903. [PMID: 27334190 DOI: 10.1063/1.4953855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have measured or predicted thickness-dependent shifts in density or specific volume of polymer films as a possible means of understanding changes in the glass transition temperature Tg(h) with decreasing film thickness with some experimental works claiming unrealistically large (25%-30%) increases in film density with decreasing thickness. Here we use ellipsometry to measure the temperature-dependent index of refraction of polystyrene (PS) films supported on silicon and investigate the validity of the commonly used Lorentz-Lorenz equation for inferring changes in density or specific volume from very thin films. We find that the density (specific volume) of these supported PS films does not vary by more than ±0.4% of the bulk value for film thicknesses above 30 nm, and that the small variations we do observe are uncorrelated with any free volume explanation for the Tg(h) decrease exhibited by these films. We conclude that the derivation of the Lorentz-Lorenz equation becomes invalid for very thin films as the film thickness approaches ∼20 nm, and that reports of large density changes greater than ±1% of bulk for films thinner than this likely suffer from breakdown in the validity of this equation or in the difficulties associated with accurately measuring the index of refraction of such thin films. For larger film thicknesses, we do observed small variations in the effective specific volume of the films of 0.4 ± 0.2%, outside of our experimental error. These shifts occur simultaneously in both the liquid and glassy regimes uniformly together starting at film thicknesses less than ∼120 nm but appear to be uncorrelated with Tg(h) decreases; possible causes for these variations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Huang
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Connie B Roth
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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22
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Concurrent determination of two opposite phase transitions in a soft polymer nanocomposite by rheology and their theoretical evaluations. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- J.S. Higgins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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24
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Chen QP, Chu JD, DeJaco RF, Lodge TP, Siepmann JI. Molecular Simulation of Olefin Oligomer Blend Phase Behavior. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qile P. Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0132, United States
- Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Justine D. Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0132, United States
- Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Robert F. DeJaco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0132, United States
- Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0132, United States
- Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - J. Ilja Siepmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0132, United States
- Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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25
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Xu WS, Freed KF. Generalized Entropy Theory of Glass Formation in Polymer Melts with Specific Interactions. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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DeFelice J, Lipson JEG. Polymer Miscibility in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Free Volume as a Driving Force. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501199n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey DeFelice
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Jane E. G. Lipson
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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27
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White RP, Lipson JEG. Free Volume, Cohesive Energy Density, and Internal Pressure as Predictors of Polymer Miscibility. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5005474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Jane E. G. Lipson
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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28
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Harmandaris V, Doxastakis M. Molecular dynamics of polyisoprene/polystyrene oligomer blends: The role of self-concentration and fluctuations on blend dynamics. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:034904. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4813019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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29
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White RP, Lipson JEG. Origins of Unusual Phase Behavior in Polymer/Ionic Liquid Solutions. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400710z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United
States
| | - Jane E. G. Lipson
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United
States
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30
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White RP, Lipson JEG, Higgins JS. How Pure Components Control Polymer Blend Miscibility. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3018124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United
States
| | - Jane E. G. Lipson
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United
States
| | - Julia S. Higgins
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
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31
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Doroshenko M, Gonzales M, Best A, Butt HJ, Koynov K, Floudas G. Monitoring the Dynamics of Phase Separation in a Polymer Blend by Confocal Imaging and Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1568-73. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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