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Serenko O, Skupov K, Bakirov A, Kuchkina N, Shifrina Z, Muzafarov A. Porosity of Rigid Dendrimers in Bulk: Interdendrimer Interactions and Functionality as Key Factors. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102600. [PMID: 34685040 PMCID: PMC8537161 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The porous structure of second- and third-generation polyphenylene-type dendrimers was investigated by adsorption of N2, Ar, and CO2 gases, scanning electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray spectroscopy. Rigid dendrimers in bulk are microporous and demonstrate a molecular sieve effect. When using CO2 as an adsorbate gas, the pore size varies from 0.6 to 0.9 nm. This is most likely due to the distances between dendrimer macromolecules or branches of neighboring dendrimers, whose packing is mostly realized due to intermolecular interactions, in particular, π-π interactions of aromatic fragments. Intermolecular interactions prevent the manifestation of the porosity potential inherent to the molecular 3D structure of third-generation dendrimers, while for the second generation, much higher porosity is observed. The maximum specific surface area for the second-generation dendrimers was 467 m2/g when measured by CO2 adsorption, indicating that shorter branches of these dendrimers do not provide dense packing. This implies that the possible universal method to create porous materials for all kinds of rigid dendrimers is by a placement of bulky substituents in their outer layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Serenko
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova St., GSP-1, V-334, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.S.); (N.K.); (Z.S.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kirill Skupov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova St., GSP-1, V-334, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.S.); (N.K.); (Z.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Artem Bakirov
- N.S. Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117393 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nina Kuchkina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova St., GSP-1, V-334, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.S.); (N.K.); (Z.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Zinaida Shifrina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova St., GSP-1, V-334, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.S.); (N.K.); (Z.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Aziz Muzafarov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova St., GSP-1, V-334, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.S.); (N.K.); (Z.S.); (A.M.)
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Sherly mole P, George S, Shebitha A, Kannan V, Mathew S, Asha K, Sreekumar K. Amphiphilic Dendrimer as Reverse Micelle: Synthesis, Characterization and Application as Homogeneous Organocatalyst. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hammer BAG, Müllen K. Expanding the limits of synthetic macromolecular chemistry through Polyphenylene Dendrimers. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018; 20:262. [PMID: 30363718 PMCID: PMC6182379 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-018-4364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenylene dendrimers (PPDs) are a unique class of macromolecules because their backbone is made from twisted benzene repeat units that result in a rigid, shape-persistent architecture as reported by Hammer et al. (Chem Soc Rev 44:4072-4090, 2015) and Hammer and Müllen (Chem Rev 116:2103-210, 2016) These dendrimers can be synthetically tailored at their core, scaffold, and surface to introduce a wide range of chemical functionalities that influence their applications. It is the balance between the macromolecular properties of polyphenylene dendrimers with grandiose synthetic ingenuity that presents a template for the next generation of synthetic dendrimers to achieve complex structures other chemistry fields cannot. This perspective will look at how advances in synthetic chemistry have led to an explosion in the properties of polyphenylene dendrimers from their initial stage, as PPDs that were used as precursors for nanographenes, to next-generation dendrimers for organic electronic devices, sensors for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nanocarriers for small molecules, and even as complexes with therapeutic drugs and viruses, among others. Ideally, this perspective will illustrate how the evolution of synthetic chemistry has influenced the possible structures and properties of PPDs and how these chemical modifications have opened the door to unprecedented applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenton A. G. Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff St. 91330, Northridge, CA USA
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Serkova ES, Krasnova IY, Milenin SA, Selezneva EV, Tatarinova EA, Boldyrev KL, Korlyukov AA, Zubavichus YV, Buzin MI, Serenko OA, Shifrina ZB, Muzafarov AM. Core/shell hybrid dendrimers: Controllable rigidity determines molecular behaviour. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Lindner M, Valášek M, Homberg J, Edelmann K, Gerhard L, Wulfhekel W, Fuhr O, Wächter T, Zharnikov M, Kolivoška V, Pospíšil L, Mészáros G, Hromadová M, Mayor M. Importance of the Anchor Group Position (ParaversusMeta) in Tetraphenylmethane Tripods: Synthesis and Self-Assembly Features. Chemistry 2016; 22:13218-35. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Lindner
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Michal Valášek
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jan Homberg
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Kevin Edelmann
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Lukas Gerhard
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Wulf Wulfhekel
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Tobias Wächter
- Applied Physical Chemistry; Heidelberg University; Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Applied Physical Chemistry; Heidelberg University; Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Viliam Kolivoška
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of ASCR v.v.i.; Dolejškova 3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Pospíšil
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of ASCR v.v.i.; Dolejškova 3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Gábor Mészáros
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, HAS; Magyar tudósok krt. 2 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Magdaléna Hromadová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of ASCR v.v.i.; Dolejškova 3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); P. O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM); Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU); XinGangXi Rd. 135 510275 Guangzhou P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johannsring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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Hammer BAG, Müllen K. Dimensional Evolution of Polyphenylenes: Expanding in All Directions. Chem Rev 2015; 116:2103-40. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenton A. G. Hammer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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Valencia-Gallegos JA, Álvarez MM, Martínez-Merino VJ. High loaded dendrimers with free peripheral groups. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hammer BAG, Moritz R, Stangenberg R, Baumgarten M, Müllen K. The polar side of polyphenylene dendrimers. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:4072-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00245h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The site-specific functionalization of poly(phenylene) dendrimers can produce macromolecules with a range of different polarities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralf Moritz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | | | | | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
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Hammer BAG, Baumgarten M, Müllen K. Covalent attachment and release of small molecules from functional polyphenylene dendrimers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:2034-6. [PMID: 24413634 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48741e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of 2nd generation PPDs functionalized with free thiol moieties within the scaffold, which were used as anchor points for the covalent attachment of guest species (p-nitrophenol derivatives) through the oxidative formation of disulfide linkages. The disulfide bonds were then cleaved under reductive conditions using dithiothreitol to discharge the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenton A G Hammer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Karabline-Kuks J, Fallek A, Portnoy M. Elucidating factors leading to acidolytic degradation of sterically strained oligoether dendrons. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:5621-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00540f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ishtaiwi Z, Rüffer T, Klaib S, Buschbeck R, Walfort B, Lang H. Porphyrins with a carbosilane dendrimer periphery as synthetic components for supramolecular self-assembly. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:7868-88. [PMID: 24705682 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt53535e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of the shape-persistent carbosilane-functionalized porphyrins H2TPP(4-SiRR'Me)4, Zn(II)-TPP(4-SiRR'Me)4 (R = R' = Me, CH2CH=CH2, CH2CH2CH2OH; R = Me, R' = CH2CH=CH2, CH2CH2CH2OH; TPP = tetraphenyl porphyrin), H2TPP(4-Si(C6H4-1,4-SiRR'Me)3)4, and Zn(II)-TPP(4-Si(C6H4-1,4-SiRR'Me)3)4 (R = R' = Me, CH2CH=CH2; R = Me, R' = CH2CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CH2) using the Lindsey condensation methodology is described. For a series of five samples their structures in the solid state were determined by single crystal X-ray structure analysis. The appropriate 0th and 1st generation porphyrin-based 1,4-phenylene carbosilanes form 2D and 3D supramolecular network structures, primarily controlled by either π-π interactions (between pyrrole units and neighboring phenylene rings) or directional molecular hydrogen recognition and zinc-oxygen bond formation in the appropriate hydroxyl-functionalized molecules. UV-Vis spectroscopic studies were carried out in order to analyze the effect of the dendritic branches on the optical properties of the porphyrin ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyya Ishtaiwi
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany.
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Satapathy R, Ramesh M, Padhy H, Chiang IH, Chu CW, Wei KH, Lin HC. Novel metallo-dendrimers containing various Ru core ligands and dendritic thiophene arms for photovoltaic applications. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00444b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A polymer solar cell device containing an active layer of BTRu2G3 : PC70BM = 1 : 3 (by wt), i.e., the third generation of the bis-Ru-based dendritic complex BTRu2G3 showed the highest PCE value of 0.77%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudrakanta Satapathy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu, ROC
| | - Mohan Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu, ROC
| | - Harihara Padhy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu, ROC
| | - I.-Hung Chiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu, ROC
| | - Chih-Wei Chu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei, ROC
- Department of Photonics
- National Chiao Tung University
| | - Kung-Hwa Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu, ROC
| | - Hong-Cheu Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu, ROC
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Stangenberg R, Saeed I, Kuan SL, Baumgarten M, Weil T, Klapper M, Müllen K. Tuning polarity of polyphenylene dendrimers by patched surface amphiphilicity--precise control over size, shape, and polarity. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 35:152-160. [PMID: 24272967 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the ideal case, a precise synthesis yields molecules with a constitutional as well as a conformational perfectness. Such a case of precision is demonstrated by the synthesis of semi-rigid amphiphilic polyphenylene dendrimers (PPDs). Polar sulfonate groups are precisely placed on their periphery in such a manner that patches of polar and non-polar regions are created. Key structural features are the semi-rigid framework and shape-persistent nature of PPDs since the limited flexibility introduces a nano-phase-separated amphiphilic rim of the dendrimer. This results in both attractive and repulsive interactions with a given solvent. Frustrated solvent structures then lead to a remarkable solubility in solvents of different polarity such as toluene, methanol, and water or their mixtures. Water solubility combined with defined surface structuring and variable hydrophobicity of PPDs that resemble the delicate surface textures of proteins are important prerequisites for their biological and medical applications based upon cellular internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Stangenberg
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irfan Saeed
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Seah Ling Kuan
- University of Ulm, Institute for Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Baumgarten
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- University of Ulm, Institute for Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Klapper
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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