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Song H, Qiu B, Sun X, Guo C, Hu Y, Bai W, Dong Z. Effect of High-Fat Meal on the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Valsartan/Amlodipine Fixed Dose Combination Tablets in Healthy Subjects. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:43-51. [PMID: 38225972 PMCID: PMC10789575 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s423374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a high-fat meal on the pharmacokinetics and safety of 80/5 mg valsartan/amlodipine tablets in healthy subjects. Subjects and Methods These results were derived from a bioequivalence trial where subjects were randomly assigned to take valsartan/amlodipine 80/5mg under fed conditions or after a high-fat meal contained 978.6 kilocalories (54.6% from fat). The blood samples were collected and plasma concentrations of valsartan/amlodipine were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The non-compartmental module of Phoenix WinNonlin Version 8.2 was used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters. The BE module of WinNonLin was used to analyze the statistics of the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), the area under the concentration-time curve from zero to the last quantifiable time point (AUC0-t), and the area under the concentration-time curve from zero to infinity(AUC0-∞) in plasma. 88 healthy subjects were enrolled and divided into in a fasted group and a fed group. Results The Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ of valsartan in plasma under fed conditions were 51%, 56%, and 57% lower, respectively, than those under fasted conditions, and the 90% confidence interval (90% CI) were outside the 80.00-125.00% range. All the pharmacokinetic parameters for amlodipine under fed conditions were similar to those observed under fasted conditions, and the 90% CIs were within the 80.00-125.00% range. The incidence of treatment emergent adverse events (TEAE) was similar between the fasted group and the fed group, while adverse drug reaction (ADR) was more frequent in the fasted group which may be related to the higher blood concentrations of valsartan, but all were mild. Conclusion The result indicated that the high-fat meal had a significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of valsartan, but no effect on amlodipine. All treatments were safe and well tolerated in healthy subjects under fed and fasted conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojing Song
- Department of Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Qiu
- Department of Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Sun
- Department of Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caihui Guo
- Department of Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiting Hu
- Department of Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanjun Bai
- Department of Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhanjun Dong
- Department of Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People’s Republic of China
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Mady OY, Osman MA, sarhan NI, Shatla AA, Haggag YA. Bioavailability enhancement of acyclovir by honey: Analytical and histological evidence. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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3
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Holm M, Tornvall P, Beck O, Fux T, van der Linden J. Impact of morphine dose on ticagrelor uptake and platelet inhibition in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction – A substudy from the prospective randomized MOVEMENT trial. THROMBOSIS UPDATE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tru.2021.100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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4
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Elsayad MK, Mowafy HA, Zaky AA, Samy AM. Chitosan caged liposomes for improving oral bioavailability of rivaroxaban: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Pharm Dev Technol 2021; 26:316-327. [PMID: 33356742 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2020.1870237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, chitosan (CS) caged classic liposomes (CLs) and flexible liposomes (FLs) were developed to enhance the oral bioavailability of rivaroxaban (RVX) in the fasted condition. The prepared formulations were subjected to physicochemical characterization included: FTIR, DSC, zeta potential, particle size, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, in vitro dissolution, and transmission electron microscope imaging. The selected formulation (RVX-TFL2) composed of PL S100/Tween 80 (85/15% w/w) and coated with CS solution in the strength of (0.2% w/v) had a particle size of 105.67 nm, a zeta potential of +5.67 mV and EE of 96.07%. Compared to RXV suspension, the pharmacokinetic parameters (C max, AUC0-24, and AUC0-∞) of RVX-TFL2 showed no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) in the fasted and fed test animals. Besides, RVX bioavailability with RVX-TFL2 was improved by 59.66% and 26.97% in the fed and fasted states, respectively, compared to RVX suspension in the fed state. The result highlighted the efficacy of the prepared liquid formulation comprising CS coated liposomes in improving the oral bioavailability of RVX regardless of the fed state. Moreover, the studied liquid formulation could be utilized in developing a liquid dosage form that might be useful as a pediatric formulation of RVX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged K Elsayad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hammam A Mowafy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa A Zaky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Samy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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5
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Identification of beagle food taking patterns and protocol for food effects evaluation on bioavailability. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12765. [PMID: 30143653 PMCID: PMC6109188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Food is a known primary role to the exposure of the drugs orally administered. Since each animal may have unique food taking pattern and it is difficult to manipulate the food taking to animals, there lacks rationalized protocol for the food effects in pre-clinic study. The objective of this study was to identify the beagle food taking patterns and demonstrate their effects on bioavailability in valsartan. Herein, four types of food taking patterns of beagle were identified via inter-day and intra-day analysis, and named as Persisting, Pulsing, Postponing, Pushing (“4P Modes”), respectively, which were also validated by principal component analysis (PCA). Interestingly, food intake resulted in a reduced area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0–12h), maximum concentration (Cmax) and absorption rate, whilst the reduction varied in “4P Modes” of food taking. General considerations in the design of experiment for food effect to the bioavailability in beagles have been established as: to recognize the food taking patterns in each animal, to confirm the inter-day stability of the food taking behaviors, to trace the food taking patterns in parallel with plasma sampling. In conclusion, the right animals with proper food taking patterns should be assessed and selected for pre-clinic bioavailability evaluations.
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6
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Kelleher JF, Gilvary GC, Madi AM, Jones DS, Li S, Tian Y, Almajaan A, Senta-Loys Z, Andrews GP, Healy AM. A comparative study between hot-melt extrusion and spray-drying for the manufacture of anti-hypertension compatible monolithic fixed-dose combination products. Int J Pharm 2018; 545:183-196. [PMID: 29730176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to investigate the application of different advanced continuous processing techniques (hot melt extrusion and spray drying) to the production of fixed-dose combination (FDC) monolithic systems comprising of hydrochlorothiazide and ramipril for the treatment of hypertension. Identical FDC formulations were manufactured by the two different methods and were characterised using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC). Drug dissolution rates were investigated using a Wood's apparatus, while physical stability was assessed on storage under controlled temperature and humidity conditions. Interestingly both drugs were transformed into their amorphous forms when spray dried, however, hydrochlorothiazide was determined, by PXRD, to be partially crystalline when hot melt extruded with either polymer carrier (Kollidon® VA 64 or Soluplus®). Hot melt extrusion was found to result in significant degradation of ramipril, however, this could be mitigated by the inclusion of the plasticizer, polyethylene glycol 3350, in the formulation and appropriate adjustment of processing temperature. The results of intrinsic dissolution rate studies showed that hot-melt extruded samples were found to release both drugs faster than identical formulations produced via spray drying. However, the differences were attributable to the surface roughness of the compressed discs in the Wood's apparatus, rather than solid state differences between samples. After a 60-day stability study spray dried samples exhibited a greater physical stability than the equivalent hot melt extruded samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Kelleher
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - G C Gilvary
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - A M Madi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D S Jones
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - S Li
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Y Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - A Almajaan
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Z Senta-Loys
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - G P Andrews
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - A M Healy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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7
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Xue X, Cao M, Ren L, Qian Y, Chen G. Preparation and Optimization of Rivaroxaban by Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability and No Food Effect. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:1847-1859. [PMID: 29637496 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-0991-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a novel self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) was used to improve the oral bioavailability in fasted state and diminish the food effect for rivaroxaban. Oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant were selected by saturated solubility study. IPM, Tween80, and 1,2-propanediol were finally selected as oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant, respectively. The pseudo-ternary-phase diagram was utilized to optimize the preliminary composition of SNEDDS formulation. The optimized rivaroxaban-SNEDDS formulation was selected by central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology. Optimized SNEDDS formulation was evaluated for drug content, self-emulsifying time, droplet size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The drug dissolution profile compared to the commercial formulation Xarelto® (20 mg rivaroxaban) was determined in four different media (pH 1.2HCl, pH 4.5NaAc-HAc, pH 6.8PBS, and water). The result indicated that the SNEDDS formulation had successfully increased the drug solubility in four different media. A HPLC-MS method that indicated a high sensitivity, strong attribute, and high accuracy characteristic was built to measure the drug concentration in plasma. The fast/fed in vivo pharmacokinetics studies of SNEDDS formulation and Xarelto® were carried out in adult beagle dog, rivaroxaban with no food effect was achieved in SNEDDS formulation compared with Xarelto® in fed state. The result suggested that SNEDDS formulation in this study is useful to increase the oral bioavailability and diminish the food effect in fasted state.
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8
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Zaheer K, Langguth P. Formulation strategy towards minimizing viscosity mediated negative food effect on disintegration and dissolution of immediate release tablets. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 44:444-451. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1397685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Zaheer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Langguth
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
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9
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Li X, Shi L, Tang X, Wang Q, Zhou L, Song W, Feng Z, Ge J, Li JK, Yang L, Wen A, Zhang Y. Mechanistic prediction of food effects for Compound A tablet using PBPK model. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 24:603-609. [PMID: 28386186 PMCID: PMC5372427 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has been extensively used to study the factors of effect drug absorption, distribution, metabolize and extraction progress in human. In this study, Compound A(CPD A) is a BCS Class II drug, which has been extensive applied in clinical as lipid-lowering drug, administered orally after food, they displayed positive food effects in human, A PBPK model was built to mechanistic investigate the food effect of CPD A tablet in our study. By using gastroplus™ software, the PBPK models accurately predicted the results of food effects and predicted data were within 2-fold error of the observed results. The PBPK model mechanistic illuminated the changes of pharmacokinetic values for the positive food effects of the compound in human. Here in, the PBPK modeling which were combined with ACAT absorption models in it, successfully simulated the food effect in human of the drug. The simulation results were proved that PBPK model can be able to serve as a potential tool to predict the food effect on certain oral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiuling Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qinghui Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhijun Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Ge
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Kang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Aidong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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10
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Viscosity-mediated negative food effect on oral absorption of poorly-permeable drugs with an absorption window in the proximal intestine: In vitro experimental simulation and computational verification. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 61:40-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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11
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Nokhodchi A, Asare-Addo K. Drug release from matrix tablets: physiological parameters and the effect of food. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1401-18. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.924498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Sunkara G, Jiang X, Reynolds C, Serra D, Zhang Y, Ligueros-Saylan M, Ayalasomayajula S, Winter S, Jarugula V. Effect of food on the oral bioavailability of amlodipine/valsartan and amlodipine/valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide fixed dose combination tablets in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2014; 3:487-92. [DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuemin Jiang
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; East Hanover NJ USA
| | | | - Denise Serra
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; East Hanover NJ USA
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; East Hanover NJ USA
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13
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Koziolek M, Grimm M, Garbacz G, Kühn JP, Weitschies W. Intragastric volume changes after intake of a high-caloric, high-fat standard breakfast in healthy human subjects investigated by MRI. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1632-9. [PMID: 24697247 DOI: 10.1021/mp500022u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study was to investigate gastric emptying after intake of a high-caloric and high-fat standard meal as recommended by FDA and EMA for food-effect bioavailability and fed bioequivalence studies. Twelve healthy human subjects (7 male, 5 female) received the standard meal after an overnight fast. MRI was performed before as well as 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65, 105, 195, 275, and 375 min after meal intake using strong T2-weighted sequences and chemical shift imaging. In addition, 30 min after the beginning of meal intake subjects ingested 240 mL of water representing the recommended coadministration of water during drug intake. Gastric content volume was assessed using T2-weighted images, and fat fraction was estimated using a calculation of fat fraction in chemical shift imaging. In addition, the existence of a mechanism allowing fast gastric emptying of water in the fed state was investigated. After a lag phase of 50-90 min, gastric content volume decreased constantly with a rate of 1.7 mL/min. The water ingested 30 min after the start of the meal intake directly reached the antrum and subsequently was emptied quickly from the human stomach. Complete gastric emptying within 6 h was observed in only one out of 12 subjects. The fat fraction of the intragastric chyme decreased from 9.5% directly after meal intake to 6.3% at the end of the experiments. Moreover, the fat fraction in fundus was significantly higher compared to the antrum. This study contributes fundamental data for the assessment of food effects of solid oral dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Koziolek
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald , Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
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14
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Heinen CA, Reuss S, Amidon GL, Langguth P. Ion Pairing with Bile Salts Modulates Intestinal Permeability and Contributes to Food–Drug Interaction of BCS Class III Compound Trospium Chloride. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3989-96. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400179v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Heinen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Reuss
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gordon L. Amidon
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, United States
| | - Peter Langguth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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15
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Hedaya MA, Helmy SA. Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Valsartan and Hydrochlorothiazide: An Open-Label, Randomized, 4-Period Crossover Study in Healthy Egyptian Male Volunteers. Clin Ther 2013; 35:846-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Martins FT, Bonfilio R, De Araújo MB, Ellena J. Lamivudine Salts with Improved Solubilities. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:2143-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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The effect of food on the oral bioavailability of drugs: a review of current developments and pharmaceutical technologies for pharmacokinetic control. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:81-90. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we review the mediation of the food effects on drugs by pharmaceutical technologies. The pharmacokinetics of drugs are affected by the interaction of drugs with food, which changes drug physicochemical and physiological properties (food effects). Several pharmaceutical technologies may be used to control food effects. Drugs exhibit different patterns of solubilization depending on release formulations. Formulations such as nanoparticle, solid dispersion and cyclodextrin systems, may control the solubility and release of insoluble drugs. Other controlled-release technologies, such as osmotic-controlled release or colon-specific delivery systems may also control food effects. As the structure of drug candidates becomes more complex, different methods of investigation, such as in vitro and in vivo correlation and in silico simulation will be required to predict drug characteristics and food effects.
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Kawai Y, Fujii Y, Tabata F, Ito J, Metsugi Y, Kameda A, Akimoto K, Takahashi M. Profiling and Trend Analysis of Food Effects on Oral Drug Absorption Considering Micelle Interaction and Solubilization by Bile Micelles. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 26:180-91. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-10-rg-098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Fang JB, Robertson VK, Rawat A, Flick T, Tang ZJ, Cauchon NS, McElvain JS. Development and Application of a Biorelevant Dissolution Method Using USP Apparatus 4 in Early Phase Formulation Development. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1466-77. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100125b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang B. Fang
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | | | - Archana Rawat
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Tawnya Flick
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Zhe J. Tang
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Nina S. Cauchon
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
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20
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Lennernäs H, Abrahamsson B. The use of biopharmaceutic classification of drugs in drug discovery and development: current status and future extension. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 57:273-85. [PMID: 15807982 DOI: 10.1211/0022357055263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Bioavailability (BA) and bioequivalence (BE) play a central role in pharmaceutical product development and BE studies are presently being conducted for New Drug Applications (NDAs) of new compounds, in supplementary NDAs for new medical indications and product line extensions, in Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDAs) of generic products and in applications for scale-up and post-approval changes. The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) has been developed to provide a scientific approach for classifying drug compounds based on solubility as related to dose and intestinal permeability in combination with the dissolution properties of the oral immediate-release (IR) dosage form. The aim of the BCS is to provide a regulatory tool for replacing certain BE studies by accurate in-vitro dissolution tests. The aim of this review is to present the status of the BCS and discuss its future application in pharmaceutical product development. The future application of the BCS is most likely increasingly important when the present framework gains increased recognition, which will probably be the case if the BCS borders for certain class II and III drugs are extended. The future revision of the BCS guidelines by the regulatory agencies in communication with academic and industrial scientists is exciting and will hopefully result in an increased applicability in drug development. Finally, we emphasize the great use of the BCS as a simple tool in early drug development to determine the rate-limiting step in the oral absorption process, which has facilitated the information between different experts involved in the overall drug development process. This increased awareness of a proper biopharmaceutical characterization of new drugs may in the future result in drug molecules with a sufficiently high permeability, solubility and dissolution rate, and that will automatically increase the importance of the BCS as a regulatory tool over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Uppsala University, Box 580, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Dahan A, Miller JM, Amidon GL. Prediction of solubility and permeability class membership: provisional BCS classification of the world's top oral drugs. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 11:740-6. [PMID: 19876745 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) categorizes drugs into one of four biopharmaceutical classes according to their water solubility and membrane permeability characteristics and broadly allows the prediction of the rate-limiting step in the intestinal absorption process following oral administration. Since its introduction in 1995, the BCS has generated remarkable impact on the global pharmaceutical sciences arena, in drug discovery, development, and regulation, and extensive validation/discussion/extension of the BCS is continuously published in the literature. The BCS has been effectively implanted by drug regulatory agencies around the world in setting bioavailability/bioequivalence standards for immediate-release (IR) oral drug product approval. In this review, we describe the BCS scientific framework and impact on regulatory practice of oral drug products and review the provisional BCS classification of the top drugs on the global market. The Biopharmaceutical Drug Disposition Classification System and its association with the BCS are discussed as well. One notable finding of the provisional BCS classification is that the clinical performance of the majority of approved IR oral drug products essential for human health can be assured with an in vitro dissolution test, rather than empirical in vivo human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Dahan
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
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Chakraborty S, Shukla D, Jain A, Mishra B, Singh S. Assessment of solubilization characteristics of different surfactants for carvedilol phosphate as a function of pH. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 335:242-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lentz KA. Current methods for predicting human food effect. AAPS JOURNAL 2008; 10:282-8. [PMID: 18500565 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-008-9025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Food can impact the pharmacokinetics of a drug product through several mechanisms, including but not limited to, enhancement in drug solubility, changes in GI physiology, or direct interaction with the drug. Significant food effects complicate development of new drugs, especially when clinical plans require control and/or monitoring of food intake in relation to dosing. The prediction of whether a drug or drug product will show a human food effect is challenging. In vitro models which consider physical-chemical properties can classify the potential for a compound to demonstrate a positive, negative or no food effect, and may be appropriate for screening compounds at early stages of drug discovery. When comparing various formulations, dissolution tests in biorelevant media can serve as a predictor of human drug performance under fasted and fed conditions. Few in vivo models exist which predict the magnitude of change in pharmacokinetic parameters in humans when dosing in the presence of food, with the dog appearing to be the most studied species for this purpose. Control of gastric pH, as well as the amount and composition of the fed state in dogs are critical parameters to improving the predictability of the dog overall as a food effect model. No single universal model is applicable for all drugs at all stages of drug development. One or more models may be required depending whether the goal is to assess potential for a food effect, determine the magnitude of change in pharmacokinetic parameters in the fed/fasted state, or whether formulation efforts have the ability to mitigate an observed food effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley A Lentz
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization: Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT, 06492-7660, USA.
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Tubic-Grozdanis M, Bolger MB, Langguth P. Application of gastrointestinal simulation for extensions for biowaivers of highly permeable compounds. AAPS J 2008; 10:213-26. [PMID: 18446522 PMCID: PMC2751468 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-008-9023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to apply gastrointestinal simulation technology and integration of physiological parameters to predict biopharmaceutical drug classification. GastroPlus was used with experimentally determined physicochemical and pharmacokinetic drug properties to simulate the absorption of several weak acid and weak base BCS class II compounds. Simulation of oral drug absorption given physicochemical drug properties and physicochemical parameters will aid justification of biowaivers for selected BCS class II compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Tubic-Grozdanis
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Peter Langguth
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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Gomes P, Vale N, Moreira R. Cyclization-activated prodrugs. Molecules 2007; 12:2484-506. [PMID: 18065953 PMCID: PMC6149143 DOI: 10.3390/12112484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many drugs suffer from an extensive first-pass metabolism leading to drug inactivation and/or production of toxic metabolites, which makes them attractive targets for prodrug design. The classical prodrug approach, which involves enzyme-sensitive covalent linkage between the parent drug and a carrier moiety, is a well established strategy to overcome bioavailability/toxicity issues. However, the development of prodrugs that can regenerate the parent drug through non-enzymatic pathways has emerged as an alternative approach in which prodrug activation is not influenced by inter- and intraindividual variability that affects enzymatic activity. Cyclization-activated prodrugs have been capturing the attention of medicinal chemists since the middle-1980s, and reached maturity in prodrug design in the late 1990 s. Many different strategies have been exploited in recent years concerning the development of intramoleculary-activated prodrugs spanning from analgesics to anti-HIV therapeutic agents. Intramolecular pathways have also a key role in two-step prodrug activation, where an initial enzymatic cleavage step is followed by a cyclization-elimination reaction that releases the active drug. This work is a brief overview of research on cyclization-activated prodrugs from the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Gomes
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Abstract
Permeability (P(e)) and solubility/dissolution are two major determinants of gastrointestinal (GI) drug absorption. Good prediction of these is crucial for predicting doses, exposures and potential interactions, and for selecting appropriate candidate drugs. The main objective was to evaluate screening methods for prediction of GI P(e), solubility/dissolution and fraction absorbed (f(a)) in humans. The most accurate P(e) models for prediction of f(a) of passively transported and highly soluble compounds appear to be the 2/4/A1 rat small intestinal cell model (in-vitro and in-silico), a newly developed artificial-membrane method, and a semi-empirical approach based on in-vitro membrane affinity to immobilized lipid bilayers, effective molecular weight and physiological GI variables. The predictability of in-vitro Caco-2, in-situ perfusion and other artificial membrane methods seems comparably low. The P(e) and f(a) in humans for compounds that undergo mainly active transport were predicted poorly by all models investigated. However, the rat in-situ perfusion model appears useful for prediction of active uptake potential (complete active uptake is generally well predicted), and Caco-2 cells are useful for studying bidirectional active transport, respectively. Human intestinal in-vitro P(e), which correlates well with f(a) for passively transported compounds, could possibly also have potential to improve/enable predictions of f(a) for actively transported substances. Molecular descriptor data could give an indication of the passive absorption potential. The 'maximum absorbable dose' and 'dose number' approaches, and solubility/dissolution data obtained in aqueous media, appear to underestimate in-vivo dissolution to a considerable extent. Predictions of in-vivo dissolution should preferably be done from in-vitro dissolution data obtained using either real or validated simulated GI fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Fagerholm
- Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, S-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden.
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Lentz KA, Quitko M, Morgan DG, Grace JE, Gleason C, Marathe PH. Development and validation of a preclinical food effect model. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:459-72. [PMID: 17075867 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A preclinical canine model capable of predicting a compound's potential for a human food effect was developed. The beagle dog was chosen as the in vivo model. A validation set of compounds with known propensities for human food effect was studied. Several diets were considered including high-fat dog food and various quantities of the human FDA meal. The effect of pentagastrin pretreatment was also investigated. The high-fat dog food did not predict human food effect and was discontinued from further evaluation. The amount of FDA meal in the dog was important in the overall prediction of the magnitude of human food effect. Fed/fasted Cmax and AUC ratios using a 50-g aliquot of the FDA meal in the dog were in the closest qualitative agreement to human data. Pentagastrin pretreatment did not affect the AUC in the fed state, but increased the fasted AUC for weakly basic compounds. Pentagastrin pretreatment and a 50-g aliquot of the FDA meal in the dog predicted the human food effect for a validation set of compounds. This model, which is intended for compound screening, will be helpful for determining food effect as a liability when compounds progress from discovery to clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley A Lentz
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-1951, USA.
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Gu CH, Li H, Levons J, Lentz K, Gandhi RB, Raghavan K, Smith RL. Predicting effect of food on extent of drug absorption based on physicochemical properties. Pharm Res 2007; 24:1118-30. [PMID: 17385020 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a statistical model for predicting effect of food on the extent of absorption (area under the curve of time-plasma concentration profile, AUC) of drugs based on physicochemical properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS Logistic regression was applied to establish the relationship between the effect of food (positive, negative or no effect) on AUC of 92 entries and physicochemical parameters, including clinical doses used in the food effect study, solubility (pH 7), dose number (dose/solubility at pH 7), calculated Log D (pH 7), polar surface area, total surface area, percent polar surface area, number of hydrogen bond donor, number of hydrogen bond acceptors, and maximum absorbable dose (MAD). RESULTS For compounds with MAD >or= clinical dose, the food effect can be predicted from the dose number category and Log D category, while for compounds with MAD < clinical dose, the food effect can be predicted from the dose number category alone. With cross validation, 74 out of 92 entries (80%) were predicted into the correct category. The correct predictions were 97, 79 and 68% for compounds with positive, negative and no food effect, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A logistic regression model based on dose, solubility, and permeability of compounds is developed to predict the food effect on AUC. Statistically, solubilization effect of food primarily accounted for the positive food effect on absorption while interference of food with absorption caused negative effect on absorption of compounds that are highly hydrophilic and probably with narrow window of absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Hui Gu
- Biopharmaceutics R&D, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
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