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Gori A, Lodigiani G, Colombarolli SG, Bergamaschi G, Vitali A. Cell Penetrating Peptides: Classification, Mechanisms, Methods of Study, and Applications. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300236. [PMID: 37389978 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) encompass a class of peptides that possess the remarkable ability to cross cell membranes and deliver various types of cargoes, including drugs, nucleic acids, and proteins, into cells. For this reason, CPPs are largely investigated in drug delivery applications in the context of many diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and genetic disorders. While sharing this functionality and some common structural features, such as a high content of positively charged amino acids, CPPs represent an extremely diverse group of elements, which can differentiate under many aspects. In this review, we summarize the most common characteristics of CPPs, introduce their main distinctive features, mechanistic aspects that drive their function, and outline the most widely used techniques for their structural and functional studies. We highlight current gaps and future perspectives in this field, which have the potential to significantly impact the future field of drug delivery and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gori
- SCITEC - Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Lodigiani
- SCITEC - Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Stella G Colombarolli
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", National Research Council of Italy, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168, Roma, Italy
| | - Greta Bergamaschi
- SCITEC - Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", National Research Council of Italy, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Vitali
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", National Research Council of Italy, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168, Roma, Italy
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2
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Zeiders SM, Chmielewski J. Antibiotic-cell-penetrating peptide conjugates targeting challenging drug-resistant and intracellular pathogenic bacteria. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:762-778. [PMID: 34315189 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The failure to treat everyday bacterial infections is a current threat as pathogens are finding new ways to thwart antibiotics through mechanisms of resistance and intracellular refuge, thus rendering current antibiotic strategies ineffective. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are providing a means to improve antibiotics that are already approved for use. Through coadministration and conjugation of antibiotics with CPPs, improved accumulation and selectivity with alternative and/or additional modes of action against infections have been observed. Herein, we review the recent progress of this antibiotic-cell-penetrating peptide strategy in combatting sensitive and drug-resistant pathogens. We take a closer look into the specific antibiotics that have been enhanced, and in some cases repurposed as broad-spectrum drugs. Through the addition and conjugation of cell-penetrating peptides to antibiotics, increased permeation across mammalian and/or bacterial membranes and a broader range in bacterial selectivity have been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Chmielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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3
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Yan Y, Li Y, Zhang Z, Wang X, Niu Y, Zhang S, Xu W, Ren C. Advances of peptides for antibacterial applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 202:111682. [PMID: 33714188 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, peptide antibacterial products with unique antibacterial mechanisms have attracted widespread interest. They can effectively reduce the probability of drug resistance of bacteria and are biocompatible, so they possess tremendous development prospects. This review provides recent research and analysis on the basic types of antimicrobial peptides (including poly (amino acid)s, short AMPs, and lipopeptides) and factors to optimize antimicrobial effects. It also summarizes the two most important modes of action of antimicrobial peptides and the latest developments in the application of AMPs, including antimicrobial agent, wound healing, preservative, antibacterial coating and others. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges to improve the antibacterial peptides and propose prospects in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Yan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yuanze Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xinhao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yuzhong Niu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Wenlong Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Chunguang Ren
- Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, 264000, China.
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4
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Kim GC, Cheon DH, Lee Y. Challenge to overcome current limitations of cell-penetrating peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140604. [PMID: 33453413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The penetration of biological membranes is a prime obstacle for the delivery of pharmaceutical drugs. Cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) is an efficient vehicle that can deliver various cargos across the biological membranes. Since the discovery, CPPs have been rigorously studied to unveil the underlying penetrating mechanism as well as to exploit CPPs for various biomedical applications. This review will focus on the various strategies to overcome current limitations regarding stability, selectivity, and efficacy of CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Chan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hee Cheon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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André C, Veillard F, Wolff P, Lobstein AM, Compain G, Monsarrat C, Reichhart JM, Noûs C, Burnouf DY, Guichard G, Wagner JE. Antibacterial activity of a dual peptide targeting the Escherichia coli sliding clamp and the ribosome. RSC Chem Biol 2020; 1:137-147. [PMID: 34458754 PMCID: PMC8341878 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00060d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial processivity factor, or sliding clamp (SC), is a target of choice for new antibacterial drugs development. We have previously developed peptides that target Escherichia coli SC and block its interaction with DNA polymerases in vitro. Here, one such SC binding peptide was fused to a Proline-rich AntiMicrobial Peptide (PrAMP) to allow its internalization into E. coli cells. Co-immunoprecipitation assays with a N-terminally modified bifunctional peptide that still enters the bacteria but fails to interact with the bacterial ribosome, the major target of PrAMPs, demonstrate that it actually interacts with the bacterial SC. Moreover, when compared to SC non-binding controls, this peptide induces a ten-fold higher antibacterial activity against E. coli, showing that the observed antimicrobial activity is linked to SC binding. Finally, an unmodified bifunctional compound significantly increases the survival of Drosophila melanogaster flies challenged by an E. coli infection. Our study demonstrates the potential of PrAMPs to transport antibiotics into the bacterial cytoplasm and validates the development of drugs targeting the bacterial processivity factor of Gram-negative bacteria as a promising new class of antibiotics. Bifunctional peptides targeting both the translation and the replication machineries have been developed and shown to act as new antimicrobials.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe André
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie 2 rue Robert Escarpit F-33607 Pessac France
| | - Florian Veillard
- Insect Models of Innate Immunity, UPR 9022-CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Philippe Wolff
- CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Anne-Marie Lobstein
- CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Guillaume Compain
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie 2 rue Robert Escarpit F-33607 Pessac France
| | - Clément Monsarrat
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie 2 rue Robert Escarpit F-33607 Pessac France
| | - Jean-Marc Reichhart
- Insect Models of Innate Immunity, UPR 9022-CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Camille Noûs
- Laboratoire Cogitamus 1 3/4 rue Descartes 75005 Paris France
| | - Dominique Y Burnouf
- CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Gilles Guichard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie 2 rue Robert Escarpit F-33607 Pessac France
| | - Jérôme E Wagner
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg 67400 Illkirch France
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Polyproline chains destabilize the Alzheimer's amyloid-β protofibrils: A molecular dynamics simulation study. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 93:107456. [PMID: 31581064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.107456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's is a fatal neurodegenerative disease for which there is no cure at present. The disease is characterized by the presence of plaques, principally comprising the amyloid-β peptide (viz., β-sheet) in the brains of a patient. In our present work, we study the interaction of these β-sheets with a different number of repeating units of proline (β-sheet breaker) by docking and all atom molecular dynamics simulations. Our results indicate that proline can break the amyloid protofibrils apart, cause them to break their β-sheet structure, and in some cases even induce the formation of 310 helices, which may be intermediates in the unfolding of these β-sheets. We have also observed that some of the important hydrogen bonds and salt bridges between chains were disrupted by proline and the tight interatomic packing of atoms in the fibrils was made relatively loose. Proline chains had a tendency to make several contacts with charged residues. Proline chains binded well to the fibrils by strong electrostatic interactions while hydrophobic interactions played a less important role. This leads to the conclusion that proline can break the amyloid fibrils apart and can be considered in the design of novel peptide-based drugs to treat Alzheimer's disease and potentially other diseases caused by the misfolding of proteins into β-sheets.
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Ostorhazi E, Horvath A, Szabo D, Otvos L. Transdermally administered proline-arginine-rich host defense peptides show systemic efficacy in a lethal mouse bacteremia model. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1647-1651. [PMID: 28664267 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Host defense peptides are preferably administered as topical therapeutic agents. We have investigated whether peptide A3-APO can enter the circulation when applied to the ear skin. Efficacy of peptide monotherapy as transdermal administration option was assessed in a systemic mouse Acinetobacter baumannii model. A3-APO reduced mortality and demonstrated a statistically significant reduction of blood bacterial counts, regardless whether it was administered prior or after bacterial challenge. The peptidic metabolite of A3-APO was efficacious when applied to the ear or tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Ostorhazi
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Horvath
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dora Szabo
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Otvos
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary. .,OLPE, LLC, 801 Mockingbird Lane, Audubon, PA, 19403, USA.
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8
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Piotrowska U, Sobczak M, Oledzka E. Current state of a dual behaviour of antimicrobial peptides-Therapeutic agents and promising delivery vectors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:1079-1093. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Piotrowska
- Chair of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Department of Biomaterials Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Marcin Sobczak
- Chair of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Department of Biomaterials Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Ewa Oledzka
- Chair of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Department of Biomaterials Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
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9
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Otvos L, Kovalszky I, Olah J, Coroniti R, Knappe D, Nollmann FI, Hoffmann R, Wade JD, Lovas S, Surmacz E. Optimization of adiponectin-derived peptides for inhibition of cancer cell growth and signaling. Biopolymers 2015; 104:156-66. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Otvos
- Department of Biology; Temple University; Philadelphia PA 19122
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research; Semmelweis University; Budapest 1085 Hungary
| | - Julia Olah
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research; Semmelweis University; Budapest 1085 Hungary
| | - Roberta Coroniti
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Temple University; Philadelphia PA 19122
| | - Daniel Knappe
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry; Leipzig University; Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | | | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry; Leipzig University; Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - John D. Wade
- Florey Neurosciences Institutes; University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
- School of Chemistry; University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Sandor Lovas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Creighton University; Omaha NE 68178
| | - Eva Surmacz
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Temple University; Philadelphia PA 19122
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10
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Durzyńska J, Przysiecka Ł, Nawrot R, Barylski J, Nowicki G, Warowicka A, Musidlak O, Goździcka-Józefiak A. Viral and Other Cell-Penetrating Peptides as Vectors of Therapeutic Agents in Medicine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:32-42. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.223305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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11
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Abstract
Over the past two decades, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have become increasingly popular both in research and in application. There have been numerous studies on the physiochemical characteristics and behavior of CPPs in various environments; likewise, the mechanisms of entry and delivery capabilities of these peptides have also been extensively researched. Besides the fundamental issues, there is an enormous interest in the delivery capabilities of the peptides as the family of CPPs is a promising and mostly non-toxic delivery vector candidate for numerous medical applications such as gene silencing, transgene delivery, and splice correction. Lately, however, there has been an emerging field of study besides the high-profile gene therapy applications-the use of peptides and CPPs to combat various infections caused by harmful bacteria, fungi, and viruses.In this chapter, we aim to provide a short overview of the history and properties of CPPs which is followed by more thorough descriptions of antimicrobial and antiviral peptides. To achieve this, we analyze the origin of such peptides, give an overview of the mechanisms of action and discuss the various practical applications which are ongoing or have been suggested based on research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Pärn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Technology, Tartu University, Nooruse 1/517, Tartu, 50411, Estonia,
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12
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Li W, Tailhades J, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Separovic F, Otvos L, Hossain MA, Wade JD. Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides: potential therapeutics against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2287-94. [PMID: 25141976 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The increasing resistance of pathogens to antibiotics causes a huge clinical burden that places great demands on academic researchers and the pharmaceutical industry for resolution. Antimicrobial peptides, part of native host defense, have emerged as novel potential antibiotic alternatives. Among the different classes of antimicrobial peptides, proline-rich antimicrobial peptides, predominantly sourced from insects, have been extensively investigated to study their specific modes of action. In this review, we focus on recent developments in these peptides. They show a variety of modes of actions, including mechanism shift at high concentration, non-lytic mechanisms, as well as possessing different intracellular targets and lipopolysaccharide binding activity. Furthermore, proline-rich antimicrobial peptides display the ability to not only modulate the immune system via cytokine activity or angiogenesis but also possess properties of penetrating cell membranes and crossing the blood brain barrier suggesting a role as potential novel carriers. Ongoing studies of these peptides will likely lead to the development of more potent antimicrobial peptides that may serve as important additions to the armoury of agents against bacterial infection and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Li
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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13
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Wong S, Shim MS, Kwon YJ. Synthetically designed peptide-based biomaterials with stimuli-responsive and membrane-active properties for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:595-615. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21344g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Fang B, Guo HY, Zhang M, Jiang L, Ren FZ. The six amino acid antimicrobial peptide bLFcin6 penetrates cells and delivers siRNA. FEBS J 2013; 280:1007-17. [PMID: 23241223 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a new class of vectors with high pharmaceutical potential to deliver bioactive cargos into cells. Here, we characterized bLFcin(6) , a six amino acid peptide derived from bovine lactoferricin, as a CPP. Uptake of bLFcin(6) was measured by flow cytometry. The ability to delivery siRNA was analyzed in HeLa cells. bLFcin(6) exhibited concentration-dependent uptake and intracellular distribution. Below 7.5 μm, uptake of bLFcin(6) was significantly lower than uptake of TAT (P < 0.05) because bLFcin(6) has fewer cationic amino acids. Compared to CPP(5) (RLRWR) and CPP(6) (PFVYLI), bLFcin(6) had a significantly higher internalization ratio above 2.5 μm because it has two tryptophan residues. Uptake of bLFcin(6) starts with an ionic cell-surface interaction. It is then rapidly internalized by lipid raft-dependent macropinocytosis, followed by release from macropinosomes into the cytosol and nucleus. Moreover, bLFcin(6) formed stable electrostatic complexes with siRNA and delivered siRNA into cells, resulting in significant knockout activity at both the mRNA and protein levels. The knockout activity of siRNA delivered by bLFcin(6) was similar to that mediated by TAT, although knockout by bLFcin(6) required a higher molar ratio. In this study, bLFcin(6) was tested for its ability to act as an siRNA-delivering CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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15
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Fritsche S, Knappe D, Berthold N, von Buttlar H, Hoffmann R, Alber G. Absence ofin vitroinnate immunomodulation by insect-derived short proline-rich antimicrobial peptides points to direct antibacterial actionin vivo. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:599-608. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Intracellular toxicity of proline-rich antimicrobial peptides shuttled into mammalian cells by the cell-penetrating peptide penetratin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:5194-201. [PMID: 22850523 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00585-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The health threat caused by multiresistant bacteria has continuously increased and recently peaked with pathogens resistant to all current drugs. This has triggered intense research efforts to develop novel compounds to overcome the resistance mechanisms. Thus, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been intensively studied, especially the family of proline-rich AMPs (PrAMPs) that was successfully tested very recently in murine infection models. PrAMPs enter bacteria and inhibit chaperone DnaK. Here, we studied the toxicity of intracellular PrAMPs in HeLa and SH-SY5Y cells. As PrAMPs cannot enter most mammalian cells, we coupled the PrAMPs with penetratin (residues 43 to 58 in the antennapedia homeodomain) via a C-terminally added cysteine utilizing a thioether bridge. The resulting construct could transport the covalently linked PrAMP into mammalian cells. Penetratin ligation reduced the MIC for Gram-negative Escherichia coli only slightly (1 to 8 μmol/liter) but increased the activity against the Gram-positive Micrococcus luteus up to 32-fold (MIC ≈ 1 μmol/liter), most likely due to more effective penetration through the bacterial membrane. In contrast to native PrAMPs, the penetratin-PrAMP constructs entered the mammalian cells, aligned around the nucleus, and associated with the Golgi apparatus. At higher concentrations, the constructs reduced the cell viability (50% inhibitory concentration [IC(50)] ≈ 40 μmol/liter) and changed the morphology of the cells. No toxic effects or morphological changes were observed at concentrations of 10 μmol/liter or below. Thus, the IC(50) values were around 5 to 40 times higher than the MIC values. In conclusion, PrAMPs are in general not toxic to mammalian cells, as they do not pass through the membrane. When shuttled into mammalian cells, however, PrAMPs are only slightly cross-reactive to mammalian chaperones or other intracellular mammalian proteins, providing a second layer of safety for in vivo applications, even if they can enter some human cells.
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Milletti F. Cell-penetrating peptides: classes, origin, and current landscape. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:850-60. [PMID: 22465171 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
With more than ten new FDA approvals since 2001, peptides are emerging as an important therapeutic alternative to small molecules. However, unlike small molecules, peptides on the market today are limited to extracellular targets. By contrast, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) can target intracellular proteins and also carry other cargoes (e.g. other peptides, small molecules or proteins) into the cell, thus offering great potential as future therapeutics. In this review I present a classification scheme for CPPs based on their physical-chemical properties and origin, and I provide a general framework for understanding and discovering new CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Milletti
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., pRED Informatics, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ, USA.
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18
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Brouwer CPJM, Rahman M, Welling MM. Discovery and development of a synthetic peptide derived from lactoferrin for clinical use. Peptides 2011; 32:1953-63. [PMID: 21827807 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop new antimicrobial drugs especially for combating the rise of infections caused by multi-resistant pathogens such as MRSA and VRSA. The problem of antibiotic resistant micro-organisms is expected to increase disproportionally and controlling of infections is becoming difficult because of the rapid spread of those micro-organisms. Primary therapy with classical antibiotics is becoming more ineffective. Combinational therapy of antibiotics with antimicrobial peptides (AMP's) has been suggested as an alternative approach to improve treatment outcome. Their unique mechanism of action and safety profile makes AMP's appealing candidates for simultaneous or sequential use in different cases of infections. In this review, for antimicrobial treatment the application of synthetic antimicrobial peptide hLF(1-11), derived from the first 11 amino acids of human lactoferrin is evaluated in both pre-clinical and clinical settings. Present information indicates that this derivate from lactoferrin is well tolerated in pre-clinical tests and clinical trials and thus hLF(1-11) is an interesting candidate for further exploration in various clinical indications of obscure infections, including meningitis. Another approach of using AMP's is their use in prevention of infections e.g. as coating for dental or bone implants or in biosensing applications or useful as infection specific radiopharmaceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo P J M Brouwer
- Department of Radiology, Section of Nuclear Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Room C4-R-77, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Scocchi M, Tossi A, Gennaro R. Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides: converging to a non-lytic mechanism of action. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2317-30. [PMID: 21594684 PMCID: PMC11114787 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides are a group of cationic host defense peptides of vertebrates and invertebrates characterized by a high content of proline residues, often associated with arginine residues in repeated motifs. Those isolated from some mammalian and insect species, although not evolutionarily related, use a similar mechanism to selectively kill Gram-negative bacteria, with a low toxicity to animals. Unlike other types of antimicrobial peptides, their mode of action does not involve the lysis of bacterial membranes but entails penetration into susceptible cells, where they then act intracellularly. Some aspects of the transport system and cytoplasmic targets have been elucidated. These features make them attractive both as anti-infective lead compounds and as a new class of potential cell-penetrating peptides capable of internalising membrane-impermeant drugs into both bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Renato Gennaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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Splith K, Neundorf I. Antimicrobial peptides with cell-penetrating peptide properties and vice versa. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2011; 40:387-97. [PMID: 21336522 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-011-0682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a group of peptides that are active against a diverse spectrum of microorganisms. Due to their mode of action, AMPs are a promising class of molecules that could overcome the problems of increasing resistance of bacteria to conventional antibiotics. Furthermore, AMPs are strongly membrane-active and some are able to translocate into cells without the necessity for permanent membrane permeabilization. This feature has brought them into focus for use as transport vectors in the context of drug delivery. Since the plasma membrane restricts transport of bioactive substances into cells, great research interest lies in the development of innovative ways to overcome this barrier and to increase bioavailability. In this context, peptide-based transport systems, such as cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), have come into focus, and their efficiency has been demonstrated in many different applications. However, more recently, also some AMPs have been used as efficient vectors for intracellular translocation of various active molecules. This review summarizes recent efforts in this interesting field of drug delivery. Moreover, some examples of the application of CPPs as efficient antimicrobial substances will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Splith
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Brüderstr. 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Henricus MM, Johnson KT, Banerjee IA. Investigation of Insulin Loaded Self-Assembled Microtubules for Drug Release. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:2394-400. [DOI: 10.1021/bc800254n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marsiyana M. Henricus
- Department of Chemistry, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, New York 10458
| | - Karen T. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, New York 10458
| | - Ipsita A. Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, New York 10458
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Chua BY, Eriksson EM, Poole DP, Zeng W, Jackson DC. Dendritic cell acquisition of epitope cargo mediated by simple cationic peptide structures. Peptides 2008; 29:881-90. [PMID: 18378356 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study we evaluate the uptake by murine dendritic cells (DCs) of different synthetic, branched cationic peptide structures with a view to facilitating peptide epitope delivery. The level of cell uptake by fluorescenated peptides was measured by flow cytometry following quenching of extracellular fluorescence with trypan blue. Branched peptides containing either N-terminal arginine or N-terminal lysine residues were able to mediate cell entry but the peptide containing four arginine residues in a branching configuration (R4) was found to be superior not only to other branched peptides in translocating to the cell interior and also to a peptide containing four arginine residues arranged linearly. Fluorescenated R4 was found to be localized within intracellular vesicle-like compartments as well as being distributed throughout the cell cytoplasm. Uptake of R4 utilized an energy-dependent process that appeared to involve phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and could induce intermediate levels of DC maturation. R4 when conjugated to a T-helper cell and CTL epitope construct was able to induce antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell mediated immune responses in mice when administered in adjuvant as were DCs that were pulsed with this construct and then matured with LPS. Fluorescenated R4 was also found to translocate into the interior of other cell types indicating that it may be useful for the delivery of peptide cargo into other specialized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon Y Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Abstract
After many years of stagnation, peptide therapeutics once again became the focus of innovative drug development efforts backed up by venture funds and biotechnology companies. Designer peptide drugs overcome the unattractive pharmacological properties of native peptides and protein fragments and frequently feature nonnatural amino acid or backbone replacements, cyclic or multimeric structures, or peptidic or nonpeptidic delivery modules. With their high specificity and low toxicity profile, biologicals offer viable alternatives to small molecule therapeutics. The development of peptide drugs requires specific considerations of this family of biopolymers. Historically, peptide vaccines to viral infections and antibacterial peptides led the way in clinical development, but recently many other diseases have been targeted, including the big sellers AIDS, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. This book gives practical advice to the most important steps in peptide-based drug development such as isolation, purification, characterization, interaction with targets, structural analysis, stability studies, assessment of biodistribution and pharmacological parameters, sequence modifications, and high throughput screening. This brief overview provides historical background for each of the listed techniques and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Otvos
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Chua BY, Zeng W, Jackson DC. Simple Branched Arginine-Based Structures can Enhance the Cellular Uptake of Peptide Cargos. Int J Pept Res Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-006-9063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bryers JD, Ratner BD. Biomaterials approaches to combating oral biofilms and dental disease. BMC Oral Health 2006; 6 Suppl 1:S15. [PMID: 16934116 PMCID: PMC2147597 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-6-s1-s15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Possibilities for biomaterials to impact the dental caries epidemic are reviewed with emphasis placed on novel delivery biomaterials and new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Bryers
- Department of Bioengineering, Biomaterials (UWEB) Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- University of Washington Engineered Biomaterials (UWEB) Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Buddy D Ratner
- Department of Bioengineering, Biomaterials (UWEB) Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- University of Washington Engineered Biomaterials (UWEB) Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Abstract
Native antimicrobial peptides and proteins represent bridges between innate and adaptive immunity in mammals. On the one hand they possess direct bacterial killing properties, partly by disintegrating bacterial membranes, and some also by inhibiting functions of intracellular biopolymers. On the other, native antimicrobial peptides and proteins upregulate the host defense as chemoattractants or by various additional immunostimulatory effects. Structure-activity relationship studies indicate that residues responsible for the activities on bacterial membranes or for the secondary functions do not perfectly overlap. In reality, in spite of the relatively short size (18-20 amino acid residues) of some of these molecules, the functional domains can frequently be separated, with the cell-penetrating fragments located at the C-termini and the protein binding domains found upstream. As a cumulative effect, multifunctional and target-specific (agonist or antagonist) antimicrobial peptides and proteins interfere with more than one bacterial function at low concentrations, eliminating toxicity concerns of the earlier generations of antibacterial peptides observed in the clinical setting.
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Otvos L, Snyder C, Condie B, Bulet P, Wade JD. Chimeric Antimicrobial Peptides Exhibit Multiple Modes of Action. Int J Pept Res Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-004-1719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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