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Athira BS, George A, Vaishna Priya K, Hareesh US, Gowd EB, Surendran KP, Chandran A. High-Performance Flexible Piezoelectric Nanogenerator Based on Electrospun PVDF-BaTiO 3 Nanofibers for Self-Powered Vibration Sensing Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:44239-44250. [PMID: 36129836 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present era of intelligent electronics and Internet of Things (IoT), the demand for flexible and wearable devices is very high. Here, we have developed a high-output flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) based on electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-barium titanate (BaTiO3) (ES PVDF-BT) composite nanofibers with an enhanced electroactive phase. On addition of 10 wt % BaTiO3 nanoparticles, the electroactive β-phase of the PVDF is found to be escalated to ∼91% as a result of the synergistic interfacial interaction between the tetragonal BaTiO3 nanoparticles and the ferroelectric host polymer matrix on electrospinning. The fabricated PENG device delivered an open-circuit voltage of ∼50 V and short-circuit current density of ∼0.312 mA m-2. Also, the PVDF-BT nanofiber-based PENG device showed an output power density of ∼4.07 mW m-2, which is 10 times higher than that of a pristine PVDF nanofiber-based PENG device. Furthermore, the developed PENG has been newly demonstrated for self-powered real-time vibration sensing applications such as for mapping of mechanical vibrations from faulty CPU fans, hard disk drives, and electric sewing machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Athira
- Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR─National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ashitha George
- Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR─National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - K Vaishna Priya
- Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR─National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - U S Hareesh
- Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR─National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - E Bhoje Gowd
- Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR─National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kuzhichalil Peethambharan Surendran
- Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR─National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Achu Chandran
- Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR─National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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2
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Dual Effects of Interfacial Interaction and Geometric Constraints on Structural Formation of Poly(butylene terephthalate) Nanorods. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2736-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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Liang Z, Zheng N, Ni B, Lai Z, Niu H, Zhang S, Cao Y. Coherent crystal branches: the impact of tetragonal symmetry on the 2D confined polymer nanostructure. IUCRJ 2021; 8:215-224. [PMID: 33708399 PMCID: PMC7924242 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252521000774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The symmetry of polymer crystals greatly affects the optical, thermal con-ductivity and mechanical properties of the materials. Past studies have shown that the two-dimensional (2D) confined crystallization of polymer nanorods could produce anisotropic structures. However, few researchers have focused on understanding confined nanostructures from the perspective of crystal sym-metry. In this research, we demonstrate the molecular chain self-assembly of tetragonal crystals under cylindrical confinement. We specifically selected poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (P4MP1) with a 41 or 72 helical conformation (usually crystallizing with a tetragonal lattice) as the model polymer. We found a coherent crystal branching of the tetragonal crystal in the P4MP1 nanorods. The unusual 45°- and 135°-{200} diffractions and the meridional 220 diffraction (from 45°-tilted crystals) have shown a uniform crystal branching between the a 1-axis crystals and the 45°-tilted crystals in the rod long axis, which originates from a structural defect associated with tetragonal symmetry. Surprisingly, this chain packing defect in the tetragonal cell can be controlled to develop along the rod long axis in 2D confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Liang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Guangdong 518060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangdong 513060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Ni
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Lai
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Guangdong 518060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Niu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuailin Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Yan Cao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Guangdong 518060, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Lai Z, Zheng N, Liang Z, Wang Y, Niu H, Ji MS, Ni B, Huang X, Ouyang X, Li X, Lotz B, Cao Y. Structural Ensemble of Molecular Chains in Isotactic Polypropylene under Cylindrical Confinement. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Lai
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Lab of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Ziying Liang
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Yuanjie Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hui Niu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ming-Sheng Ji
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bo Ni
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xing Ouyang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Bernard Lotz
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS and Université de Strasbourg, 6, Rue Boussingault, Strasbourg 67034, France
| | - Yan Cao
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
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Lai Z, Zhang S, Zheng N, Yu S, Ageishi M, Jinnai H, Cao Y. Hierarchical structure of the triclinic α-phase crystal in nylon 6,12 mediated by two-dimensional confinement. J Appl Crystallogr 2020. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576719014705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been recognized that macromolecular chains can self-assemble into a hierarchical structure from lamellae to spherulites in bulk crystallization. However, little account has been taken of crystal symmetry effects on the hierarchical nanostructure in polymers under cylindrical confinement. In this research, a model polymer, nylon 6,12, most commonly occurring in the triclinic α phase, was chosen in order to demonstrate the effect of triclinic symmetry on the 2D-constrained polymer nanostructure. The self-arranging unit of nylon 6,12 takes various forms, including stems, unit cells, hydrogen-bonded sheets, lamellae and complex spherulites, which is an essential structural feature for investigating hierarchical nanostructure. The rod nanostructure in confinement was examined by cross-checking electron and X-ray diffraction techniques. It is found that thea* axis of the α-phase cell is inclined at about ±6–11° to the rod long axis within thea*b* plane around thecaxis (caxis ⊥ rod long axis). The rotation of thea*b* plane most likely results from the impact of the triclinic symmetry on the molecular chain packing under 2D confinement. A mechanism for thisa*b* plane tilting is proposed.
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Zeng X, Zhang S, Zheng N, Yu S, Li X, Ageishi M, Lotz B, Liu G, Cao Y. Diversified α-phase nanostructure of isotactic polypropylene under cylindrical confinement via cross diffraction analysis. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yu S, Lai Z, Jinnai H, Zeng X, Ageishi M, Lotz B, Cheng SZD, Zheng N, Zhang S, Feng X, Cao Y. Adding Symmetry: Cylindrically Confined Crystallization of Nylon-6. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shichen Yu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Ziwei Lai
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Xingming Zeng
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Masaki Ageishi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Bernard Lotz
- Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS—ULP), 6, rue Boussingault, Strasbourg 67083, France
| | - Stephen Z. D. Cheng
- Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology (AISMST), South China University of Technology, Guangdong 510640, China
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangdong 513060, China
| | - Shuailin Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Xueyan Feng
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Yan Cao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Guangdong 518060, China
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Su C, Shi G, Li X, Zhang X, Müller AJ, Wang D, Liu G. Uniaxial and Mixed Orientations of Poly(ethylene oxide) in Nanoporous Alumina Studied by X-ray Pole Figure Analysis. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangyu Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R & D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nanofiber, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R & D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nanofiber, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque
Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Dujin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guoming Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Molecular self-assembly of one-dimensional polymer nanostructures in nanopores of anodic alumina oxide templates. Prog Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Yau MY, Gunkel I, Hartmann-Azanza B, Akram W, Wang Y, Thurn-Albrecht T, Steinhart M. Semicrystalline Block Copolymers in Rigid Confining Nanopores. Macromolecules 2017; 50:8637-8646. [PMID: 30174341 PMCID: PMC6114844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated PLLA crystallization in lamellae-forming PS-b-PLLA confined to straight cylindrical nanopores under weak confinement (nanopore diameter D/equilibrium PS-b-PLLA period L0 ≥ 4.8). Molten PS-b-PLLA predominantly forms concentric lamellae along the nanopores, but intertwined helices occur even for D/L0 ≈ 7.3. Quenching PS-b-PLLA melts below TG(PS) results in PLLA cold crystallization strictly confined by the vitrified PS domains. Above TG(PS), PLLA crystallization is templated by the PS-b-PLLA melt domain structure in the nanopore centers, while adsorption on the nanopore walls stabilizes the outermost cylindrical PS-b-PLLA shell. In between, the nanoscopic PS-b-PLLA melt domain structure apparently ripens to reduce frustrations transmitted from the outermost immobilized PS-b-PLLA layer. The onset of PLLA crystallization catalyzes the ripening while transient ripening states are arrested by advancing PLLA crystallization. Certain helical structure motifs persist PLLA crystallization even if PS is soft. The direction of fastest PLLA crystal growth is preferentially aligned with the nanopore axes to the same degree as for PLLA homopolymer, independent of whether PS is vitreous or soft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Yan
Eric Yau
- Institut
für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität
Osnabrück, Barbarastr.7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Ilja Gunkel
- Institut
für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität
Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle, Germany
| | - Brigitte Hartmann-Azanza
- Institut
für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität
Osnabrück, Barbarastr.7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Wajiha Akram
- Institut
für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität
Osnabrück, Barbarastr.7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Yong Wang
- State
Key Lab of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering; College of Chemical
Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Xin Mofan Road 5, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Thomas Thurn-Albrecht
- Institut
für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität
Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle, Germany
| | - Martin Steinhart
- Institut
für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität
Osnabrück, Barbarastr.7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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Li L, Liu J, Qin L, Zhang C, Sha Y, Jiang J, Wang X, Chen W, Xue G, Zhou D. Crystallization kinetics of syndiotactic polypropylene confined in nanoporous alumina. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Xue J, Xu Y, Jin Z. Interfacial Interaction in Anodic Aluminum Oxide Templates Modifies Morphology, Surface Area, and Crystallization of Polyamide-6 Nanofibers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:2259-2266. [PMID: 26886176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrated that, when the precipitation process of polyamide-6 (PA6) solution happens in cylindrical channels of an anodized aluminum oxide membrane (AAO), interface interactions between a solid surface, solvent, non-solvent, and PA6 will influence the obtained polymer nanostructures, resulting in complex morphologies, increased surface area, and crystallization changes. With the enhancing interaction of PA6 and the AAO surface, the morphology of PA6 nanostructures changes from solid nanofibers, mesoporous, to bamboo-like, while at the same time, metastable γ-phase domains increase in these PA6 nanostructures. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas of solid, bamboo-like, and mesoporous PA6 nanofibers rise from 16, 20.9, to 25 m(2)/g. This study shows that interfacial interaction in AAO template fabrication can be used in manipulating the morphology and crystallization of one-dimensional polymer nanostructures. It also provides us a simple and novel method to create porous PA6 nanofibers with a large surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhuang Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxia Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
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Liew WH, Mirshekarloo MS, Chen S, Yao K, Tay FEH. Nanoconfinement induced crystal orientation and large piezoelectric coefficient in vertically aligned P(VDF-TrFE) nanotube array. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9790. [PMID: 25966301 PMCID: PMC4434347 DOI: 10.1038/srep09790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertically aligned piezoelectric P(VDF-TrFE) nanotube array comprising nanotubes embedded in anodized alumina membrane matrix without entanglement has been fabricated. It is found that the crystallographic polar axes of the P(VDF-TrFE) nanotubes are oriented along the nanotubes long axes. Such a desired crystal orientation is due to the kinetic selection mechanism for lamellae growth confined in the nanopores. The preferred crystal orientation in nanotubes leads to huge piezoelectric coefficients of the P(VDF-TrFE). The piezoelectric strain and voltage coefficients of P(VDF-TrFE) nanotube array are observed to be 1.97 and 3.40 times of those for conventional spin coated film. Such a significant performance enhancement is attributed to the well-controlled polarization orientation, the elimination of the substrate constraint, and the low dielectric constant of the nanotube array. The P(VDF-TrFE) nanotube array exhibiting the unique structure and outstanding piezoelectric performance is promising for wide applications, including various electrical devices and electromechanical sensors and transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng Heng Liew
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A* STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) 3 Research Link, 117602 (Singapore)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering National University of Singapore Kent Ridge, 119260 (Singapore)
| | - Meysam Sharifzadeh Mirshekarloo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A* STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) 3 Research Link, 117602 (Singapore)
| | - Shuting Chen
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A* STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) 3 Research Link, 117602 (Singapore)
| | - Kui Yao
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A* STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) 3 Research Link, 117602 (Singapore)
| | - Francis Eng Hock Tay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering National University of Singapore Kent Ridge, 119260 (Singapore)
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14
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Cao Y, Wu H, Higaki Y, Jinnai H, Takahara A. Molecular self-assembly of nylon-12 nanorods cylindrically confined to nanoporous alumina. IUCRJ 2014; 1:439-45. [PMID: 25485124 PMCID: PMC4224462 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252514020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular self-assembly of nylon-12 rods in self-organized nanoporous alumina cylinders with two different diameters (65 and 300 nm) is studied with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) in symmetrical reflection mode. In a rod with a 300 nm diameter, the tendency of the hydrogen-bonding direction of a γ-form crystal parallel to the long axis of the rod is not clear because of weak two-dimensional confinement. In a rod with a diameter of 65 nm, the tendency of the hydrogen-bonding direction of a γ-form crystal parallel to the long axis of the rod is more distinct because of strong two-dimensional confinement. For the first time, selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) is applied in a transmission electron microscope to a polymer nanorod in order to determine the hydrogen-bond sheet and lamellar orientations. Results of TEM-SAED and WAXD showed that the crystals within the rod possess the γ-form of nylon-12 and that the b axis (stem axis) of the γ-form crystals is perpendicular to the long axis of the rod. These results revealed that only lamellae with 〈h0l〉 directions are able to grow inside the nanopores and the growth of lamellae with 〈hkl〉 (k ≠ 0) directions is stopped owing to impingements against the cylinder walls. The dominant crystal growth direction of the 65 nm rod in stronger two-dimensional confinement is in between the [-201] and [001] directions due to the development of a hydrogen-bonded sheet restricted along the long axis of the rod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cao
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Takahara Soft Interfaces Project, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hui Wu
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuji Higaki
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Takahara Soft Interfaces Project, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Takahara Soft Interfaces Project, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahara
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Takahara Soft Interfaces Project, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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15
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Wu H, Yang J, Cao S, Huang L, Chen L. Ordered Organic Nanostructures Fabricated from Anodic Alumina Oxide Templates for Organic Bulk-Heterojunction Photovoltaics. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wu
- College of Material Engineering; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Junliang Yang
- Institute of Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process in Advanced Materials; School of Physics and Electronics; Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410083 China
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process; School of Physics and Electronics; Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410083 China
| | - Shilin Cao
- College of Material Engineering; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Liulian Huang
- College of Material Engineering; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Lihui Chen
- College of Material Engineering; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
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