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Sharma S, Kalyani N, Dutta T, Velázquez-González JS, Llamas-Garro I, Ung B, Bas J, Dubey R, Mishra SK. Optical Devices for the Diagnosis and Management of Spinal Cord Injuries: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:296. [PMID: 38920599 PMCID: PMC11201428 DOI: 10.3390/bios14060296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Throughout the central nervous system, the spinal cord plays a very important role, namely, transmitting sensory and motor information inwardly so that it can be processed by the brain. There are many different ways this structure can be damaged, such as through traumatic injury or surgery, such as scoliosis correction, for instance. Consequently, damage may be caused to the nervous system as a result of this. There is no doubt that optical devices such as microscopes and cameras can have a significant impact on research, diagnosis, and treatment planning for patients with spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Additionally, these technologies contribute a great deal to our understanding of these injuries, and they are also essential in enhancing the quality of life of individuals with spinal cord injuries. Through increasingly powerful, accurate, and minimally invasive technologies that have been developed over the last decade or so, several new optical devices have been introduced that are capable of improving the accuracy of SCI diagnosis and treatment and promoting a better quality of life after surgery. We aim in this paper to present a timely overview of the various research fields that have been conducted on optical devices that can be used to diagnose spinal cord injuries as well as to manage the associated health complications that affected individuals may experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Sharma
- Department of Physics, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Neeti Kalyani
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Denmark Technical University, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Taposhree Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howarh 711103, West Bengal, India;
| | - Jesús Salvador Velázquez-González
- Navigation and Positioning, Center Technologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Avinguda Carl Friedrich Gauss, 11, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain; (J.S.V.-G.); (I.L.-G.)
| | - Ignacio Llamas-Garro
- Navigation and Positioning, Center Technologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Avinguda Carl Friedrich Gauss, 11, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain; (J.S.V.-G.); (I.L.-G.)
| | - Bora Ung
- Electrical Engineering Department, Ecole de Technologie Superieure, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada;
| | - Joan Bas
- Space and Resilient Communications and Systems (SRCOM), Center Technologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Avinguda Carl Friedrich Gauss, 11, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain;
| | - Rakesh Dubey
- Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, 70-453 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Satyendra K. Mishra
- Space and Resilient Communications and Systems (SRCOM), Center Technologic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Avinguda Carl Friedrich Gauss, 11, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain;
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Yeon C, Im JM, Kim M, Kim YR, Chung E. Cranial and Spinal Window Preparation for in vivo Optical Neuroimaging in Rodents and Related Experimental Techniques. Exp Neurobiol 2022; 31:131-146. [PMID: 35786637 PMCID: PMC9272117 DOI: 10.5607/en22015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical neuroimaging provides an effective neuroscience tool for multi-scale investigation of the neural structures and functions, ranging from molecular, cellular activities to the inter-regional connectivity assessment. Amongst experimental preparations, the implementation of an artificial window to the central nervous system (CNS) is primarily required for optical visualization of the CNS and associated brain activities through the opaque skin and bone. Either thinning down or removing portions of the skull or spine is necessary for unobstructed long-term in vivo observations, for which types of the cranial and spinal window and applied materials vary depending on the study objectives. As diversely useful, a window can be designed to accommodate other experimental methods such as electrophysiology or optogenetics. Moreover, auxiliary apparatuses would allow the recording in synchrony with behavior of large-scale brain connectivity signals across the CNS, such as olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Such advancements in the cranial and spinal window have resulted in a paradigm shift in neuroscience, enabling in vivo investigation of the brain function and dysfunction at the microscopic, cellular level. This Review addresses the types and classifications of windows used in optical neuroimaging while describing how to perform in vivo studies using rodent models in combination with other experimental modalities during behavioral tests. The cranial and spinal window has enabled longitudinal examination of evolving neural mechanisms via in situ visualization of the brain. We expect transformable and multi-functional cranial and spinal windows to become commonplace in neuroscience laboratories, further facilitating advances in optical neuroimaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanmi Yeon
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Jeong Myo Im
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Minsung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Young Ro Kim
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Euiheon Chung
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea.,AI Graduate School, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea.,Research Center for Photon Science Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
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Yao Q, Guan J, Ma L, Cheng L, Duan F, Xu F, Zhao W, Duan W, Wu H, Chen Z, Jian F. Wireless Epidural Electrical Stimulation in Combination With Serotonin Agonists Improves Intraspinal Metabolism in Spinal Cord Injury Rats. Neuromodulation 2020; 24:416-426. [PMID: 33377590 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The combination of epidural electrical stimulation (EES) and serotonin agonists (5-HTA) effectively restores rhythmic lower-limb movements and improves intraspinal hemodynamics after spinal cord injury (SCI). Nonetheless, whether EES + 5-HTA improves intraspinal metabolism remains unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of EES + 5-HTA on intraspinal metabolism in SCI rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wireless EES (WEES) implantation with complete T8 transection was performed in SCI rats. Electrodes were placed at the T12 and L2 vertebral levels. After rest for a week, the SCI rats received 11 weeks of WEES + 5-HTA treatment and treadmill training. WEES was switched off after each daily training. Locomotor function was evaluated by motion capture at week 12. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography was conducted to evaluate basal metabolism when WEES was switched off and assess task metabolism when WEES was switched on. RESULTS With locomotor recovery after training for 11 weeks, WEES + 5-HTA conjointly improved basal metabolism (vs. each intervention alone; p < 0.05) and linearly modulated task metabolism in a frequency-dependent manner (R2 = 0.8901). Furthermore, 60 Hz of WEES was identified as the threshold for the extensive activation of the spinal cord's task metabolism below the transection plane (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS WEES + 5-HTA could conjointly restore basal metabolism to a healthy level and modulate task metabolism by adjusting the stimulation frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Longbing Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Duan
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fu Xu
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Zhao
- Department of Management Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wanru Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengzeng Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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A soft, transparent, freely accessible cranial window for chronic imaging and electrophysiology. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27818. [PMID: 27283875 PMCID: PMC4901295 DOI: 10.1038/srep27818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic in vivo imaging and electrophysiology are important for better understanding of neural functions and circuits. We introduce the new cranial window using soft, penetrable, elastic, and transparent, silicone-based polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a substitute for the skull and dura in both rats and mice. The PDMS can be readily tailored to any size and shape to cover large brain area. Clear and healthy cortical vasculatures were observed up to 15 weeks post-implantation. Real-time hemodynamic responses were successfully monitored during sensory stimulation. Furthermore, the PDMS window allowed for easy insertion of microelectrodes and micropipettes into the cortical tissue for electrophysiological recording and chemical injection at any location without causing any fluid leakage. Longitudinal two-photon microscopic imaging of Cx3Cr1+/− GFP transgenic mice was comparable with imaging via a conventional glass-type cranial window, even immediately following direct intracortical injection. This cranial window will facilitate direct probing and mapping for long-term brain studies.
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Caffo M, Merlo L, Marino D, Caruso G. Graphene in neurosurgery: the beginning of a new era. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:615-25. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has revolutionized the approach to different fields of industry and medicine. Among the new nanomaterial used, one of the most promising appears to be graphene. Its versatility, due to a particular chemical configuration, confers to it enormous potential of application. Graphene has recently been tested also in biomedical research with excellent results. Neurosurgery can benefit of this material for therapeutic purposes such as targeting controlled drug/gene delivery in brain tumor treatment, as well as photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapy, improving biosensing and bioimaging, and lastly as biocompatible material for intracranial and/or spinal devices. However, it still remains an experimental material whose in vitro and in vivo toxicity is tested with controversial results for the human health. Noteworthy is the fact that it is not possible so far to know its long-term toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Caffo
- Neurosurgical Clinic, Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina School of Medicine, Messina, Italy
| | - Lucia Merlo
- Neurosurgical Clinic, Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina School of Medicine, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniele Marino
- Neurosurgical Clinic, Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina School of Medicine, Messina, Italy
| | - Gerardo Caruso
- Neurosurgical Clinic, Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina School of Medicine, Messina, Italy
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Mattei TA, Rehman AA. Technological developments and future perspectives on graphene-based metamaterials: a primer for neurosurgeons. Neurosurgery 2014; 74:499-516; discussion 516. [PMID: 24476906 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene, a monolayer atomic-scale honeycomb lattice of carbon atoms, has been considered the greatest revolution in metamaterials research in the past 5 years. Its developers were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010, and massive funding has been directed to graphene-based experimental research in the last years. For instance, an international scientific collaboration has recently received a €1 billion grant from the European Flagship Initiative, the largest amount of financial resources ever granted for a single research project in the history of modern science. Because of graphene's unique optical, thermal, mechanical, electronic, and quantum properties, the incorporation of graphene-based metamaterials to biomedical applications is expected to lead to major technological breakthroughs in the next few decades. Current frontline research in graphene technology includes the development of high-performance, lightweight, and malleable electronic devices, new optical modulators, ultracapacitors, molecular biodevices, organic photovoltaic cells, lithium-ion microbatteries, frequency multipliers, quantum dots, and integrated circuits, just to mention a few. With such advances, graphene technology is expected to significantly impact several areas of neurosurgery, including neuro-oncology, neurointensive care, neuroregeneration research, peripheral nerve surgery, functional neurosurgery, and spine surgery. In this topic review, the authors provide a basic introduction to the main electrophysical properties of graphene. Additionally, future perspectives of ongoing frontline investigations on this new metamaterial are discussed, with special emphasis on those research fields that are expected to most substantially impact experimental and clinical neurosurgery in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A Mattei
- *Invision Health Brain and Spine Center, Williamsville, New York; ‡University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois
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Song Q, Jiang Z, Li N, Liu P, Liu L, Tang M, Cheng G. Anti-inflammatory effects of three-dimensional graphene foams cultured with microglial cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:6930-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Chae SH, Lee YH. Carbon nanotubes and graphene towards soft electronics. NANO CONVERGENCE 2014; 1:15. [PMID: 28936384 PMCID: PMC5591626 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-014-0015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although silicon technology has been the main driving force for miniaturizing device dimensions to improve cost and performance, the current application of Si to soft electronics (flexible and stretchable electronics) is limited due to material rigidity. As a result, various prospective materials have been proposed to overcome the rigidity of conventional Si technology. In particular, nano-carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene are promising due to outstanding elastic properties as well as an excellent combination of electronic, optoelectronic, and thermal properties compared to conventional rigid silicon. The uniqueness of these nano-carbon materials has opened new possibilities for soft electronics, which is another technological trend in the market. This review covers the recent progress of soft electronics research based on CNTs and graphene. We discuss the strategies for soft electronics with nano-carbon materials and their preparation methods (growth and transfer techniques) to devices as well as the electrical characteristics of transparent conducting films (transparency and sheet resistance) and device performances in field effect transistor (FET) (structure, carrier type, on/off ratio, and mobility). In addition to discussing state of the art performance metrics, we also attempt to clarify trade-off issues and methods to control the trade-off on/off versus mobility). We further demonstrate accomplishments of the CNT network in flexible integrated circuits on plastic substrates that have attractive characteristics. A future research direction is also proposed to overcome current technological obstacles necessary to realize commercially feasible soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Chae
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 440-746 Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 440-746 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 440-746 Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 440-746 Republic of Korea
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