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Hwang BS, Lee S, Jeong EJ, Rho JR. Two New Components from an Association of Marine Sponges Poecillastra sp. and Jaspis sp. and Their Inhibitory Effects on Biomarkers for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:491. [PMID: 37755104 PMCID: PMC10532625 DOI: 10.3390/md21090491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), characterized by the enlargement of the prostate gland and subsequent lower urinary tract symptoms, poses a significant health concern for aging men with increasing prevalence. Extensive efforts encompassing in vitro and in vivo models are underway to identify novel and effective agents for the management and treatment of BPH. Research endeavors are primarily channeled toward assessing the potential of compounds to inhibit cell proliferation, curb inflammation, and display anti-androgenic activity. Notably, through screening aimed at inhibiting 5-alpha reductase type 2 (5αR2) in human prostatic cells, two acyl compounds (1 and 2) were isolated from a bioactive fraction sourced from an association of marine sponges Poecillastra sp. and Jaspis sp. The complete structure of 1 was determined as (Z)-dec-3-enony (2S, 3S)-capreomycidine, ascertained by JBCA and ECD comparison. While the absolute configurations of 2 remained unassigned, it was identified as a linkage of a 2, 7S*-dihydoxy-9R*-methyloctadecanoyl group with the 2-amino position of a tramiprosate moiety referred to as homotaurine. Evaluation of both compounds encompassed the assessment of their inhibitory effects on key biomarkers (5αR2, AR, PSA, and PCNA) associated with BPH in testosterone propionate (TP)-activated LNCap and RWPE-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buyng Su Hwang
- Bio-Resource Industrialization Center, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sangbum Lee
- Department of Oceanography, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun Ju Jeong
- Department of GreenBio Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Rae Rho
- Department of Oceanography, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea;
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Su X, Wu Y, Wu M, Lu J, Jia S, He X, Liu S, Zhou Y, Xing H, Xue Y. Regioisomers Salviprolin A and B, Unprecedented Rosmarinic Acid Conjugated Dinorditerpenoids from Salvia przewalskii Maxim. Molecules 2021; 26:6955. [PMID: 34834049 PMCID: PMC8618536 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia przewalskii Maxim is a perennial plant from the genus Salvia (family Lamiaceae). The roots of S. przewalskii were long used as a traditional herb to treat blood circulation related illnesses in China. As part of our continuing interest in polycyclic natural products from medicinal plants, two unprecedented adducts comprised of a dinor-diterpenoid and a 9'-nor-rosmarinic acid derivative, linked by a 1,4-benzodioxane motif (1 and 2), were isolated from the roots of S. przewalskii. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic approaches including 1D, 2D NMR, and HRFABMS. Their cytotoxic activities against five human tumor cell lines were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongbo Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (X.S.); (Y.W.); (M.W.); (J.L.); (S.J.); (X.H.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.X.)
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Park SC, Lee JH, Hwang JY, Kwon OS, Liao L, Oh DC, Oh KB, Shin J. Ochraceopetalin, a Mixed-Biogenetic Salt of Polyketide and Amino Acid Origins from a Marine-Derived Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis Fungus. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19080413. [PMID: 34436252 PMCID: PMC8401040 DOI: 10.3390/md19080413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochraceopetalin (1), a mixed-biogenetic salt compound and its component 2 were isolated from the culture broths of a marine-derived fungus, Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis. Based on combined spectroscopic and chemical analyses, the structure of 1 was determined to be a sulfonated diphenylether-aminol-amino acid ester guanidinium salt of an unprecedented structural class, while 2 was determined to be the corresponding sulfonated diphenylether. Ochraceopetaguanidine (3), the other guanidine-bearing aminol amino acid ester component, was also prepared and structurally elucidated. Compound 1 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against K562 and A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Chul Park
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-742, Korea; (S.C.P.); (J.-H.L.); (J.-Y.H.); (O.-S.K.); (L.L.); (D.-C.O.)
| | - Jung-Ho Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-742, Korea; (S.C.P.); (J.-H.L.); (J.-Y.H.); (O.-S.K.); (L.L.); (D.-C.O.)
| | - Ji-Yeon Hwang
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-742, Korea; (S.C.P.); (J.-H.L.); (J.-Y.H.); (O.-S.K.); (L.L.); (D.-C.O.)
| | - Oh-Seok Kwon
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-742, Korea; (S.C.P.); (J.-H.L.); (J.-Y.H.); (O.-S.K.); (L.L.); (D.-C.O.)
| | - Lijuan Liao
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-742, Korea; (S.C.P.); (J.-H.L.); (J.-Y.H.); (O.-S.K.); (L.L.); (D.-C.O.)
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Dong-Chan Oh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-742, Korea; (S.C.P.); (J.-H.L.); (J.-Y.H.); (O.-S.K.); (L.L.); (D.-C.O.)
| | - Ki-Bong Oh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-921, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-B.O.); (J.S.); Tel.: +82-2-880-4646 (K.-B.O.); +82-2-880-2484 (J.S.)
| | - Jongheon Shin
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-742, Korea; (S.C.P.); (J.-H.L.); (J.-Y.H.); (O.-S.K.); (L.L.); (D.-C.O.)
- Correspondence: (K.-B.O.); (J.S.); Tel.: +82-2-880-4646 (K.-B.O.); +82-2-880-2484 (J.S.)
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Abstract
Covering: 2016. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2017, 34, 235-294This review covers the literature published in 2016 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 757 citations (643 for the period January to December 2016) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1277 in 432 papers for 2016), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Yu S, Oh J, Li F, Kwon Y, Cho H, Shin J, Lee SK, Kim S. New Scaffold for Angiogenesis Inhibitors Discovered by Targeted Chemical Transformations of Wondonin Natural Products. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1066-1071. [PMID: 29057052 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of wondonin marine natural products was renovated to attain new drug-like scaffolds. Wondonins have novel antiangiogenic properties without overt cytotoxicity. However, the chemical instability and synthetic complexity of wondonins have hindered their development as a new type of antiangiogenesis agent. Using a structure-based bioisosterism, the benzodioxole moiety was changed to benzothiazole, and the imidazole moiety was replaced by 1,2,3-triazole. Our efforts resulted in a new scaffold with enhanced antiangiogenic activity and minimized cytotoxicity. One compound with this scaffold effectively inhibited hyaloid vessel formation in diabetic retinopathy mimic zebrafish model. The biological findings together suggested the potential of the scaffold as a lead structure for development of antiangiogenic drugs with novel functions and as a probe to elucidate new biological mechanisms associated with angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jedo Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Feng Li
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yongseok Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyunkyung Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jongheon Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Yu S, Li F, Kim S. (E)- and (Z)-Stereodefined Enol Sulfate Esters Derived from α-Aryl Aldehydes: Stereocomplementary Synthesis of Styryl Sulfate Natural Products. J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Feng Li
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Yu S, Li F, Jeon H, Lee S, Shin J, Kim S. Total Syntheses of Isowondonins Based on a Biosynthetic Pathway. Org Lett 2016; 18:2986-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yu
- College
of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Feng Li
- College
of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Hongjun Jeon
- College
of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Seokwoo Lee
- College
of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Jongheon Shin
- College
of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College
of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Wang D, Feng Y, Murtaza M, Wood S, Mellick G, Hooper JNA, Quinn RJ. A Grand Challenge: Unbiased Phenotypic Function of Metabolites from Jaspis splendens against Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:353-361. [PMID: 26883470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A grand challenge in natural product chemistry is to determine the biological effects of all natural products. A phenotypic approach is frequently used for determining the activity of a compound and its potential impact on a disease state. Chemical investigation of a specimen of Jaspis splendens collected from the Great Barrier Reef resulted in the isolation of a new pterin derivative, jaspterin (1), a new bisindole alkaloid, splendamide (2), and a new imidazole alkaloid, jaspnin A (3) TFA salt. Jaspamycin (8) and 6-bromo-1H-indole-3-carboximidamide (16) are reported for the first time as naturally occurring metabolites. Known nucleosides (4-7, 9, 10), aglycones (11-13), indole alkaloids (14, 15, 17), and jaspamide peptides (18-22) were also isolated. The structures of the three new compounds 1-3 were unambiguously elucidated based on NMR and mass spectroscopic data. Jaspnin A (3) contained a rare thiomethylated imidazolinium unit. Coupling an unbiased phenotypic assay using a human olfactory neurosphere-derived cell model of Parkinson's disease to all of the natural products from the species J. splendens allowed the phenotypic profiles of the metabolites to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Yunjiang Feng
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Mariyam Murtaza
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Stephen Wood
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - George Mellick
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | | | - Ronald J Quinn
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
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Potential inhibitors for isocitrate lyase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-M. tuberculosis: a summary. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:895453. [PMID: 25649791 PMCID: PMC4306415 DOI: 10.1155/2015/895453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Isocitrate lyase (ICL) is the first enzyme involved in glyoxylate cycle. Many plants and microorganisms are relying on glyoxylate cycle enzymes to survive upon downregulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), especially Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). In fact, ICL is a potential drug target for MTB in dormancy. With the urge for new antitubercular drug to overcome tuberculosis treat such as multidrug resistant strain and HIV-coinfection, the pace of drug discovery has to be increased. There are many approaches to discovering potential inhibitor for MTB ICL and we hereby review the updated list of them. The potential inhibitors can be either a natural compound or synthetic compound. Moreover, these compounds are not necessary to be discovered only from MTB ICL, as it can also be discovered by a non-MTB ICL. Our review is categorized into four sections, namely, (a) MTB ICL with natural compounds; (b) MTB ICL with synthetic compounds; (c) non-MTB ICL with natural compounds; and (d) non-MTB ICL with synthetic compounds. Each of the approaches is capable of overcoming different challenges of inhibitor discovery. We hope that this paper will benefit the discovery of better inhibitor for ICL.
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Tsai SF, Lee SS. Neolignans as xanthine oxidase inhibitors from Hyptis rhomboides. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 101:121-7. [PMID: 24559911 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The active fraction from the EtOH extract of Hyptis rhomboides against xanthine oxidase was identified by use of an HPLC microfractionation-centrifugal vacuum evaporation-bioassay hyphenated technique. Scale-up separation of the active subfractions using semi-preparative RP-HPLC provided 13 phenylpropanoid compounds, including O-styrenylneolignans, hyprhombins A-C, epihyprhombin B, and hyprhombin B methyl ester, and O-caffeoylnorneolignans, hyprhombins D and E. All of these compounds shared a common 1,4-benzodioxane skeleton, as established by spectroscopic analyses. Hyprhombin C and epihyprhombin B exhibited better anti-xanthine oxidase activity than allopurinol, with IC50 values of 0.6 and 2.0 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Fa Tsai
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Rd, Taipei 10051, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shoei-Sheng Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Rd, Taipei 10051, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Blunt JW, Copp BR, Munro MHG, Northcote PT, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:165-237. [DOI: 10.1039/b906091j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ebada SS, Wray V, de Voogd NJ, Deng Z, Lin W, Proksch P. Two new jaspamide derivatives from the marine sponge Jaspis splendens. Mar Drugs 2009; 7:434-44. [PMID: 19841723 PMCID: PMC2763109 DOI: 10.3390/md7030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new jaspamide derivatives 2 and 3, together with the parent compound jaspamide (1) have been isolated from the marine sponge Jaspis splendens collected in Kalimantan (Indonesia). The structures of the new compounds were unambiguously elucidated based on 1D and 2D NMR spectral data, mass spectrometry and comparison with jaspamide (1). The new derivatives inhibited the growth of mouse lymphoma (L5178Y) cell line in vitro with IC(50) values of <0.1 microg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif S. Ebada
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; E-Mail: (S.S.E.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt; E-Mail: (S.S.E.)
| | - Victor Wray
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany; E-Mail: (V.W.)
| | - Nicole J. de Voogd
- National Museum of Natural History, PO Box 9517 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; E-Mail: (N.J.V.)
| | - Zhiwei Deng
- Analytical and Testing Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; E-Mail: (Z.W.D.)
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
- *Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (P.P.); Tel.: +49211-81-14163; Fax: +49211-81-11923; or E-Mail: (W.H.L.); Tel.: +8610-82806188; Fax: +8610-82802724
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; E-Mail: (S.S.E.)
- *Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (P.P.); Tel.: +49211-81-14163; Fax: +49211-81-11923; or E-Mail: (W.H.L.); Tel.: +8610-82806188; Fax: +8610-82802724
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Cytotoxic bromotyrosine derivatives from a two-sponge association of Jaspis sp. and Poecillastra sp. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:6414-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lee D, Shin J, Yoon KM, Kim TI, Lee SH, Lee HS, Oh KB. Inhibition of Candida albicans isocitrate lyase activity by sesterterpene sulfates from the tropical sponge Dysidea sp. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5377-80. [PMID: 18824352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Seven sesterterpene sulfates (1-7) were isolated from the tropical sponge Dysidea sp. and their inhibitory activities against isocitrate lyase (ICL) from Candida albicans were evaluated. Among the isolated natural products compound 6 and 7 were found to be strong ICL inhibitors. The isolated compounds (1-7) also showed potent antibacterial effect against Bacillus subtilis and Proteus vulgaris, but did not display antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongha Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanangno, Gwanak-ku, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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