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Vallucci M, Boutin JA, Janda E, Blandel F, Musgrove R, Di Monte D, Ferry G, Michel PP, Hirsch EC. The specific NQO2 inhibitor, S29434, only marginally improves the survival of dopamine neurons in MPTP-intoxicated mice. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024; 131:1-11. [PMID: 37851107 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, evidence has accumulated on a possible contributive role of the cytosolic quinone reductase NQO2 in models of dopamine neuron degeneration induced by parkinsonian toxin, but most of the data have been obtained in vitro. For this reason, we asked the question whether NQO2 is involved in the in vivo toxicity of MPTP, a neurotoxin classically used to model Parkinson disease-induced neurodegeneration. First, we show that NQO2 is expressed in mouse substantia nigra dopaminergic cell bodies and in human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells as well. A highly specific NQO2 inhibitor, S29434, was able to reduce MPTP-induced cell death in a co-culture system of SH-SY5Y cells with astrocytoma U373 cells but was inactive in SH-SY5Y monocultures. We found that S29434 only marginally prevents substantia nigra tyrosine hydroxylase+ cell loss after MPTP intoxication in vivo. The compound produced a slight increase of dopaminergic cell survival at day 7 and 21 following MPTP treatment, especially with 1.5 and 3 mg/kg dosage regimen. The rescue effect did not reach statistical significance (except for one experiment at day 7) and tended to decrease with the 4.5 mg/kg dose, at the latest time point. Despite the lack of robust protective activity of the inhibitor of NQO2 in the mouse MPTP model, we cannot rule out a possible role of the enzyme in parkinsonian degeneration, particularly because it is substantially expressed in dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeva Vallucci
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute -ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jean A Boutin
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication (NorDiC), Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm, NorDiC, UMR 1239, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Elzbieta Janda
- Department of Health Sciences, Campus Germaneto, Magna Graecia University, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Florence Blandel
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute -ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Ruth Musgrove
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Donato Di Monte
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Gilles Ferry
- Institut de R&D, Servier Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- Gilles Ferry Consulting, Les Issambres, France
| | - Patrick P Michel
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute -ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Etienne C Hirsch
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute -ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
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2
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Zhang XH, Lu Z, Li ZY, Fu N, Zhan R. Horsfielenigans A and B, Two Rearranged Lignans with Anti-Inflammatory Effects from Horsfieldia kingii. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300549. [PMID: 37312430 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Seven lignans were isolated from 70 % aqueous acetone extracts of the twigs and leaves of Horsfieldia kingii. Among these, new compounds 1-3 were identified by spectroscopic techniques, with horsfielenigans A and B (1 and 2) being particularly noteworthy for their rare β-benzylnaphthalene skeleton, where compound 1 contains an oxabicyclo[3,2,1]octane moiety. In vitro evaluation of bioactivity against nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages revealed inhibitory effects by 1 (IC50 =7.3 μM) and 2 (IC50 =9.7 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Huan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650050, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650050, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Li
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Nan Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650050, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650050, P. R. China
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3
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Garg P, Awasthi S, Horne D, Salgia R, Singhal SS. The innate effects of plant secondary metabolites in preclusion of gynecologic cancers: Inflammatory response and therapeutic action. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188929. [PMID: 37286146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gynecologic cancers can make up the bulk of cancers in both humans and animals. The stage of diagnosis and the type of tumor, its origin, and its spread are a few of the factors that influence how effectively a treatment modality works. Currently, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery are the major treatment options recommended for the eradication of malignancies. The use of several anti-carcinogenic drugs increases the chance of harmful side effects, and patients might not react to the treatments as expected. The significance of the relationship between inflammation and cancer has been underscored by recent research. As a result, it has been shown that a variety of phytochemicals with beneficial bioactive effects on inflammatory pathways have the potential to act as anti-carcinogenic medications for the treatment of gynecologic cancer. The current paper reviews the significance of inflammatory pathways in gynecologic malignancies and discusses the role of plants-derived secondary metabolites that are useful in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Garg
- Department of Chemistry, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India
| | - Sanjay Awasthi
- Cayman Health, CTMH Doctors Hospital in Cayman Islands, George Town, Grand Cayman, USA
| | - David Horne
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Departments of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sharad S Singhal
- Departments of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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4
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Li D, Zhang H, Jiang F, Zhao Z, Wu X, Liu X, Gao P. Phytochemical investigation of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. (Umbelliferae) and their chemotaxonomic significance. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2023.104615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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5
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Bandyopadhyay A, Dey A. Medicinal pteridophytes: ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, and clinical attributes. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Almost from the very beginning of human existence, man has been interacting with plants. Throughout human history, plants have provided humans with basic needs such as sustenance, firewood, livestock feed, and wood. The world has approximately 3 million vascular plants. The treatment of primary health problems is provided primarily by traditional medicines by around 80% of the world's population. Compared to other vascular plants, pteridophytes remain underexplored in ethnobotanical aspects, despite being regarded as a valuable component of healthcare for centuries. As an alternative medicine, pteridophytes are being investigated for their pharmacological activity. Almost 2000 years ago, humans were exploring and using plant species from this lineage because of its beneficial properties since pteridophytes were the first vascular plants.
Main body of the abstract
All popular search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Scopus were searched to retrieve the relevant literature using various search strings relevant to the topic. Pteridophytes belonging to thirty different families have been documented as medicinal plants. For instance, Selaginella sp. has been demonstrated to have numerous therapeutic properties, including antioxidative, inflammation-reducing, anti-carcinogenic, diabetes-fighting, virucidal, antibacterial, and anti-senile dementia effects. In addition, clinical trials and studies performed on pteridophytes and derived compounds are also discussed in details.
Short conclusion
This review offers a compilation of therapeutically valuable pteridophytes utilized by local ethnic groups, as well as the public.
Graphical Abstract
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6
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Chemical constituents of the fruits of Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder and their chemotaxonomic significance. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2022.104416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Tenfen A, Vechi G, Cechinel-Zanchett CC, Lorenzett TS, Reginato-Couto CE, Siebert DA, Vitali L, Micke G, Klein-Júnior LC, Cechinel Filho V. Phenolic profile by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS of six Brazilian Eugenia species and their potential as cholinesterase inhibitors. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:2608-2611. [PMID: 31680559 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1686369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Eugenia genus is known for its phenolic metabolites, which may influence the progression of the Alzheimer Disease. This study aimed to evaluate the anticholinesterase effects of six Eugenia species from Brazil. Leaves and stems were submitted to maceration (methanol) and partitioned with dichloromethane and ethyl acetate (EtOAc). Samples were screened (200 μg mL-1) for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis allowed the identification of twenty-eight phenolic compounds. Regarding the enzymatic activity, EtOAc fraction of E. mattosii exhibited the best results. Chemical and pharmacological aspects of seasonal E. mattosii extracts were evaluated. The extract from leaves collected in the winter was the most effective for AChE, and the extract from leaves collected in the spring was the most effective for BuChE. Correlating the enzymatic results with the chemical data, it was possible to associate these effects to isoquercitrin, quercetin, catechin, epicatechin, procatecuic acid and myricitrin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrielli Tenfen
- Programa de Pós-Graduação e Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI) - Campus Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Giovana Vechi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação e Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI) - Campus Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Camile Cecconi Cechinel-Zanchett
- Programa de Pós-Graduação e Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI) - Campus Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Thaís Savoldi Lorenzett
- Programa de Pós-Graduação e Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI) - Campus Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Camila Esmério Reginato-Couto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação e Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI) - Campus Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Diogo Alexandre Siebert
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luciano Vitali
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Micke
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Klein-Júnior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação e Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI) - Campus Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Valdir Cechinel Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação e Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI) - Campus Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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8
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Sharma N, Sharma A, Bhatia G, Landi M, Brestic M, Singh B, Singh J, Kaur S, Bhardwaj R. Isolation of Phytochemicals from Bauhinia variegata L. Bark and Their In Vitro Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Potential. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100492. [PMID: 31627372 PMCID: PMC6826637 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have been the basis of traditional medicine since the dawn of civilizations. Different plant parts possess various phytochemicals, playing important roles in preventing and curing diseases. Scientists, through extensive experimental studies, are playing an important part in establishing the use of phytochemicals in medicine. However, there are still a large number of medicinal plants which need to be studied for their phytochemical profile. In this study, the objective was to isolate phytochemicals from bark of Bauhinia variegata L. and to study them for their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. The bark was extracted with methanol, followed by column chromatography and thus isolating kaempferol, stigmasterol, protocatechuic acid-methyl ester (PCA-ME) and protocatechuic acid (PCA). 2,2-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) radical scavenging assays were utilized for assessment of antioxidant activity, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) dye reduction assay was used to determine cytotoxic activity against C-6 glioma rat brain, MCF-7 breast cancer, and HCT-15 colon cancer cell lines. The compounds were found to have significant antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Since there is a considerable increase in characterizing novel chemical compounds from plant parts, the present study might be helpful for chemotaxonomic determinations, for understanding of medicinal properties as well as for the quality assessment of herbal supplements containing B. variegata bark, thus establishing its use in traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
| | - Anket Sharma
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Gaurav Bhatia
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra 94976, Slovakia.
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Bikram Singh
- Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India.
| | - Jatinder Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
| | - Satwinderjeet Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
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9
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Horvathova E, Mastihubova M, Karnisova Potocka E, Kis P, Galova E, Sevcovicova A, Klapakova M, Hunakova L, Mastihuba V. Comparative study of relationship between structure of phenylethanoid glycopyranosides and their activities using cell-free assays and human cells cultured in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 61:104646. [PMID: 31518671 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The study focused on protective potential of phytochemicals applicable in prevention and health protection is of great importance. Various structures of these compounds and a wide range of their biological activities have inspired organic chemists to sythesize their effective analogues in order to further increase their efficacy. The aims of our study were (i) to synthesize phenylethanoid glycopyranosides: salidroside (SALI - tyrosol β-d-glucopyranoside), tyrosol β-d-galactopyranoside (TYBGAL), tyrosol α-d-galactopyranoside (TYAGAL), tyrosol α-d-mannopyranoside (TYAMAN), hydroxytyrosol α-d-mannopyranoside (HOTAMA), homosyringyl β-d-glucopyranoside (HSYGLU), hydroxytyrosol β-d-xylopyranoside (HOTXYL) and hydroxysalidroside (HOSALI); (ii) to determine their antioxidant capacities (cell-free approaches); (iii) to evaluate their cytotoxicity (MTT test), protectivity against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; comet assay) and effect on the intracellular glutathione level (iGSH; flow cytometry) in experimental system utilizing human hepatoma HepG2 cells. HOSALI, HOTAMA, HOTXYL and HSYGLU manifested the highest antioxidant capacity in cell-free assays and they were most active in protection of HepG2 cells against H2O2. On the other hand, pre-treatment of HepG2 cells with SALI had protective effects even though SALI displayed almost no activity in cell-free assays. Differences in the efficacy of the analogues revealed that structures of their molecules in terms of aglycone combined with sugar moiety affect their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Horvathova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Maria Mastihubova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Elena Karnisova Potocka
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Kis
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Eliska Galova
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrea Sevcovicova
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Klapakova
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Luba Hunakova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Vladimir Mastihuba
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Abstract
Three new diarylpropanes (1-3), including two diarylpropane glycosides, and three known ones, were isolated from 70% aqueous acetone extract of the twigs and leaves of Horsfieldia kingii. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Bioactive evaluation of inhibition on DDC enzyme assay showed that the new compounds were inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Ye-Gao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Jun Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
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11
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Structures and biological evaluation of phenylpropanoid derivatives from Murraya koenigii. Bioorg Chem 2019; 86:159-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Ma SZ, Luan SH, Zhu LJ, Zhang X, Yao XS. Antiviral phenolics from Antenoron filiforme var. neofiliforme. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2018; 20:763-769. [PMID: 29156987 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2017.1351437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two new phenolics, 1,3-di-O-p-coumaroyl-2',6'-di-O-acetylsucrose (1) and quercetin 3-O-β-D-apiofuranoyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (2), along with nine known compounds (3-11), were isolated from the whole plants of Antenoron filiforme var. neofiliforme. Their chemical structures were characterized on the basis of various spectroscopic techniques. This is the first report of the isolation of phenylpropanoid sucrose (1, 3-4) from the genus Antenoron. The bioassay results showed that compound 11 exhibited antiviral activity against the Coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Zhong Ma
- a School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
- c Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd , Shenzhen 518110 , China
| | - Shu-Hua Luan
- b Department of Medicine , Shenyang Chemical Industry School , Shenyang 110122 , China
| | - Ling-Juan Zhu
- a School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Xue Zhang
- a School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- a School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
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Demirel MA, Süntar İ. The Role of Secondary Metabolites on Gynecologic Cancer Therapy: Some Pathways and Mechanisms. Turk J Pharm Sci 2017; 14:324-334. [PMID: 32454632 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.49368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gynecologic cancers are among the most common cancers in humans and animals. Treatment success depends on several factors including stage at diagnosis, tumor type, origin and metastasis. Currently, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are preferred in the treatment of these cancers. However, many anticarcinogenic drugs can cause severe adverse effects and also the expected response to treatment may not be obtained. In recent studies, the importance of the relationship between cancer and inflammation has been emphasized. Therefore, several phytochemicals that exhibit beneficial bioactive effects towards inflammatory pathways were proven to have anticarcinogenic potential for gynecologic cancer therapy. This review summarizes the role of inflammatory pathways in gynecologic cancers and effective secondary metabolites for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mürşide Ayşe Demirel
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory Animals Breeding and Experimental Research Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İpek Süntar
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Ankara, Turkey
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14
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Buckler J, Banwell MG, Kordbacheh F, Parish CR, Santiago FS, Khachigian LM. Developing Neolignans as Proangiogenic Agents: Stereoselective Total Syntheses and Preliminary Biological Evaluations of the Four Guaiacylglycerol 8- O-4'-Coniferyl Ethers. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:7375-7388. [PMID: 29242850 PMCID: PMC5724931 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselective total syntheses of the four stereoisomeric forms of guaiacylglycerol 8-O-4'-coniferyl ether, viz., compounds 1, ent-1, 2, and ent-2, have been established. The key step involves an Evans/Seebach auxiliary-controlled and syn-selective aldol process followed, in the reaction sequences leading to the anti-compounds, by a Mitsunobu reaction involving a benzylic alcohol residue. The proangiogenic properties of the synthetic materials were evaluated in a human microvascular endothelial cell tubule formation assay, thus revealing that they are all active, with the 8S-configured compounds 1 and 2 being the most potent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua
N. Buckler
- Research
School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies and The John Curtin
School of Medical Research, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Martin G. Banwell
- Research
School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies and The John Curtin
School of Medical Research, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Farzaneh Kordbacheh
- Research
School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies and The John Curtin
School of Medical Research, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher R. Parish
- Research
School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies and The John Curtin
School of Medical Research, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Fernando S. Santiago
- School
of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Levon M. Khachigian
- School
of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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15
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Kuang H, Tang Z, Wang X, Yang B, Wang Z, Wang Q. Chemical constituents from Sambucus williamsii Hance fruits and hepatoprotective effects in mouse hepatocytes. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:2008-2016. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1361948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haixue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenqiu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xinguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Bingyou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Gansukh E, Muthu M, Paul D, Ethiraj G, Chun S, Gopal J. Nature nominee quercetin's anti-influenza combat strategy-Demonstrations and remonstrations. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27:e1930. [PMID: 31211498 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nature's providences are rather the choicest remedies for human health and welfare. One such is quercetin, which is nature's nominee for cancer cure and recently demonstrated against influenza attack. Quercetin is highly recognized for its anticancer applications. This review emphasizes on yet another gift that this compound has to offer for mankind, which is none other than combating the deadly evasive influenza virus. The chemistry of this natural bioflavonoid and its derivatives and its modus operandi against influenza virus is consolidated into this review. The advancements and achievements made in the anti-influenza clinical history are also documented. Further, the challenges facing the progress of this compound to emerge as a predominant anti-influenza drug are discussed, and the future perspective for breaking its limitations through integration with nanoplatforms is envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkhtaivan Gansukh
- Department of Bioresource and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Manikandan Muthu
- Department of Bioresource and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Diby Paul
- Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gopal Ethiraj
- Department of Bioresource and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sechul Chun
- Department of Bioresource and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Judy Gopal
- Department of Bioresource and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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17
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Xue Z, Yang B. Phenylethanoid Glycosides: Research Advances in Their Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activity and Pharmacokinetics. Molecules 2016; 21:E991. [PMID: 27483229 PMCID: PMC6273160 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21080991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs) are widely distributed in traditional Chinese medicines as well as in other medicinal plants, and they were characterized by a phenethyl alcohol (C₆-C₂) moiety attached to a β-glucopyranose/β-allopyranose via a glycosidic bond. The outstanding activity of PhGs in diverse diseases proves their importance in medicinal chemistry research. This review summarizes new findings on PhGs over the past 10 years, concerning the new structures, their bioactivities, including neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and antivirus, cytotoxic, immunomodulatory, and enzyme inhibitory effects, and pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Xue
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Bin Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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18
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Xue Z, Yan R, Yang B. Phenylethanoid glycosides and phenolic glycosides from stem bark of Magnolia officinalis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 127:50-62. [PMID: 27086163 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An investigation of the hydrophilic constituents of the stem bark of Magnolia officinalis was performed and which led to isolation and identification of twenty-one previously unreported glycosides. These included eleven phenylethanoid glycosides, magnolosides F-P, and ten phenolic glycosides, magnolosides Q-Z, along with eight known compounds. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses and chemical hydrolysis methods, as well as by comparison with literature data. Most of the phenylethanoid glycosides contained an allopyranose moiety, which is rare in the plant kingdom. Magnolosides I and K as well as 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) ethanol 1-O-[4-O-caffeoyl-2-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-6-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-β-d-glucopyranoside showed more potent α-glucosidase inhibitory effects (IC50 values of 0.13, 0.27, and 0.29mM, respectively) than the positive control, acarbose (IC50 value of 1.09mM) in vitro. Magnolosides H, E and D also showed moderate cytotoxicity against MGC-803 and HepG2 cells with IC50 values of 13.59-17.16μM and 29.53-32.46μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Xue
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, PR China
| | - Renyi Yan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, PR China
| | - Bin Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, PR China.
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19
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Luo J, Zhou W, Cao S, Jin M, Zhang C, Jin X, Cui J, Li G. A new biflavonoid from the whole herb of Lepisorus ussuriensis. Nat Prod Res 2015; 30:1470-6. [PMID: 26569039 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A new biflavonoid, 7-O-methylnaringenin-(4'→O→6″)-scutellarein (1), together with 11 known compounds (2-12) were isolated from the whole herb of Lepisorus ussuriensis. The structure of compound 1 was elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. Amongst them, dihydroquercetin (6), diosmetin (9), baicalein (11) and 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (12) were reported from the family Polypodiaceae for the first time. Meanwhile, quercetin (7), diosmetin (9) and luteolin (10) inhibited TNF-α-induced NF-κB reporter gene expression on HeLa cells up to 30 and 100 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- a Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , P.R. China.,b Department of Pharmacy No. 202 Hospital of People's Liberation Army , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- a Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , P.R. China
| | - Shuo Cao
- a Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , P.R. China
| | - Mei Jin
- a Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , P.R. China.,c Department of Pharmacy , Yanbian University Hospital , Yanji , P.R. China
| | - Changhao Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Jin
- a Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , P.R. China
| | - Jiongmo Cui
- a Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , P.R. China
| | - Gao Li
- a Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy , Yanbian University , Yanji , P.R. China
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20
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Elmasri WA, Yang T, Tran P, Hegazy MEF, Hamood AN, Mechref Y, Paré PW. Teucrium polium phenylethanol and iridoid glycoside characterization and flavonoid inhibition of biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:2-9. [PMID: 25524452 DOI: 10.1021/np5004092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition and biofilm regulation of 15 metabolites from Teucrium polium are reported. Compounds were isolated from a CH2Cl2-MeOH extract of the aerial parts of the plant and included iridoid and phenylethanol glycosides and a monoterpenoid, together with nine known compounds. The structures were elucidated based on standard spectroscopic (UV, (1)H and (13)C NMR), 2D NMR ((1)H-(1)H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY), and/or LC-ESIMS/MS data analyses. Inhibition of the biofilm-forming strain Staphylococcus aureus was observed with exposure to compounds 7 and 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael A Elmasri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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21
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Zeng X, Wang H, Gong Z, Huang J, Pei W, Wang X, Zhang J, Tang X. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic phenolics and phenolic glycosides from Sargentodoxa cuneata. Fitoterapia 2015; 101:153-61. [PMID: 25598187 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Five new phenolic glycosides, Sargentodosides A-E, and two new dihydronaphthalene lignans, Sargentodognans F-G, together with thirty-two known phenolic compounds were isolated from the 60% ethanol extracts of Sargentodoxa cuneata. Their structures including absolute configurations were determined by spectroscopic analysis and electronic circular dichroism experiments. In bioscreening experiments, twelve compounds (22-26, 29, 33-34, 36, 38) exhibited antibacterial activities against S. aureus ATCC 29213 with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 2-516μg/mL. And compound 29 showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus ATCC 29213 with MIC values of 2μg/mL, while the MIC values of levofloxacin was 8μg/mL. Three compounds (29, 33, 36) exhibited antibacterial activities against S. aureus ATCC 25923 with MIC values of 256-516μg/mL. Two compounds (29, 33) exhibited antibacterial activities against A. baumanii ATCC 19606 with MIC values of 128-516μg/mL. However, no compound exhibited antimicrobial activities against C. albicans ATCC 10231. Moreover, three compounds (10, 25, 36) exhibited significant inhibition of proliferation in the two cell lines Hela and Siha, and showed stronger inhibitive activity of these two selected cell lines than cisplatin in the cytotoxic assay. Thus, S. cuneata is a potential plant source for further research targeting bacteria and cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Zeng
- Key Lab for New Drug Research of TCM and Shenzhen Branch, State R&D Centre for Viro-Biotech, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai Wang
- Key Lab for New Drug Research of TCM and Shenzhen Branch, State R&D Centre for Viro-Biotech, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhongqing Gong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghui Huang
- Key Lab for New Drug Research of TCM and Shenzhen Branch, State R&D Centre for Viro-Biotech, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijing Pei
- Key Lab for New Drug Research of TCM and Shenzhen Branch, State R&D Centre for Viro-Biotech, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- Key Lab for New Drug Research of TCM and Shenzhen Branch, State R&D Centre for Viro-Biotech, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingzhao Zhang
- Key Lab for New Drug Research of TCM and Shenzhen Branch, State R&D Centre for Viro-Biotech, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Tang
- Key Lab for New Drug Research of TCM and Shenzhen Branch, State R&D Centre for Viro-Biotech, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Tomšík P. Ferns and lycopods--a potential treasury of anticancer agents but also a carcinogenic hazard. Phytother Res 2013; 28:798-810. [PMID: 24123573 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Many species of seedless vascular plants-ferns and lycopods-have been used as food and folk medicine since ancient times. Some of them have become the focus of intensive research concerning their anticancer properties. Studies on the anticancer effect of crude extracts are being increasingly replaced by bioactivity-guided fractionation, as well as detailed assessment of the mechanism of action. Numerous compounds-especially flavonoids such as amentoflavone and protoapigenone, and also simpler phenolic compounds, steroids, alkaloids and terpenoids-were isolated and found to be cytotoxic, particularly pro-apoptotic, or to induce cell cycle arrest in cancer cell lines in vitro. In in vivo experiments, some fern-derived compounds inhibited tumour growth with little toxicity. On the other hand, many ferns-not only the well-known Bracken (Pteridium)-may pose a significant hazard to human health due to the fact that they contain carcinogenic sesquiterpenoids and their analogues. The objective of this review is to summarise the recent state of research on the anticancer properties of ferns and lycopods, with a focus on their characteristic bioactive constituents. The carcinogenic hazard posed by ferns is also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Tomšík
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Šimkova 870, Hradec Králové, 500 01, Czech Republic
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23
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Wang H, Khor TO, Shu L, Su Z, Fuentes F, Lee JH, Kong ANT. Plants vs. cancer: a review on natural phytochemicals in preventing and treating cancers and their druggability. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2012; 12:1281-305. [PMID: 22583408 PMCID: PMC4017674 DOI: 10.2174/187152012803833026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains to be one of the leading causes of death in the United States and around the world. The advent of modern drug-targeted therapies has undeniably improved cancer patients' cares. However, advanced metastasized cancer remains untreatable. Hence, continued searching for a safer and more effective chemoprevention and treatment is clearly needed for the improvement of the efficiency and to lower the treatment cost for cancer care. Cancer chemoprevention with natural phytochemical compounds is an emerging strategy to prevent, impede, delay, or cure cancer. This review summarizes the latest research in cancer chemoprevention and treatment using the bioactive components from natural plants. Relevant molecular mechanisms involved in the pharmacological effects of these phytochemicals are discussed. Pharmaceutical developmental challenges and opportunities in bringing the phytochemicals into the market are also explored. The authors wish to expand this research area not only for their scientific soundness, but also for their potential druggability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Wang
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Tin Oo Khor
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Limin Shu
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Zhengyuen Su
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Francisco Fuentes
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Jong-Hun Lee
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Ah-Ng Tony Kong
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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