1
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Bowen JI, Wang L, Crump MP, Willis CL. Synthetic and biosynthetic methods for selective cyclisations of 4,5-epoxy alcohols to tetrahydropyrans. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1150-1175. [PMID: 35029626 PMCID: PMC8827043 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01905h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydropyrans (THPs) are common structural motifs found in natural products and synthetic therapeutic molecules. In Nature these 6-membered oxygen heterocycles are often assembled via intramolecular reactions involving either oxy-Michael additions or ring opening of epoxy-alcohols. Indeed, the polyether natural products have been particularly widely studied due to their fascinating structures and important biological properties; these are commonly formed via endo-selective epoxide-opening cascades. In this review we outline synthetic approaches for endo-selective intramolecular epoxide ring opening (IERO) of 4,5-epoxy-alcohols and their applications in natural product synthesis. In addition, the biosynthesis of THP-containing natural products which utilise IERO reactions are reviewed. In this review, methods for the selective intramolecular epoxide ring opening (IERO) of 4,5-epoxy-alcohols are discussed as well as biosynthetic pathways to tetrahydropyran-containing natural products which utilise IERO reactions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Bowen
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Luoyi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Matthew P Crump
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Christine L Willis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
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2
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Umeno K, Onoue H, Konoki K, Torikai K, Yasuno Y, Satake M, Oishi T. Convergent Synthesis of the WXYZA’B’C’D’E’F’ Ring Segment of Maitotoxin. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Umeno
- Deparrtment of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Onoue
- Deparrtment of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiichi Konoki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Kohei Torikai
- Deparrtment of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoko Yasuno
- Deparrtment of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masayuki Satake
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tohru Oishi
- Deparrtment of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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3
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Oishi T. Structure Determination, Chemical Synthesis, and Evaluation of Biological Activity of Super Carbon Chain Natural Products. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Oishi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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4
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Saito T. Reaction Development Utilizing the Features of Chemical Elements and Synthesis of Marine Natural Products. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2018; 138:1335-1344. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.18-00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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5
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Onoue H, Marubayashi R, Ishikawa E, Konoki K, Torikai K, Ebine M, Murata M, Oishi T. Syntheses and Biological Activities of the LMNO, ent-LMNO, and NOPQR(S) Ring Systems of Maitotoxin. J Org Chem 2017; 82:9595-9618. [PMID: 28840731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship studies of maitotoxin (MTX), a marine natural product produced by an epiphytic dinoflagellate, were conducted using chemically synthesized model compounds corresponding to the partial structures of MTX. Both enantiomers of the LMNO ring system were synthesized via aldol reaction of the LM ring aldehyde and the NO ring ketone. These fragments were derived from a common cis-fused pyranopyran intermediate prepared through a sequence involving Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi reaction, intramolecular oxa-Michael addition, and Pummerer rearrangement. The NOPQR(S) ring system, in which the original seven-membered S ring was substituted with a six-membered ring, was also synthesized through the coupling of the QR(S) ring alkyne and the NO ring aldehyde and the construction of the P ring via 1,4-reduction, dehydration, and hydroboration. The inhibitory activities of the synthetic specimens against MTX-induced Ca2+ influx were evaluated. The LMNO ring system and its enantiomer induced 36 and 18% inhibition, respectively, at 300 μM, whereas the NOPQR(S) ring system elicited no inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaaki Onoue
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Riho Marubayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Erina Ishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiichi Konoki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , 1-1 Tsutsumidori Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Kohei Torikai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Makoto Ebine
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tohru Oishi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Saito T, Morita M, Koshino H, Sodeoka M, Nakata T. Convergent Synthesis of the ent-ZA'B'C'D'-Ring System of Maitotoxin. Org Lett 2017; 19:3203-3206. [PMID: 28571323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stereoselective synthesis of the ent-ZA'B'C'D'-ring system of maitotoxin has been accomplished through a convergent strategy utilizing Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reaction of ZA'-ring alkylborane and C'D'-ring (Z)-vinyl iodide, and subsequent construction of the B'-ring by reduction of the O,S-acetal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Saito
- RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masayuki Morita
- RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koshino
- RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mikiko Sodeoka
- RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakata
- RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science , 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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7
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Nicolaou KC, Heretsch P, Nakamura T, Rudo A, Murata M, Konoki K. Synthesis and biological evaluation of QRSTUVWXYZA' domains of maitotoxin. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:16444-51. [PMID: 25374117 PMCID: PMC4244842 DOI: 10.1021/ja509829e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of QRSTUVWXYZA' domains 7, 8, and 9 of the highly potent marine neurotoxin maitotoxin (1), the largest secondary metabolite isolated to date, is described. The devised synthetic strategy entailed a cascade Takai-Utimoto ester olefination/ring closing metathesis to construct ring Y, a hydroxydithioketal cyclization/methylation sequence to cast ring X, a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons coupling of WXYZA' ketophosphonate 11 with QRSTU aldehyde 12 to form enone 10, and a reductive hydroxyketone ring closure to forge ring V. 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis and comparison of (13)C chemical shifts with those of the corresponding carbons of maitotoxin revealed close similarities supporting the originally assigned structure of this region of the natural product. Biological evaluations of various synthesized domains of maitotoxin in this and previous studies from these laboratories led to fragment structure-activity relationships regarding their ability to inhibit maitotoxin-elicited Ca(2+) influx in rat C6 glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research
Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Philipp Heretsch
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research
Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakamura
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Anna Rudo
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michio Murata
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1
Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Keiichi Konoki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1
Tsutsumidori Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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8
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Kunitake M, Oshima T, Konoki K, Ebine M, Torikai K, Murata M, Oishi T. Synthesis and biological activity of the C'D'E'F' ring system of maitotoxin. J Org Chem 2014; 79:4948-62. [PMID: 24810995 DOI: 10.1021/jo5005235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselective synthesis of the C'D'E'F' ring system of maitotoxin was achieved starting from the E' ring through successive formation of the D' and C' rings based on SmI2-mediated reductive cyclization. Construction of the F' ring was accomplished via Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling with a side chain fragment and Pd(II)-catalyzed cyclization of an allylic alcohol. The C'D'E'F' ring system inhibited maitotoxin-induced Ca(2+) influx in rat glioma C6 cells with an IC50 value of 59 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kunitake
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University , 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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9
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Szostak M, Fazakerley NJ, Parmar D, Procter DJ. Cross-Coupling Reactions Using Samarium(II) Iodide. Chem Rev 2014; 114:5959-6039. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400685r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Szostak
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Neal J. Fazakerley
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Dixit Parmar
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Procter
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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10
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Oishi T, Konoki K, Tamate R, Torikai K, Hasegawa F, Matsumori N, Murata M. Artificial ladder-shaped polyethers that inhibit maitotoxin-induced Ca2+ influx in rat glioma C6 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3619-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Maitotoxin holds a special place in the annals of natural products chemistry as the largest and most toxic secondary metabolite known to date. Its fascinating, ladder-like, polyether molecular structure and diverse spectrum of biological activities elicited keen interest from chemists and biologists who recognized its uniqueness and potential as a probe and inspiration for research in chemistry and biology. Synthetic studies in the area benefited from methodologies and strategies that were developed as part of chemical synthesis programs directed toward the total synthesis of some of the less complex members of the polyether marine biotoxin class, of which maitotoxin is the flagship. This account focuses on progress made in the authors' laboratories in the synthesis of large maitotoxin domains with emphasis on methodology development, strategy design, and structural comparisons of the synthesized molecules with the corresponding regions of the natural product. The article concludes with an overview of maitotoxin's biological profile and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858-784-2469, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093 (USA)
| | - Robert J. Aversa
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858-784-2469, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093 (USA)
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12
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Nicolaou KC, Seo JH, Nakamura T, Aversa RJ. Synthesis of the C'D'E'F' domain of maitotoxin. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:214-9. [PMID: 21166429 DOI: 10.1021/ja109531d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A devised biomimetic strategy toward the C'D'E'F' domain (6) of maitotoxin (1) led to hydroxy triepoxide 8 as a postulated polyepoxide precursor. However, all attempts to induce the desired cascade to form the targeted compound through a zip-type reaction under neutral or acidic conditions failed, prompting adoption of a linear stepwise approach to 6. The successful synthetic strategy for the synthesis of the C'D'E'F' domain of maitotoxin commenced from furfuryl alcohol (11), proceeded through F' ring building block 15, and involved two regio- and stereoselective intramolecular hydroxy epoxide openings and a stereoselective SmI(2)-mediated ring closure to forge rings C', E', and D', respectively. (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of the synthesized domain (6) and comparisons with previous results confirmed the original structural assignment of this region of maitotoxin. X-ray crystallographic analysis of 6 provided unambiguous proof of its structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.
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13
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Fuwa H. Total Synthesis of Structurally Complex Marine Oxacyclic Natural Products. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2010. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Nakata T. SmI2-induced cyclizations and their applications in natural product synthesis. CHEM REC 2010; 10:159-72. [PMID: 20503205 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.200900027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Since the isolation of brevetoxin-B, a red tide toxin, many bioactive marine natural products featuring synthetically challenging trans-fused polycyclic ether ring systems have been reported. We have developed SmI(2)-induced cyclization of beta-alkoxyacrylate with aldehyde, affording 2,6-syn-2,3-trans-tetrahydropyran (THP) or 2,7-syn-2,3-trans-oxepane with complete stereoselection, as a key reaction of efficient iterative and bi-directional strategies for the construction of these polycyclic ethers. This reaction is also applicable to the synthesis of 3-, 5-, and 6-methyl-THPs and 3,5-dimethyl-THP. The synthesis of 2-methyl- and 2,6-dimethyl-THPs was accomplished by means of a unique methyl insertion. Recently, the SmI(2)-induced cyclization was extended to similar reactions using beta-alkoxyvinyl sulfone and sulfoxide. Reaction of (E)- and (Z)-beta-alkoxyvinyl sulfone-aldehyde afforded 2,6-syn-2,3-trans- and 2,6-syn-2,3-cis- THPs, respectively. Reaction of (E)-beta-alkoxyvinyl (R)- and (S)-sulfoxides gave 2,6-anti-2,3-cis- and 2,6-syn-2,3-trans-THPs, respectively. Reaction of (Z)-beta-alkoxyvinyl (R)-sulfoxides gave 2,6-syn-2,3-cis-THP and an olefinic product, while that of (Z)-beta-alkoxyvinyl (S)-sulfoxide afforded a mixture of many products. These SmI(2)-induced cyclizations have been applied to the total syntheses of various natural products, including brevetoxin-B, mucocin, pyranicin, and pyragonicin. Synthetic studies on gambierol and maitotoxin are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nakata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo162-8601, Japan.
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Abstract
Maitotoxin (1) continues to fascinate scientists not only because of its size and potent neurotoxicity but also due to its molecular architecture. To provide further support for its structure and facilitate fragment-based biological studies, we developed an efficient chemical synthesis of the ABCDEFG segment 3 of maitotoxin. (13)C NMR chemical shift comparisons of synthetic 3 with the corresponding values for the same carbons of maitotoxin revealed a close match, providing compelling evidence for the correctness of the originally assigned structure to this polycyclic system of the natural product. The synthetic strategy for the synthesis of 3 relied heavily on our previously developed furan-based technology involving sequential Noyori asymmetric reduction and Achmatowicz rearrangement for the construction of the required tetrahydropyran building blocks, and employed a B-alkyl Suzuki coupling and a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination to accomplish their assembly and elaboration to the final target molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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17
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Isobe M, Hamajima A. Ciguatoxin: developing the methodology for total synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1204-26. [DOI: 10.1039/b919467n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Nakata T. SmI2-induced reductive cyclizations for the synthesis of cyclic ethers and applications in natural product synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:1955-72. [DOI: 10.1039/b902737h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Saito T, Nakata T. Stereoselective Synthesis of trans-Fused 7,6,6,7-Membered Tetracyclic Ether, Corresponding to the EFGH-Ring of Gambierol and the BCDE-Ring of Gambieric Acids. Org Lett 2008; 11:113-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ol8024555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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20
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Nicolaou K, Frederick M, Aversa R. Die Entdeckung und Synthese von marinen Polyethern. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Oishi T, Hasegawa F, Torikai K, Konoki K, Matsumori N, Murata M. Convergent synthesis and biological activity of the WXYZA'B'C' ring system of maitotoxin. Org Lett 2008; 10:3599-602. [PMID: 18646773 DOI: 10.1021/ol801369g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The WXYZA'B'C' ring system ( 1) of maitotoxin (MTX) was synthesized in a convergent manner via successive coupling of the W, Z, and C' ring fragments through construction of the XY and A'B' ring systems. The synthetic segment 1 blocked the hemolytic activity elicited by MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Oishi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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22
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Nicolaou KC, Frederick MO, Burtoloso ACB, Denton RM, Rivas F, Cole KP, Aversa RJ, Gibe R, Umezawa T, Suzuki T. Chemical Synthesis of the GHIJKLMNO Ring System of Maitotoxin. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:7466-76. [PMID: 18481856 DOI: 10.1021/ja801139f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As the largest secondary metabolite to be discovered as of yet, the polyether marine neurotoxin maitotoxin constitutes a major structural and synthetic challenge. After its originally proposed structure ( 1) had been questioned on the basis of biosynthetic considerations, we provided computational and experimental support for structure 1. In an effort to provide stronger experimental evidence of the molecular architecture of maitotoxin, its GHIJKLMNO ring system 3 was synthesized. The (13)C NMR chemical shifts of synthetic 3 matched closely those corresponding to the same domain of the natural product providing strong evidence for the correctness of the originally proposed structure of maitotoxin ( 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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23
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Morita M, Ishiyama S, Koshino H, Nakata T. Synthetic studies on maitotoxin. 1. Stereoselective synthesis of the C'D'E'F'-ring system having a side chain. Org Lett 2008; 10:1675-8. [PMID: 18393510 DOI: 10.1021/ol800267x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselective synthesis of the maitotoxin C'D'E'F'-ring system having a side chain has been accomplished through a convergent strategy. The key reactions include Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons coupling of the C'D'E'-ring and the side chain and subsequent construction of the F'-ring by silane reduction of dihydropyran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Morita
- RIKEN, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Saitama, Japan
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Morita M, Haketa T, Koshino H, Nakata T. Synthetic studies on maitotoxin. 2. Stereoselective synthesis of the WXYZA'-ring system. Org Lett 2008; 10:1679-82. [PMID: 18393507 DOI: 10.1021/ol800268c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselective synthesis of the WXYZA'-ring system of maitotoxin has been accomplished via a linear synthetic approach, in which key reactions were SmI 2-induced cyclization of beta-alkoxyacrylate for the construction of the A'-, Y-, and X-rings and 6- endo cyclization of hydroxy vinylepoxide for that of the Z- and W-rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Morita
- RIKEN, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Saitama, Japan
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Sasaki M, Fuwa H. Convergent strategies for the total synthesis of polycyclic ether marine metabolites. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:401-26. [PMID: 18389143 DOI: 10.1039/b705664h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Marine polycyclic ether natural products continue to fascinate chemists and biologists due to their exceptionally large and complex molecular architectures and potent and diverse biological activities. Tremendous progress has been made over the past decade toward the total synthesis of marine polycyclic ether natural products. In this area, a convergent strategy for assembling small fragments into an entire molecule always plays a key role in successful total synthesis. This review describes our efforts to develop convergent strategies for the synthesis of polycyclic ethers and their application to the total synthesis of gambierol, gymnocin-A, and brevenal, and to the partial synthesis of the central part of ciguatoxins and the nonacyclic polyether skeleton of gambieric acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sasaki
- Laboratory of Biostructural Chemistry, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-amamiya, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan.
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Nakata T, Nagatomo M. Stereoselective Synthesis of Maitotoxin GHI-Ring System Having a 1,2-Diol Side Chain. HETEROCYCLES 2008. [DOI: 10.3987/com-08-s(n)113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
The unprecedented structure of the marine natural product brevetoxin B was elucidated by the research group of Nakanishi and Clardy in 1981. The ladderlike molecular architecture of this fused polyether molecule, its potent toxicity, and fascinating voltage-sensitive sodium channel based mechanism of action immediately captured the imagination of synthetic chemists. Synthetic endeavors resulted in numerous new methods and strategies for the construction of cyclic ethers, and culminated in several impressive total syntheses of this molecule and some of its equally challenging siblings. Of the marine polyethers, maitotoxin is not only the most complex and most toxic of the class, but is also the largest nonpolymeric natural product known to date. This Review begins with a brief history of the isolation of these biotoxins and highlights their biological properties and mechanism of action. Chemical syntheses are then described, with particular emphasis on new methods developed and applied to the total syntheses. The Review ends with a discussion of the, as yet unfinished, story of maitotoxin, and projects into the future of this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Frein JD, Rovis T. Surveying approaches to the formation of carbon-carbon bonds between a pyran and an adjacent ring. Tetrahedron 2006; 62:4573-4583. [PMID: 17710219 PMCID: PMC1950123 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have examined several methods for the stereoselective formation of carbon-carbon bonds between contiguous rings where a stereogenic center is already present. The approaches investigated were a [1,3] oxygen to carbon rearrangement of cyclic vinyl acetals, an intermolecular enolsilane addition into an in situ generated oxocarbenium ion, an intramolecular conjugate addition of tethered alkoxy enones, and epimerization of several α-pyranyl cycloalkanones. These routes have been found to be complementary in several cases and have enabled formation of both the trans:anti and cis:anti stereoisomers in good to excellent yields and varying diastereoselectivities. We have proven C2-C2' relative stereochemistry of 1-2 via a chemical correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Frein
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Majumder U, Cox JM, Johnson HWB, Rainier JD. Total Synthesis of Gambierol: The Generation of the A–C and F–H Subunits by Using a C-Glycoside Centered Strategy. Chemistry 2006; 12:1736-46. [PMID: 16331718 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gambierol, a representative of the marine ladder toxin family, consists of eight ether rings, 18 stereocenters, and two challenging pyranyl rings having methyl groups that are in a 1,3-diaxial orientation to one another. Herein we describe the generation of gambierol's A-C and F-H ring systems and demonstrate the versatility of the glycosyl anhydride, enol ether-olefin RCM strategy to fused polycyclic ethers. This work has both enabled us to generate sufficient quantities of the gambierol precursors and has enabled us to better understand the chemical transformations that were key to these efforts. Fundamental work included efforts to C-glycosides and C-ketosides, Claisen rearrangements, and enol ether-olefin RCM reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Majumder
- University of Utah, Department of Chemistry, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nakata
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Japan.
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Hiramatsu N, Takahashi N, Noyori R, Mori Y. A stereoselective route to multi-substituted tetrahydropyrans by vinyl radical cyclization. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Synthesis of trans-fused polycyclic ethers with angular methyl groups using sulfonyl-stabilized oxiranyl anions. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fuwa H, Kainuma N, Satake M, Sasaki M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of gambierol analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2519-22. [PMID: 12852956 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Gambierol is a polycyclic ether toxin, isolated as a toxic constituent from the marine dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus. We describe here the synthesis and biological evaluation of structural analogues of gambierol. The present preliminary structure-activity relationship studies clearly indicate that the H ring functionality and the unsaturated side chain of gambierol are crucial for its potent toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Fuwa
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Abstract
The first total synthesis of (-)-gambierol (1), a marine polycyclic ether toxin, has been achieved. Key features of the successful synthesis include (1) a convergent union of the ABC and EFGH ring fragments (5 and 6, respectively) via our developed B-alkyl Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling strategy leading to the octacyclic polyether core 4 and (2) a late-stage introduction of the sensitive triene side chain by use of Pd(PPh(3))(4)/CuCl/LiCl-promoted Stille coupling. The ABC ring fragment 5 was synthesized in a linear manner (B --> AB --> ABC), wherein the A ring was formed by intramolecular hetero-Michael reaction and the C ring was constructed via 6-endo cyclization of hydroxy epoxide 7. An improved synthetic entry to the EFGH ring fragment 6 is also described, in which SmI(2)-induced reductive cyclization methodology was applied to the stereoselective construction of the F and H rings, leading to 6 with remarkable overall efficiency. Stereoselective hydroboration of 5 and subsequent Suzuki-Miyaura coupling with 6 provided endocyclic enol ether 45 in high yield, which was then converted to octacyclic polyether core 4. Careful choice of the global deprotection stage was a key element for the successful total synthesis. Functionalization of the H ring and global desilylation gave (Z)-vinyl bromide 2. Finally, cross-coupling of 2 with (Z)-vinyl stannane 3 under Corey's Pd(PPh(3))(4)/CuCl/LiCl-promoted Stille conditions completed the total synthesis of (-)-gambierol (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Fuwa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Suzuki K, Nakata T. Convergent synthesis of the ABCDEF-ring system of yessotoxin and adriatoxin. Org Lett 2002; 4:3943-6. [PMID: 12599498 DOI: 10.1021/ol026804w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[formula: see text] The convergent synthesis of the ABCDEF-ring system of yessotoxin and adriatoxin was accomplished. This efficient convergent strategy was performed on the basis of the coupling of the acetylide of the A-ring and the triflate of the DEF-ring, oxidation of the alkyne to diketone, intramolecular diacetalization, and stereoselective reduction of the diacetal with Et3SiH-TMSOTf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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Uehara H, Oishi T, Inoue M, Shoji M, Nagumo Y, Kosaka M, Le Brazidec JY, Hirama M. Convergent synthesis of the HIJKLM ring fragment of ciguatoxin CTX3C. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hori N, Matsukura H, Matsuo G, Nakata T. Efficient strategy for the iterative synthesis of trans-fused polycyclic ether via SmI2-induced reductive intramolecular cyclization. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kadota I, Kadowaki C, Park CH, Takamura H, Sato K, Chan PW, Thorand S, Yamamoto Y. Syntheses of the AB and EFGH ring segments of gambierol. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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