1
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Rourke MJ, Wang CT, Schull CR, Scheidt KA. Acyl Azolium-Photoredox-Enabled Synthesis of β-Keto Sulfides. ACS Catal 2023; 13:7987-7994. [PMID: 37969469 PMCID: PMC10651059 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
α-Heteroatom functionalization is a key strategy for C-C bond formation in organic synthesis, as exemplified by the addition of a nucleophile to electrophilic functional groups, such as iminium ions; oxocarbenium ions; and their sulfur analogues, sulfenium ions. We envisioned a photoredox-enabled radical Pummerer-type reaction realized through the single-electron oxidation of a sulfide. Following this oxidative event, α-deprotonation would afford α-thio radicals that participate in radical-radical coupling reactions with azolium-bound ketyl radicals, thereby accessing a commonly proposed mechanistic intermediate of the radical-radical coupling en route to functionalized additive Pummerer products. This system provides a complementary synthetic approach to highly functionalized sulfurous products, including modification of methionine residues in peptides, and beckons further exploration in C-C bond formations previously limited in the standard two-electron process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rourke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charles T Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Cullen R Schull
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karl A Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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2
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Nielsen MB. The 1,3-dithiol-2-ide carbanion. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5999-6006. [PMID: 34190306 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00975c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Dithiol-2-ide is a fully unsaturated five-membered heterocycle with a carbanion unit between two of the ring sulfur atoms. Derivatives thereof are important intermediates in synthetic protocols for preparing various 1,4-dithiafulvene (DTF) and tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) compounds by Wittig, Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons, or phosphite-mediated olefination reactions. When considering the electronic properties of DTF, one would usually consider this unit as an electron-donating group as it can form a 6π-aromatic 1,3-dithiolium ring by resonance. Yet, in this review, I will move forward a dual character of the DTF by which it can also act as an electron-withdrawing group, involving formation of the 1,3-dithiol-2-ide. In particular, this electronic effect can be used to explain its ability to promote the electrocyclic ring closure of a vinylheptafulvene into a dihydroazulene. This view on the properties of DTF is very much in line with the dual reactivity of ketene dithioacetals that react with both nucleophiles and electrophiles. Moreover, the 1,3-dithiol-2-ide unit was recently generated in the reduction of an extended and quinoid-like TTF where the core became an aromatic carbo-benzene moiety. This aspect is particularly interesting for future design of extended TTFs that can act as both electron donors and acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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3
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F. Abdollahi M, Zhao Y. Recent advances in dithiafulvenyl-functionalized organic conjugated materials. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj06430c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the recent studies of advanced organic π-conjugated materials that contain 1,4-dithiafulvene (DTF) as a redox-active component.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- Memorial University of Newfoundland
- St. John's
- Canada
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4
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Liu G, You S, Zhang Y, Huang H, Spanjers H. Conjugated donor-acceptor (D-A) supramolecule catalyst for visible-light-driven photocatalytic removal of bromate in water. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 553:666-673. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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5
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Prusinowska N, Bardziński M, Janiak A, Skowronek P, Kwit M. Sterically Crowded Trianglimines-Synthesis, Structure, Solid-State Self-Assembly, and Unexpected Chiroptical Properties. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:2691-2699. [PMID: 29953724 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The chiral, triangular-shape hexaimine macrocycles (trianglimines), bearing bulky alkynyl or aryl substituents were synthesized and studied by means of experimental and theoretical methods. The macrocyclization reactions are driven by the extraordinary stability of the trianglimine ring and provided products with high yields. Electrostatic repulsion between imine nitrogen atoms and the substituents forced an anti conformation of the aromatic linkers. Although the DFT-optimized structure of 7 is D3 symmetrical, in the crystal, the macrocycle adopts a bowl-like molecular shape. The macrocycle self-assembles into tail-to-tail dimers by mutual interdigitation of aromatic moieties. In contrast, macrocycle 8 adopts a rigid pillararene-like conformation. The nature of the substituent significantly affects the electronic properties of the linker. As a result, unexpectedly high exciton Cotton effects are observed in the electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. The origin of these effects was subject of an in-depth study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Prusinowska
- Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89B, 61 614, Poznan, Poland.,Centre for Advanced Technologies AMU, Umultowska 89C, 61 614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mateusz Bardziński
- Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89B, 61 614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Janiak
- Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89B, 61 614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Skowronek
- Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89B, 61 614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Kwit
- Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89B, 61 614, Poznan, Poland.,Centre for Advanced Technologies AMU, Umultowska 89C, 61 614, Poznań, Poland
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6
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7
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Aitken RA, Jethwa SJ. Synthesis of Electro-active Compounds Suitable for Adsorption on Metal Surfaces. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2017.1374065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Alan Aitken
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Siddharth J. Jethwa
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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8
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Jørgensen FP, Petersen JF, Andersen CL, Skov AB, Jevric M, Hammerich O, Nielsen MB. Synthesis of Covalently Linked Oligo(phenyleneethynylene) Wires Incorporating Dithiafulvene Units: Redox-Active “H-Cruciforms”. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes F. Petersen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Anders B. Skov
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ole Hammerich
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 Copenhagen Denmark
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9
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Muñoz-Pérez J, Leyton P, Paipa C, Soto J, Brunet J, Gómez-Jeria J, Campos-Vallette M. Raman and surface enhanced Raman scattering study of the orientation of cruciform 9,10-anthracene thiophene and furan derivatives deposited on a gold colloidal surface. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Tracking molecular resonance forms of donor-acceptor push-pull molecules by single-molecule conductance experiments. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10233. [PMID: 26667583 PMCID: PMC4682163 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of molecules to change colour on account of changes in solvent polarity is known as solvatochromism and used spectroscopically to characterize charge-transfer transitions in donor-acceptor molecules. Here we report that donor-acceptor-substituted molecular wires also exhibit distinct properties in single-molecule electronics under the influence of a bias voltage, but in absence of solvent. Two oligo(phenyleneethynylene) wires with donor-acceptor substitution on the central ring (cruciform-like) exhibit remarkably broad conductance peaks measured by the mechanically controlled break-junction technique with gold contacts, in contrast to the sharp peak of simpler molecules. From a theoretical analysis, we explain this by different degrees of charge delocalization and hence cross-conjugation at the central ring. Thus, small variations in the local environment promote the quinoid resonance form (off), the linearly conjugated (on) or any form in between. This shows how the conductance of donor-acceptor cruciforms is tuned by small changes in the environment.
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11
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Parker CR, Leary E, Frisenda R, Wei Z, Jennum KS, Glibstrup E, Abrahamsen PB, Santella M, Christensen MA, Della Pia EA, Li T, Gonzalez MT, Jiang X, Morsing TJ, Rubio-Bollinger G, Laursen BW, Nørgaard K, van der Zant H, Agrait N, Nielsen MB. A Comprehensive Study of Extended Tetrathiafulvalene Cruciform Molecules for Molecular Electronics: Synthesis and Electrical Transport Measurements. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:16497-507. [DOI: 10.1021/ja509937k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian R. Parker
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy & Nano-Science Center & Danish-Chinese Center for Nano-Electronics, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Edmund Leary
- Laboratorio
de Bajas Temperaturas, Departamento de Física de la Materia
Condensada Módulo 3, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanoscience,
Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Riccardo Frisenda
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Zhongming Wei
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy & Nano-Science Center & Danish-Chinese Center for Nano-Electronics, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC), Niels Jensens Vej 2, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Karsten S. Jennum
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy & Nano-Science Center & Danish-Chinese Center for Nano-Electronics, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Emil Glibstrup
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy & Nano-Science Center & Danish-Chinese Center for Nano-Electronics, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Peter Bæch Abrahamsen
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy & Nano-Science Center & Danish-Chinese Center for Nano-Electronics, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Marco Santella
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy & Nano-Science Center & Danish-Chinese Center for Nano-Electronics, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC), Niels Jensens Vej 2, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel A. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy & Nano-Science Center & Danish-Chinese Center for Nano-Electronics, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Eduardo Antonio Della Pia
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy & Nano-Science Center & Danish-Chinese Center for Nano-Electronics, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy & Nano-Science Center & Danish-Chinese Center for Nano-Electronics, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Maria Teresa Gonzalez
- IMDEA-Nanoscience,
Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xingbin Jiang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Thorbjørn J. Morsing
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy & Nano-Science Center & Danish-Chinese Center for Nano-Electronics, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Gabino Rubio-Bollinger
- Laboratorio
de Bajas Temperaturas, Departamento de Física de la Materia
Condensada Módulo 3, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bo W. Laursen
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy & Nano-Science Center & Danish-Chinese Center for Nano-Electronics, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kasper Nørgaard
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy & Nano-Science Center & Danish-Chinese Center for Nano-Electronics, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Herre van der Zant
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Agrait
- Laboratorio
de Bajas Temperaturas, Departamento de Física de la Materia
Condensada Módulo 3, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanoscience,
Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy & Nano-Science Center & Danish-Chinese Center for Nano-Electronics, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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12
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Valkenier H, Guédon CM, Markussen T, Thygesen KS, van der Molen SJ, Hummelen JC. Cross-conjugation and quantum interference: a general correlation? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:653-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53866d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Lipnická Š, Bělohradský M, Kolivoška V, Pospíšil L, Hromadová M, Pohl R, Chocholoušová JV, Vacek J, Fiedler J, Stará IG, Starý I. Tetrathiafulvalene-Oligo(para-phenyleneethynylene) Conjugates: Formation of Multiple Mixed-Valence Complexes upon Electrochemical Oxidation. Chemistry 2013; 19:6108-21. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Wei Z, Li T, Jennum K, Santella M, Bovet N, Hu W, Nielsen MB, Bjørnholm T, Solomon GC, Laursen BW, Nørgaard K. Molecular junctions based on SAMs of cruciform oligo(phenylene ethynylene)s. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:4016-4023. [PMID: 22283520 DOI: 10.1021/la204340n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cruciform oligo(phenylene ethynylene)s (OPEs) with an extended tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) donor moiety (OPE5-TTF and OPE3-TTF) and their simple analogues (OPE5-S and OPE3) without conjugated substituents were used to form high-quality self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on ultraflat gold substrates. Molecular junctions based on these SAMs were investigated using conducting-probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM). The TTF substituent changes the molecular orbital energy levels and decreases the HOMO-LUMO energy gap, resulting in a 9-fold increase in conductance for both TTF cruciform OPEs compared to the unsubstituted analogues. The difference in electrical transport properties of the SAMs was reproduced by the theoretical transport calculations for the single molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Wei
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Lim J, Osowska K, Armitage JA, Martin BR, Miljanić OŠ. Critical role of weak [C–H⋯O] hydrogen bonds in the assembly of benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d′]bisoxazole cruciforms into supramolecular sheets. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce25485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Distinct exciton migration pathways induced by steric hindrance in Langmuir–Blodgett films of two novel cruciform molecular wires. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Lim J, Albright TA, Martin BR, Miljanić OŠ. Benzobisoxazole Cruciforms: Heterocyclic Fluorophores with Spatially Separated Frontier Molecular Orbitals. J Org Chem 2011; 76:10207-19. [PMID: 22077919 DOI: 10.1021/jo202107w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaebum Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 136 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003,
United States
| | - Thomas A. Albright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 136 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003,
United States
| | - Benjamin R. Martin
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas State University—San Marcos, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, Texas 78666,
United States
| | - Ognjen Š. Miljanić
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 136 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003,
United States
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18
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Nielsen MB. Molecular Scaffolding with Tetrathiafulvalene—Design and Synthesis of New Molecules for Molecular Electronics. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2010.524176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Sallé M, Canevet D, Balandier JY, Lyskawa J, Trippé G, Goeb S, Le Derf F. Tetrathiafulvalene-Based Architectures: From Guests Recognition to Self-Assembly. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2010.543099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Sallé
- a Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR CNRS 6200 , Université d’Angers , Angers, France
| | - David Canevet
- a Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR CNRS 6200 , Université d’Angers , Angers, France
| | - Jean-Yves Balandier
- a Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR CNRS 6200 , Université d’Angers , Angers, France
| | - Joël Lyskawa
- a Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR CNRS 6200 , Université d’Angers , Angers, France
| | - Gaëlle Trippé
- a Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR CNRS 6200 , Université d’Angers , Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Goeb
- a Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR CNRS 6200 , Université d’Angers , Angers, France
| | - Franck Le Derf
- a Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR CNRS 6200 , Université d’Angers , Angers, France
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Kirketerp MBS, Ryhding T, Støchkel K, Brøndsted Nielsen M, Brøndsted Nielsen S. Role of nearby charges on the electronic structure of π-conjugated molecules: symmetric versus asymmetric charge distributions in oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene). J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:1222-7. [PMID: 21291188 DOI: 10.1021/jp111134t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene)s (OPEs) are conjugated oligomers of great interest within materials science and molecular electronics on account of their highly applicable electronic and optical properties. Here we use gas-phase action spectroscopy to elucidate how the intrinsic electronic properties of these chromophores are affected by nearby charges. An OPE3 chromophore with two nearby ammonium groups was synthesized. This molecule and a related OPE3 with only one amine protonation site were transferred to the gas phase by electrospray ionization and subjected to action spectroscopy. Ions were bunched in a 14-pole ion trap, accelerated to 50-keV kinetic energies, mass-to-charge selected by a magnet, and photoexcited in a crossed-beam configuration. Fragment ions were finally mass-analyzed by an electrostatic analyzer. The setup enables photodissociation mass spectrometry and action spectroscopy on the microsecond time scale. The gas-phase absorption of the mono- and dication was measured and compared to that of neutral chromophores in solution. Similar absorption was found for neutral chromophores (in solution) and the dication (in gas phase or solution), whereas the monocation absorbs at lower energies in the gas phase. Simple electrostatic considerations lead to an energy difference like the one found from the experiment. The work presented here addresses how the electronic properties of a π-conjugated system are affected by nearby charges, a question of fundamental interest in, for example, molecular electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maj-Britt Suhr Kirketerp
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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22
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Jia C, Zhang J, Zhang L, Yao X. A Novel Conjugated Donor-Acceptor System Based on Tetrathiafulvalene Merging Pyrene Unit: Synthesis, Physical Properties and Theoretical Calculations. HETEROCYCLES 2011. [DOI: 10.3987/com-11-12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Zhou N, Wang L, Thompson DW, Zhao Y. OPE/OPV H-mers: synthesis, electronic properties, and spectroscopic responses to binding with transition metal ions. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Seo S, Marks T. Lanthanide-Catalyst-Mediated Tandem Double Intramolecular Hydroalkoxylation/Cyclization of Dialkynyl Dialcohols: Scope and Mechanism. Chemistry 2010; 16:5148-62. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Kanibolotsky AL, Forgie JC, McEntee GJ, Talpur MMA, Skabara PJ, Westgate TDJ, McDouall JJW, Auinger M, Coles SJ, Hursthouse MB. Controlling the conformational changes in donor-acceptor [4]-dendralenes through intramolecular charge-transfer processes. Chemistry 2010; 15:11581-93. [PMID: 19760710 PMCID: PMC3784042 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of two [4]-dendralene compounds incorporating thiophene-(p-nitrophenyl) donor-acceptor units is presented. The dendralenes adopt two different conformers in solution and solid state and the transformation between the structures can be controlled by light and heat. The electron-donating components of the dendralenes are represented by bromothienyl (in 13) and ethylenedioxythiophene(EDOT)-thienyl (in 15) end-groups. The most facile transformation involves the isomerisation of donor-acceptor conjugated systems (a conformers) into structures in which only the thiophenes are conjugated (b conformers), and this process is driven by ambient light. The structures of the two conformers of compound 13 are confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies and the structural changes in both compounds have been monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy and absorption studies. The transformations were found to be first-order processes with rate constants of k=0.0027 s(-1) and k=0.00022 s(-1) for 13 and 15, respectively. Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* level give credence to the proposed mechanism for the a-->b conversion, which involves photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) as the key step. The EDOT derivative (15) can be polymerised by electrochemical oxidation and a combination of cyclic voltammetry and UV/Vis spectroelectrochemical experiments indicate that the a conformer can be trapped and stabilised in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Kanibolotsky
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
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26
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Osowska K, Miljanić OŠ. Supramolecular organization of extended benzobisoxazole cruciforms. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:4276-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc00554a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Zucchero AJ, Tolosa J, Tolbert LM, Bunz UHF. Bis(4â²-dibutylaminostyryl)benzene: Spectroscopic Behavior upon Protonation or Methylation. Chemistry 2009; 15:13075-81. [PMID: 19859919 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Zucchero
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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28
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Weibel N, Mishchenko A, Wandlowski T, Neuburger M, Leroux Y, Mayor M. Catechol-Based Macrocyclic Rods: En Route to Redox-Active Molecular Switches. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Duan Z, Wei Z, Xu W, Zhu D. TTF and TCNQ analogues derived from a new benzo-fused thiopyranyl building block. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Fracaroli AM, Granados AM, de Rossi RH. E−Z Isomerization and Aggregation Phenomena of Dithiafulvenes in CHCl3. J Org Chem 2009; 74:2114-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802681h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M. Fracaroli
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico Química de Córdoba (INFIQC), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alejandro M. Granados
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico Química de Córdoba (INFIQC), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rita H. de Rossi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico Química de Córdoba (INFIQC), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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31
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Canevet D, Sallé M, Zhang G, Zhang D, Zhu D. Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivatives: key building-blocks for switchable processes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:2245-69. [PMID: 19377656 DOI: 10.1039/b818607n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Canevet
- Université d'Angers, CIMA UMR CNRS 6200-UFR Sciences, 2 boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France
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32
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Ryhding T, Suhr Kirketerp MB, Kadhane U, Lykkegaard MK, Panja S, Nielsen SB, Nielsen MB. Upon the intrinsic optical properties of oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene)s (OPEs). Synthesis of OPE3 for experimental gas-phase absorption studies. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Dynamic proton-induced two-stage emission switching in donor-functionalized bis(dehydrobenzo[n]annuleno)benzenes and 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(phenylethynyl)benzene. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Syntheses of molecular wires containing redox center: Reversible redox property and good energy level matching with Au electrode. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2008.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Wang C, Bryce MR, Gigon J, Ashwell GJ, Grace I, Lambert CJ. Synthesis and Properties of Functionalized 4 nm Scale Molecular Wires with Thiolated Termini for Self-Assembly onto Metal Surfaces. J Org Chem 2008; 73:4810-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo800120n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K., The Nanomaterials Group, School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Deiniol Street, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, U.K., and Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
| | - Martin R. Bryce
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K., The Nanomaterials Group, School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Deiniol Street, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, U.K., and Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
| | - Joanna Gigon
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K., The Nanomaterials Group, School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Deiniol Street, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, U.K., and Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
| | - Geoffrey J. Ashwell
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K., The Nanomaterials Group, School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Deiniol Street, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, U.K., and Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
| | - Iain Grace
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K., The Nanomaterials Group, School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Deiniol Street, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, U.K., and Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
| | - Colin J. Lambert
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K., The Nanomaterials Group, School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Deiniol Street, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, U.K., and Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
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36
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Tsoi S, Griva I, Trammell SA, Blum AS, Schnur JM, Lebedev N. Electrochemically controlled conductance switching in a single molecule: quinone-modified oligo(phenylene vinylene). ACS NANO 2008; 2:1289-1295. [PMID: 19206347 DOI: 10.1021/nn8002218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Reversible conductance switching in single quinone-oligo(phenylene vinylene) (Q-OPV) molecules was demonstrated using electrochemical STM. The switching was achieved by application of electrochemical potential to the substrate supporting the molecule. The ratio of conductances between the high- and low-conductivity states is over 40. The high-conductivity state is ascribed to strong electron delocalization of the fully conjugated hydroquinone-OPV structure, whereas the low-conductivity state is characterized by disruption of electron delocalization in the quinone-OPV structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Tsoi
- Center for Bio-Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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37
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McGrier P, Solntsev K, Miao S, Tolbert L, Miranda O, Rotello V, Bunz U. Hydroxycruciforms: Amine-Responsive Fluorophores. Chemistry 2008; 14:4503-10. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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A charge iteration-corrected extended-Hückel study of the electronic and spectroscopic properties of conjugated heterocycles. Theor Chem Acc 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-008-0444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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39
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Tolosa J, Zucchero AJ, Bunz UHF. Water-Soluble Cruciforms: Response to Protons and Selected Metal Ions. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:6498-506. [DOI: 10.1021/ja800232f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tolosa
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Anthony J. Zucchero
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
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40
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Vestergaard M, Jennum K, Sørensen JK, Kilså K, Nielsen MB. Synthesis and characterization of cruciform-conjugated molecules based on tetrathiafulvalene. J Org Chem 2008; 73:3175-83. [PMID: 18351778 DOI: 10.1021/jo702735d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stepwise acetylenic scaffolding provides cruciform-conjugated molecules with vertically disposed pi-systems, one being an extended tetrathiafulvene (TTF) unit. Two synthetic routes for a cruciform dimer incorporating a total of two extended TTFs was developed, employing either an oxidative Hay coupling reaction as the final dimerization step or as one of the initial steps. Both routes take advantage of ready access to new mono- and diethynylbenzene building blocks incorporating a variety of other functionalitites. The redox and optical properties of the cruciform molecules were investigated by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetries and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The access to multiple redox states renders the molecules attractive candidates as wires, or possibly transistors, for molecular electronics. Generation of a quinoid structure by oxidation is supported by density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Vestergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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41
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Chen G, Wang L, Thompson DW, Zhao Y. Highly π-Extended TTF Analogues with a Conjugated Macrocyclic Enyne Core. Org Lett 2008; 10:657-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ol703038m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - David W. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X7, Canada
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42
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Weibel N, Błaszczyk A, von Hänisch C, Mayor M, Pobelov I, Wandlowski T, Chen F, Tao N. Redox-Active Catechol-Functionalized Molecular Rods: Suitable Protection Groups and Single-Molecule Transport Investigations. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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Wang JL, Tang ZM, Xiao Q, Zhou QF, Ma Y, Pei J. Molecular Wires Based on Thienylethynylene: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, and Excited-State Lifetime. Org Lett 2007; 10:17-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ol702467u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Liang Wang
- Key Laboratories of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zheng-Ming Tang
- Key Laboratories of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi Xiao
- Key Laboratories of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi-Feng Zhou
- Key Laboratories of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuguo Ma
- Key Laboratories of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Key Laboratories of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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44
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Granados AM, Fracaroli AM, de Rossi RH, Fuertes P, Torroba T. Alkynyl Fischer carbene complex as a traceless directing group for the regioselective cycloaddition of dithiolethiones to arylacetylene: synthesis of E-dithiafulvene thione and dithioesters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:483-5. [PMID: 18188475 DOI: 10.1039/b715857b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A phenylethynyl Fischer carbene complex was used as a traceless directing group for the regioselective cycloaddition of dithiolethiones to arylacetylene, which constitutes the first synthesis of E-dithiafulvene thione or dithioesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M Granados
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina.
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45
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Zeng X, Wang C, Bryce MR, Batsanov AS, Sirichantaropass S, García-Suárez VM, Lambert CJ, Sage I. Functionalized 8 nm Long Aryleneethynylene Molecular Wire with Alkyne Termini. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Grunder S, Huber R, Horhoiu V, González MT, Schönenberger C, Calame M, Mayor M. New Cruciform Structures: Toward Coordination Induced Single Molecule Switches. J Org Chem 2007; 72:8337-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jo7013998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Grunder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physics, Klingelbergstrasse 82, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, and Institute for Nanotechnology, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Roman Huber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physics, Klingelbergstrasse 82, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, and Institute for Nanotechnology, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Viviana Horhoiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physics, Klingelbergstrasse 82, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, and Institute for Nanotechnology, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maria Teresa González
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physics, Klingelbergstrasse 82, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, and Institute for Nanotechnology, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christian Schönenberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physics, Klingelbergstrasse 82, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, and Institute for Nanotechnology, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michel Calame
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physics, Klingelbergstrasse 82, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, and Institute for Nanotechnology, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physics, Klingelbergstrasse 82, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, and Institute for Nanotechnology, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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47
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Brombosz SM, Zucchero AJ, Phillips RL, Vazquez D, Wilson A, Bunz UHF. Terpyridine-Based Cruciform−Zn2+ Complexes as Anion-Responsive Fluorophores. Org Lett 2007; 9:4519-22. [PMID: 17900132 DOI: 10.1021/ol7020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a terpyridine-appended, zinc-complexed cruciform, 3-Zn2+, and the anion-reactive modulation of its emissive properties in acetone-water mixtures are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Brombosz
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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48
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Ottosson H, Kilså K, Chajara K, Piqueras MC, Crespo R, Kato H, Muthas D. Scope and Limitations of Baird's Theory on Triplet State Aromaticity: Application to the Tuning of Singlet–Triplet Energy Gaps in Fulvenes. Chemistry 2007; 13:6998-7005. [PMID: 17562534 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing Baird's theory on triplet state aromaticity, we show that the singlet-triplet energy gaps (DeltaE(ST)) of pentafulvenes are easily varied through substitution by as much as 36 kcal mol(-1). This exploits the fact that fulvenes act as aromatic chameleons in which the dipoles reverse on going from the singlet ground state (S(0)) to the lowest pipi* triplet state (T1); thus, their electron distributions are adapted so as to achieve some aromaticity in both states. The results are based on quantum chemical calculations with the OLYP density functional theory method and the CASPT2 ab initio method, as well as spectroscopic determination of DeltaE(ST) by triplet sensitization. The findings can also be generalized to fulvenes other than the pentafulvenes, even though the effect is attenuated as the size of the fulvene increases. Our studies thus reveal that triplet-state aromaticity can greatly influence the properties of conjugated compounds in the T1 state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Box 576, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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49
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Hauck M, Schönhaber J, Zucchero AJ, Hardcastle KI, Müller TJJ, Bunz UHF. Phenothiazine Cruciforms: Synthesis and Metallochromic Properties. J Org Chem 2007; 72:6714-25. [PMID: 17691738 DOI: 10.1021/jo070922l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of five novel phenothiazine-containing cruciforms (5-9). The targets were prepared by a NaH-promoted Horner reaction of tetraethyl(2,5-diiodo-1,4-phenylene)bis(methylene)diphosphonate with 10-hexyl-10H-phenothiazine-3-carbaldehyde. The formed intermediary 3,3'-(1E,1'E)-2,2'-(2,5-diiodo-1,4-phenylene)bis(ethene-2,1-diyl)bis(10-hexyl-10H-phenothiazine) was reacted with several different aromatic alkynes (1-tert-butyl-4-ethynylbenzene, N,N-dibutyl-4-ethynylaniline, 1-ethynyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene, and 1-ethynyl-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene) to give the corresponding cruciform fluororphores (XF). The XFs were fully characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy and then exposed to trifluoroacetic acid as well as to several metal triflates. The XFs show dramatic shifts in emission and to a lesser extent in absorption when exposed to magnesium triflate or zinc triflate. In the case of magnesium triflate, a blue shift in emission was observed; in contrast, addition of zinc triflate results in either quenching or a red-shifted emission. Due to the electronic situation, these XFs display spatially separated frontier molecular orbitals, allowing the HOMO or the LUMO of the XFs to be addressed independently by addition of zinc or magnesium ions. Phenothiazine XFs may have potential in array-type sensory applications for metal cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Hauck
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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50
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Gerhardt WW, Zucchero AJ, South CR, Bunz UHF, Weck M. Controlling Polymer Properties through Dynamic Metal–Ligand Interactions: Supramolecular Cruciforms Made Easy. Chemistry 2007; 13:4467-74. [PMID: 17343290 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward methodology towards the supramolecular synthesis of novel organometallic polymers with attractive optical properties is presented. By coordinating bifunctional fluorescent cruciform molecules through ditopic metalated pincer complexes (Pd or Pt), we have synthesized a new class of well-defined coordination polymers that have controllable and tunable physical and photophysical properties. The formation of these new materials by employing metal coordination was monitored by (1)H NMR spectroscopy, the association strength of the metal-ligand interaction was measured by isothermal titration calorimetry, the solution polymeric properties were evaluated by viscometry, and the optical properties were measured and observed by fluorescence spectroscopy. The fast and quantitative synthesis of a wide range of prefabricated monomeric cruciform and metalated-pincer-complex components will allow for the rapid generation, growth, and optimization of this new class of functional polymers, which have potential electronic and optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren W Gerhardt
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
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