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Research Progress of Natural Active Substances with Immunosuppressive Activity. Molecules 2024; 29:2359. [PMID: 38792220 PMCID: PMC11124018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of autoimmune diseases globally has prompted extensive research and the development of immunosuppressants. Currently, immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine, rapamycin, and tacrolimus have been utilized in clinical practice. However, long-term use of these drugs may lead to a series of adverse effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore novel drug candidates for treating autoimmune diseases. This review aims to find potential candidate molecules for natural immunosuppressive compounds derived from plants, animals, and fungi over the past decade. These compounds include terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and others. Among them, compounds 49, 151, 173, 200, 204, and 247 have excellent activity; their IC50 were less than 1 μM. A total of 109 compounds have good immunosuppressive activity, with IC50 ranging from 1 to 10 μM. These active compounds have high medicinal potential. The names, sources, structures, immunosuppressive activity, and the structure-activity relationship were summarized and analyzed.
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Immunosuppressive steroids from the twigs and leaves of Dysoxylum hongkongense. Tetrahedron 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2023.133273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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(−)‐Isoscopariusin A, a Naturally Occurring Immunosuppressive Meroditerpenoid: Structure Elucidation and Scalable Chemical Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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(−)‐Isoscopariusin A, a Naturally Occurring Immunosuppressive Meroditerpenoid: Structure Elucidation and Scalable Chemical Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12859-12867. [PMID: 33620745 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Constituents of Bupleurum praealtum and Bupleurum veronense with Potential Immunomodulatory Activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2902-2914. [PMID: 33030341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, chromatographic separations of the diethyl ether extracts of two European annual Bupleurum taxa, B. praealtum and B. veronense, yielded nine new natural products, namely, a series of esters of stereoisomeric tetradeca-5,7,9,11-tetraen-1-ols (1-4 and 8), a tetra-unsaturated γ-tetradecalactone (5), a dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan (7-oxoarcitin, 6), a falcarinol-related 17-membered macrolide (7) possessing a conjugated diyne-system, and an acylphloroglucinol derivative (9). All these new compounds were fully characterized by NMR, IR, UV, MS, and optical rotation measurement, including 1H NMR full spin spectral simulation, whereas the absolute configurations of 1, 5, and 9 were determined via chemical correlations and NMR analysis of Mosher esters. The in vitro potential immunomodulatory activities of 1, 4, 5, and (+)-arcitin were assessed by determining their effects on the functional properties of isolated rat splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages. The results obtained support the known immunomodulatory ethnomedicinal usage of Bupleurum species.
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Macrocyclization via C-H functionalization: a new paradigm in macrocycle synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1851-1876. [PMID: 32101232 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02765c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The growing emphasis on macrocycles in engaging difficult therapeutic targets such as protein-protein interactions and GPCRs via preferential adaptation of bioactive and cell penetrating conformations has provided impetus to the search for de novo macrocyclization strategies that are efficient, chemically robust and amenable to diversity creation. An emerging macrocyclization paradigm based on the C-H activation logic, of particular promise in the macrocyclization of complex peptides, has added a new dimension to this pursuit, enabling efficacious access to macrocycles of various sizes and topologies with high atom and step economy. Significant achievements in macrocyclization methodologies and their applications in the synthesis of bioactive natural products and drug-like molecules, employing strategic variations of C-H activation are captured in this review. It is expected that this timely account will foster interest in newer ways of macrocycle construction among practitioners of organic synthesis and chemical biology to advance the field.
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Genetic diversity in populations of African mahogany (Khaya grandioliola C. DC.) introduced in Brazil. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20180162. [PMID: 32353099 PMCID: PMC7198008 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Given its high-valued wood, the African mahogany (Khaya grandifoliola) has been envisaged as a renewable source of tropical hardwoods in Brazil. However, there are concerns about the hypothesized low diversity among the few K. grandifoliola germplasm sources introduced in the country. Using eight microsatellite markers, we evaluated the genetic diversity and divergence among 53 superior trees selected from three provenances of K. grandifoliola located in the state of Para. These populations are among the oldest plantations (>15 years) in Brazil and, therefore, the country's main seed sources. The average number of alleles per locus was 5.9, expected heterozygosity was moderate (^=0.56) and lower than the high observed heterozygosity (HO=0.74). Therefore, the intrapopulation fixation index was negative (f=-0.31) indicating the possibility that selection of superior trees might have favored heterozygous plants with heterosis. No genetic structure was observed between provenances. The genetic diversity observed within selected trees, with an effective population size (Ne) of 30.4, is comparable to that of natural populations of African and Brazilian mahoganies. Therefore, our results contradict the idea that the genetic diversity of K. grandifoliola introduced in Brazil is low and show that our germplasm can be exploited for breeding purposes.
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Abstract
The first synthesis of conjugated triynes by molybdenum-catalysed alkyne metathesis is reported. Strategic to the success of this approach is the utilization of sterically-hindered diynes that allowed for the site-selective alkyne metathesis to produce the desired conjugated triyne products. The steric hindrance of the alkyne moiety was found to be crucial in preventing the formation of diyne byproducts. This novel synthetic strategy was amenable to self- and cross-metathesis providing straightforward access to the corresponding symmetrical and dissymmetrical triynes with high selectivity. The first synthesis of symmetrical and dissymmetrical conjugated triynes by self- and cross-metathesis was successfully achieved thanks to the use of hindered diynes.![]()
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Synthesis of chiral propargyl alcohols following the base-induced elimination protocol: application in the total synthesis of natural products. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05626b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of enantiomerically pure propargyl alcohols is one of the most important tools in organic synthesis and “base-induced elimination of β-alkoxy chlorides” could offer the enantiomerically pure propargyl alcohols.
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Stereoselective synthesis and antitumor activity of macrodiolides containing 1Z,5Z-diene and 1,3-diyne moieties. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Polyacetylenes from the Roots of Swietenia macrophylla King. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071291. [PMID: 30987040 PMCID: PMC6480581 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A phytochemical investigation of the roots of Swietenia macrophylla led to the isolation of seven polyacetylenes, including five new compounds (1–5) and two known ones (6–7). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and detailed comparison with reported data. All the isolates were tested for their cytotoxicity against the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line BEL-7402, human myeloid leukemia cell line K562, and human gastric carcinoma cell line SGC-7901. Compounds 1 and 6 showed moderate cytotoxicity against the above three human cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 14.3 to 45.4 μM. Compound 4 displayed cytotoxicity against the K562 and SGC-7901 cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 26.2 ± 0.4 and 21.9 ± 0.3 μM, respectively.
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Synthesis and biological activities of petrosiols B and D. RSC Adv 2019; 9:10253-10263. [PMID: 35520890 PMCID: PMC9062523 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01166h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A divergent total synthesis of natural diacetylenic tetraols, petrosiol B and petrosiol D, was accomplished by taking advantage of a carbohydrate chiral template.
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Structural Elucidation and Cytotoxicity of a New 17-Membered Ring Lactone from Algerian Eryngium campestre. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123250. [PMID: 30544816 PMCID: PMC6321439 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition of a hexanic extract of Eryngium campestre, obtained from its aerial parts, was investigated by GC-FID, GC/MS, HRMS, NMR and VCD analyses. The main compounds were germacrene D (23.6%), eudesma-4(15)-7-dien-1-β-ol (8.2%) and falcarindiol (9.4%), which are associated with a new uncommon and naturally found 17-membered ring lactone. This 17-membered ring features conjugated acetylenic bonds, named campestrolide (23.0%). The crude extract showed moderate antitrypanosomal (Trypanosoma brucei brucei), antileishmanial (Leishmania mexicana mexicana) and anticancer (cancerous macrophage-like murine cells) activities, and also displayed cytotoxicity, (human normal fibroblasts) in similar concentration ranges (IC50 = 3.0, 3.9, 4.0 and 4.4 µg/mL respectively). Likewise, campestrolide displayed low activity on all tested cells (IC50: 12.5–19.5 µM) except on Trypanosoma, on which it was very active and moderately selective (IC50 = 2.2 µM. SI= 8.9). In conclusion, the new compound that has been described, displaying a singular structure, possesses interesting antitrypanosomal activity that should be further investigated and improved.
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Synthesis of 1,3-Diynes via Cadiot-Chodkiewicz Coupling of Volatile, in Situ Generated Bromoalkynes. Org Lett 2018; 20:6845-6849. [PMID: 30336061 PMCID: PMC6217962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A convenient Cadiot-Chodkiewicz protocol that facilitates the use of low molecular weight alkyne coupling partners is described. The method entails an in situ elimination from a dibromoolefin precursor and immediate subjection to copper-catalyzed conditions, circumventing the hazards of volatile brominated alkynes. The scope of this method is described, and the internal 1,3-diyne products are preliminarily evaluated in ruthenium-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloadditions.
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Synergistic Gold and Copper Dual Catalysis for Intramolecular Glaser-Hay Coupling: Rapid Total Synthesis of Ivorenolide B. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Cascarinoids A-C, a Class of Diterpenoid Alkaloids with Unpredicted Conformations from Croton cascarilloides. Org Lett 2018; 20:228-231. [PMID: 29251945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cascarinoids A-C (1-3), a new class of diterpenoid alkaloids with unpredicted conformations, were isolated and structurally characterized from Croton cascarilloides. It was demonstrated that the dispersion interaction might be one of the main contributors that stabilized the folded conformations for compounds 1-3. Compounds 2 and 3 showed moderate immunosuppressive activity against T and/or B lymphocyte cells.
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Catalytic Macrocyclization Strategies Using Continuous Flow: Formal Total Synthesis of Ivorenolide A. J Org Chem 2016; 81:6750-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2014. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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A Two-Component Alkyne Metathesis Catalyst System with an Improved Substrate Scope and Functional Group Tolerance: Development and Applications to Natural Product Synthesis. Chemistry 2016; 22:8494-507. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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A systematic study on the Cadiot–Chodkiewicz cross coupling reaction for the selective and efficient synthesis of hetero-diynes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07308e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
99% selectivity for cross coupling. Excellent yields (upto 94%). Low basic reaction medium, high functional group tolerance. Use of green solvent water.
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Polyacetylenes from terrestrial plants and fungi: Recent phytochemical and biological advances. Fitoterapia 2015; 106:92-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
The classical heterocoupling of a 1-haloalkyne with a terminal alkyne catalyzed by copper salts in the presence of a base for the synthesis of unsymmetrical diynes is termed the Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling reaction.
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Phainanoids A–F, A New Class of Potent Immunosuppressive Triterpenoids with an Unprecedented Carbon Skeleton from Phyllanthus hainanensis. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 137:138-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ja511813g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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