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Abeynayake NS, Le N, Sanchez-Lecuona G, Donnadieu B, Webster CE, Montiel-Palma V. Unexpected alkyl isomerization at the silicon ligand of an unsaturated Rh complex: combined experiment and theory. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:16159-16166. [PMID: 37877892 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02087h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The formation of dimer [(μ-Cl)Rh-(κ3(P,Si,Si)PhP(o-C6H4CH2SiiPr2)(o-C6H4CH2SiiPrnPr))]2 (Rh-3) with an n-propyl group on one of the silicon atoms as a minor product was affected by the reaction of [RhCl(COD)]2 with proligand PhP(o-C6H4CH2SiHiPr2)2, L1. The major product of the reaction was monomeric 14-electron Rh(III) complex [ClRh(κ3(P,Si,Si)PhP(o-C6H4CH2SiiPr2)2)] (Rh-1). Computations revealed that the monomer-dimer equilibrium is shifted toward the monomer with four isopropyl substituents on the two Si atoms of the ligand as in Rh-1; conversely, the dimer is favored with only one n-propyl as in Rh-3, and with less bulky alkyl substituents such as in [ClRh(κ3(P,Si,Si)PhP(o-C6H4CH2SiMe2)2]2 (Rh-2). Computations on the mechanism of formation of Rh-3 directly from [RhCl(COD)]2 are in agreement with the experimental findings and it is found to be less energetic than if stemming from Rh-1. Additionally, a Si-O-Si complex, [μ-Cl-Rh{κ3(P,Si,C)PPh(o-C6H4CH2SiiPrO SiiPr2CH-o-C6H4)}]2, Rh-4, is generated from the reaction of Rh-1 with adventitious water as a result of intramolecular C-H activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niroshani S Abeynayake
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Box 9573, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA.
| | - Nghia Le
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Box 9573, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA.
| | - Gabriela Sanchez-Lecuona
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Box 9573, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA.
| | - Bruno Donnadieu
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Box 9573, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA.
| | - Charles Edwin Webster
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Box 9573, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA.
| | - Virginia Montiel-Palma
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Box 9573, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA.
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2
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Ren W, Sheng X, Fan C, Shi Y. Pd-Catalyzed Regiodivergent Hydrocarboxylation of Olefins with Oxalic Acid: A Remarkable Effect of the Counteranion on Regioselectivity. Org Lett 2023; 25:7786-7790. [PMID: 37856251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
A regioselective Pd-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of vinyl arenes with oxalic acid is described. A wide variety of either linear or branched carboxylic acids can be readily obtained with high regioselectivities under mild reaction conditions. The reaction process is operationally simple and requires no handling of toxic CO. Besides the ligand, the counteranion of the Pd catalyst system plays an important role in the regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Ren
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xujian Sheng
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Chengcheng Fan
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yian Shi
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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3
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Cohen A, Kaushansky A, Marek I. Mechanistic Insights on the Selectivity of the Tandem Heck-Ring-Opening of Cyclopropyldiol Derivatives. JACS AU 2022; 2:687-696. [PMID: 35373195 PMCID: PMC8970019 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of a new class of alkenyl cyclopropyl diols, easily available through a copper-catalyzed carbometalation reaction of cyclopropenes, has enabled the study of key mechanistic aspects of the tandem Heck-cyclopropane ring-opening reaction. Utilizing these substrates containing two distinct hydroxyl groups allowed us to examine parameters affecting the reaction outcome and selectivity. The combination of these experimental results with detailed DFT studies shed light on the mechanism governing the regio- and stereoselectivity of the cyclopropane ring-opening. A thorough investigation displayed the dual roles fulfilled by the hydroxyl group during the reaction, which is key to this remarkable transformation. In addition to its mechanistic implication, the reaction granted access to various lactones possessing up to four stereocenters as a single diastereomer, conveniently prepared in only two catalytic steps from easily accessible achiral cyclopropenes.
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4
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Ren W, Wang M, Guo J, Zhou J, Chu J, Shi Y, Shi Y. Pd-Catalyzed Regioselective Branched Hydrocarboxylation of Terminal Olefins with Formic Acid. Org Lett 2022; 24:886-891. [PMID: 35029395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A regioselective Pd-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of terminal olefins with HCOOH is described. A wide variety of branched carboxylic acids can readily be obtained with high regioselectivities under mild reaction conditions. The reaction is operationally simple and requires no handling of toxic CO. The ligand and LiCl are important factors for reaction reactivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Ren
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Mingzhou Wang
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jianqiong Guo
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jintao Zhou
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jianxiao Chu
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yuan Shi
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yian Shi
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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5
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Structural elucidation of chiral (imino)pyridine/phosphine palladium(II) complexes and their applications as catalysts in methoxycarbonylation of styrene. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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7
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Rauch M, Ruccolo S, Parkin G. Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of a Terminal Magnesium Hydride Compound with a Carbatrane Motif, [Tism PriBenz]MgH: A Multifunctional Catalyst for Hydrosilylation and Hydroboration. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13264-13267. [PMID: 28901762 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The tris[(1-isopropylbenzimidazol-2-yl)dimethylsilyl)]methyl ligand, [TismPriBenz], has been employed to form the magnesium carbatrane compound, [TismPriBenz]MgH, which possesses a terminal hydride ligand. Specifically, [TismPriBenz]MgH is obtained via the reaction of [TismPriBenz]MgMe with PhSiH3. The reactivity of [TismPriBenz]MgMe and [TismPriBenz]MgH allows access to a variety of other structurally characterized carbatrane derivatives, including [TismPriBenz]MgX [X = F, Cl, Br, I, SH, N(H)Ph, CH(Me)Ph, O2CMe, S2CMe]. In addition, [TismPriBenz]MgH is a catalyst for (i) hydrosilylation and hydroboration of styrene to afford the Markovnikov products, Ph(Me)C(H)SiH2Ph and Ph(Me)C(H)Bpin, and (ii) hydroboration of carbodiimides and pyridine to form N-boryl formamidines and N-boryl 1,4- and 1,2-dihydropyridines, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rauch
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Serge Ruccolo
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Gerard Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
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8
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Ehm C, Budzelaar PH, Busico V. Metal–carbon bond strengths under polymerization conditions: 2,1-insertion as a catalyst stress test. J Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Metzger ED, Comito RJ, Hendon CH, Dincă M. Mechanism of Single-Site Molecule-Like Catalytic Ethylene Dimerization in Ni-MFU-4l. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:757-762. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Metzger
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Robert J. Comito
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher H. Hendon
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Hartwig JF, Larsen MA. Undirected, Homogeneous C-H Bond Functionalization: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:281-92. [PMID: 27294201 PMCID: PMC4898263 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of C-H bonds has created new approaches to preparing organic molecules by enabling new strategic "disconnections" during the planning of a synthetic route. Such functionalizations also have created the ability to derivatize complex molecules by modifying one or more of the many C-H bonds. For these reasons, researchers are developing new types of functionalization reactions of C-H bonds and new applications of these processes. These C-H bond functionalization reactions can be divided into two general classes: those directed by coordination to an existing functional group prior to the cleavage of the C-H bond (directed) and those occurring without coordination prior to cleavage of the C-H bond (undirected). The undirected functionalizations of C-H bonds are much less common and more challenging to develop than the directed reactions. This outlook will focus on undirected C-H bond functionalization, as well as related reactions that occur by a noncovalent association of the catalyst prior to C-H bond cleavage. The inherent challenges of conducting undirected functionalizations of C-H bonds and the methods for undirected functionalization that are being developed will be presented, along with the factors that govern selectivity in these reactions. Finally, this outlook discusses future directions for research on undirected C-H functionalization, with an emphasis on the limitations that must be overcome if this type of methodology is to become widely used in academia and in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Division
of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Matthew A. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Division
of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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11
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Arderne C, Guzei LA, Holzapfel CW, Bredenkamp T. Branched Selectivity in the Pd-Catalysed Methoxycarbonylation of 1-Alkenes. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201501423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Arderne
- Department of Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Johannesburg 2006 South Africa
| | - llia A. Guzei
- Department of Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Johannesburg 2006 South Africa
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wisconsin; 1101 University Avenue Madison 53706-1322 United States
| | - Cedric W. Holzapfel
- Department of Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Johannesburg 2006 South Africa
| | - Tyler Bredenkamp
- Department of Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Johannesburg 2006 South Africa
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12
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Abstract
This Perspective presents the fundamental principles, the elementary reactions, the initial catalytic systems, and the contemporary catalysts that have converted C-H bond functionalization from a curiosity to a reality for synthetic chemists. Many classes of elementary reactions involving transition-metal complexes cleave C-H bonds at typically unreactive positions. These reactions, coupled with a separate or simultaneous functionalization process lead to products containing new C-C, C-N, and C-O bonds. Such reactions were initially studied for the conversion of light alkanes to liquid products, but they have been used (and commercialized in some cases) most often for the synthesis of the more complex structures of natural products, medicinally active compounds, and aromatic materials. Such a change in direction of research in C-H bond functionalization is remarkable because the reactions must occur at an unactivated C-H bond over functional groups that are more reactive than the C-H bond toward classical reagents. The scope of reactions that form C-C bonds or install functionality at an unactivated C-H bond will be presented, and the potential future utility of these reactions will be discussed.
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13
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14
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Crisenza GEM, Sokolova OO, Bower JF. Branch‐Selective Alkene Hydroarylation by Cooperative Destabilization: Iridium‐Catalyzed
ortho
‐Alkylation of Acetanilides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga O. Sokolova
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS (United Kingdom)
| | - John F. Bower
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS (United Kingdom)
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15
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Crisenza GEM, Sokolova OO, Bower JF. Branch-Selective Alkene Hydroarylation by Cooperative Destabilization: Iridium-Catalyzed ortho-Alkylation of Acetanilides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14866-70. [PMID: 26490739 PMCID: PMC4691333 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An iridium(I) catalyst system, modified with the wide-bite-angle and electron-deficient bisphosphine dFppb (1,4-bis(di(pentafluorophenyl)phosphino)butane) promotes highly branch-selective hydroarylation reactions between diverse acetanilides and aryl- or alkyl-substituted alkenes. This provides direct and ortho-selective access to synthetically challenging anilines, and addresses long-standing issues associated with related Friedel–Crafts alkylations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga O Sokolova
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS (United Kingdom)
| | - John F Bower
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS (United Kingdom).
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16
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Rosewall CF, Ingalls EL, Kaminsky W, Michael FE. Chelation-Driven Rearrangement of Primary Alkyl Aminopalladation Products to Stable Trisubstituted Alkyl-Palladium Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201412033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Rosewall CF, Ingalls EL, Kaminsky W, Michael FE. Chelation-Driven Rearrangement of Primary Alkyl Aminopalladation Products to Stable Trisubstituted Alkyl-Palladium Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:4557-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201412033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Greenhalgh MD, Jones AS, Thomas SP. Iron-Catalysed Hydrofunctionalisation of Alkenes and Alkynes. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Alagona G, Ghio C. Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation of Ketal-Masked β-Isophorone: Computational Explanation for the Unexpected Reaction Evolution of the Tertiary Rh-Alkyl via an Exocyclic β-Elimination Derivative. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:5117-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jp508294z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Alagona
- CNR-IPCF,
Institute for the Chemical and Physical Processes, Pisa UOS, Molecular Modeling Lab, Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Caterina Ghio
- CNR-IPCF,
Institute for the Chemical and Physical Processes, Pisa UOS, Molecular Modeling Lab, Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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20
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Munz D, Strassner T. On the Mechanism of the Palladium Bis(NHC) Complex Catalyzed CH Functionalization of Propane: Experiment and DFT Calculations. Chemistry 2014; 20:14872-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Crisenza GEM, McCreanor NG, Bower JF. Branch-Selective, Iridium-Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Monosubstituted Alkenes via a Cooperative Destabilization Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10258-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ja505776m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Niall G. McCreanor
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Bower
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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23
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Lee SH, Gorelsky SI, Nikonov GI. Catalytic H/D Exchange of Unactivated Aliphatic C–H Bonds. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om4009372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hwa Lee
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry,
Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Serge I. Gorelsky
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry,
Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Georgii I. Nikonov
- Chemistry Department, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry,
Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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24
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Peng CH, Li S, Wayland BB. Aspects of Living Radical Polymerization Mediated by Cobalt Porphyrin Complexes. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200900032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Jiao Y, Evans ME, Morris J, Brennessel WW, Jones WD. Rhodium–Carbon Bond Energies in Tp′Rh(CNneopentyl)(CH2X)H: Quantifying Stabilization Effects in M–C Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:6994-7004. [DOI: 10.1021/ja400966y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhe Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Meagan E. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - James Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - William W. Brennessel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - William D. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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Bhagan S, Imler GH, Wayland BB. Iridium porphyrins in CD3OD: reduction of Ir(III), CD3-OD bond cleavage, Ir-D acid dissociation and alkene reactions. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:4611-7. [PMID: 23540797 DOI: 10.1021/ic400240b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Methanol solutions of iridium(III) tetra(p-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin [(TSPP)Ir(III)] form an equilibrium distribution of methanol and methoxide complexes ([(TSPP)Ir(III)(CD3OD)(2-n)(OCD3)n]((3+n)-)). Reaction of [(TSPP)Ir(III) with dihydrogen (D2) in methanol produces an iridium hydride [(TSPP)Ir(III)-D(CD3OD)](4-) in equilibrium with an iridium(I) complex ([(TSPP)Ir(I)(CD3OD)](5-)). The acid dissociation constant of the iridium hydride (Ir-D) in methanol at 298 K is 3.5 × 10(-12). The iridium(I) complex ([(TSPP)Ir(I)(CD3OD)](5-)) catalyzes reaction of [(TSPP)Ir(III)-D(CD3OD)](4-) with CD3-OD to produce an iridium methyl complex [(TSPP)Ir(III)-CD3(CD3OD)](4-) and D2O. Reactions of the iridium hydride with ethene and propene produce iridium alkyl complexes, but the Ir-D complex fails to give observable addition with acetaldehyde and carbon monoxide in methanol. Reaction of the iridium hydride with propene forms both the isopropyl and propyl complexes with free energy changes (ΔG° 298 K) of -1.3 and -0.4 kcal mol(-1) respectively. Equilibrium thermodynamics and reactivity studies are used in discussing relative Ir-D, Ir-OCD3 and Ir-CD2- bond energetics in methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Bhagan
- Temple University, Department of Chemistry, 130 Beury Hall, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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27
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Munz D, Poethig A, Tronnier A, Strassner T. ortho-Phenylene bridged palladium bis-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes: synthesis, structure and catalysis. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:7297-304. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt33006k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Devarajan D, Gunnoe TB, Ess DH. Theory of Late-Transition-Metal Alkyl and Heteroatom Bonding: Analysis of Pt, Ru, Ir, and Rh Complexes. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:6710-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ic300350k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Devarajan
- Department of Chemistry
and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University,
Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904,
United States
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department of Chemistry
and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University,
Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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29
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Ariafard A, Tabatabaie ES, Monfared AT, Assar SHA, Hyland CJT, Yates BF. Theoretical Investigation into the Palladium-Catalyzed Silaboration of Pyridines. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om2008106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ariafard
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Central
Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Shahrak Gharb, Tehran, Iran
- School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag
75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Elham S. Tabatabaie
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Central
Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Shahrak Gharb, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali T. Monfared
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Central
Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Shahrak Gharb, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin H. A. Assar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Central
Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Shahrak Gharb, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Brian F. Yates
- School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag
75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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Balcells D, Clot E, Eisenstein O. C—H Bond Activation in Transition Metal Species from a Computational Perspective. Chem Rev 2010; 110:749-823. [PMID: 20067255 DOI: 10.1021/cr900315k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 843] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Balcells
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS 5253, cc 1501, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Clot
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS 5253, cc 1501, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Odile Eisenstein
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS 5253, cc 1501, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34000 Montpellier, France
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Inagaki
- Dapartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan,
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Tye JW, Hartwig JF. Computational Studies of the Relative Rates for Migratory Insertions of Alkenes into Square-Planar, Methyl, −Amido, and −Hydroxo Complexes of Rhodium. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:14703-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ja901945b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W. Tye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Box 58-6, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - John F. Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Box 58-6, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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34
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Peng CH, Li S, Wayland BB. Formation and Interconversion of Organo-Cobalt Complexes in Reactions of Cobalt(II) Porphyrins with Cyanoalkyl Radicals and Vinyl Olefins. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:5039-46. [DOI: 10.1021/ic900384n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-How Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323,
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323,
| | - Bradford B. Wayland
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122
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35
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Synthesis of chiral unbridged zirconocene complexes: Applications in the polymerization of ethylene and propylene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2006.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Mitoraj M, Zhu H, Michalak A, Ziegler T. Relating the Radical Stabilization Energy and Steric Bulk of a Hydrocarbyl Group to the Strength of its Bonds with Metals and Hydrogen. A Theoretical Study. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om0700361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Mitoraj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, University Drive 2500, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4, and Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Cracow, Poland
| | - Hungjuan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, University Drive 2500, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4, and Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Cracow, Poland
| | - Artur Michalak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, University Drive 2500, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4, and Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Cracow, Poland
| | - Tom Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, University Drive 2500, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4, and Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Cracow, Poland
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37
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Uddin J, Morales CM, Maynard JH, Landis CR. Computational Studies of Metal−Ligand Bond Enthalpies across the Transition Metal Series. Organometallics 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/om0603058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Uddin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Christine M. Morales
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - James H. Maynard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Clark R. Landis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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38
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Fu X, Li S, Wayland BB. Regioselectivity and Equilibrium Thermodynamics for Addition of Rh−OH to Olefins in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:8947-54. [PMID: 16819891 DOI: 10.1021/ja0583416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhodium(III) tetra(p-sulfonato phenyl) porphyrin ((TSPP)Rh) aquo and hydroxo complexes react with a series of olefins in water to form beta-hydroxyalkyl complexes. Addition reactions of (TSPP)Rh-OH to unactivated terminal alkenes invariably occur with both kinetic and thermodynamic preferences to place rhodium on the terminal carbon to form (TSPP)Rh-CH(2)CH(OH)R complexes. Acrylic and styrenic olefins initially react to place rhodium on the terminal carbon to form Rh-CH(2)CH(OH)X as the kinetically preferred isomer but subsequently proceed to an equilibrium distribution of regioisomers where Rh-CH(CH(2)OH)X is the predominant thermodynamic product. Equilibrium constants for reactions of the diaquo rhodium(III) compound ([(TSPP)Rh(III)(H(2)O)(2)](-3)) in water with a series of terminal olefins that form beta-hydroxyalkyl complexes were directly evaluated and used in deriving thermodynamic values for addition of the Rh-OH unit to olefins. The DeltaG degrees for reactions of the Rh-OH unit with olefins in water is approximately 3 kcal mol(-1) less favorable than the comparable Rh-H reactions in water. Comparisons of the regioisomers and thermodynamics for addition reactions of olefins with Rh-H and Rh-OH units in water are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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39
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Harvey JN. On the accuracy of density functional theory in transition metal chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b419105f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy E. Bowen
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Duncan F. Wass
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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41
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Alder RW, Blake ME, Chaker L, Harvey JN, Paolini F, Schütz J. When and how do diaminocarbenes dimerize? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 43:5896-911. [PMID: 15457494 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200400654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
No example of a simple uncatalyzed dimerization of a diaminocarbene has been clearly established, so it is timely to ask what factors control the thermodynamics of this reaction, and what mechanisms are responsible for the observed dimerizations? In agreement with qualitative experimental observations, the dimerizations of simple five- and six-membered-ring diaminocarbenes are calculated to be 100 kJ mol(-1) less favorable than those of acyclic counterparts. This large difference is semiquantitatively accounted for by bond and torsional angle changes around the carbene centers. Carbenes such as (Et(2)N)(2)C are kinetically stable in THF at 25 degrees C in agreement with calculated energy barriers, but they rapidly dimerize in the presence of the corresponding formamidinium ion. This proton-catalyzed process is probably the most common mechanism for dimer formation, and involves formation of C-protonated dimers, which can be observed in suitable cases. The possibility of alkali-metal-promoted dimerization is raised, and circumstantial evidence for this is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger W Alder
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
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42
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Jensen VR, Koley D, Jagadeesh MN, Thiel W. DFT Investigation of the Single-Center, Two-State Model for the Broken Rate Order of Transition Metal Catalyzed Olefin Polymerization. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma051224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vidar R. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway, and Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Debasis Koley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway, and Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Mavinahalli N. Jagadeesh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway, and Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Walter Thiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway, and Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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43
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Vela J, Vaddadi S, Cundari TR, Smith JM, Gregory EA, Lachicotte RJ, Flaschenriem CJ, Holland PL. Reversible Beta-Hydrogen Elimination of Three-Coordinate Iron(II) Alkyl Complexes: Mechanistic and Thermodynamic Studies. Organometallics 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/om049415+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Alder RW, Blake ME, Chaker L, Harvey JN, Paolini F, Schütz J. Wann und wie dimerisieren Diaminocarbene? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200400654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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45
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Carmona E, Paneque M, Poveda ML. Generation and reactivity of sterically hindered iridium carbenes. Competitive α- vs. β-hydrogen elimination in iridium(iii) alkyls. Dalton Trans 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b303710j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Synthesis and cyclic voltammetry of 1,2,3-trisubstituted bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichlorides. J Organomet Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(02)01665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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