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Li S, Li NN, Dong XY, Zang SQ, Mak TCW. Chemical Flexibility of Atomically Precise Metal Clusters. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7262-7378. [PMID: 38696258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Ligand-protected metal clusters possess hybrid properties that seamlessly combine an inorganic core with an organic ligand shell, imparting them exceptional chemical flexibility and unlocking remarkable application potential in diverse fields. Leveraging chemical flexibility to expand the library of available materials and stimulate the development of new functionalities is becoming an increasingly pressing requirement. This Review focuses on the origin of chemical flexibility from the structural analysis, including intra-cluster bonding, inter-cluster interactions, cluster-environments interactions, metal-to-ligand ratios, and thermodynamic effects. In the introduction, we briefly outline the development of metal clusters and explain the differences and commonalities of M(I)/M(I/0) coinage metal clusters. Additionally, we distinguish the bonding characteristics of metal atoms in the inorganic core, which give rise to their distinct chemical flexibility. Section 2 delves into the structural analysis, bonding categories, and thermodynamic theories related to metal clusters. In the following sections 3 to 7, we primarily elucidate the mechanisms that trigger chemical flexibility, the dynamic processes in transformation, the resultant alterations in structure, and the ensuing modifications in physical-chemical properties. Section 8 presents the notable applications that have emerged from utilizing metal clusters and their assemblies. Finally, in section 9, we discuss future challenges and opportunities within this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Li
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Na-Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Xi-Yan Dong
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Thomas C W Mak
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, China
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Jiang L, Jing M, Yin B, Du W, Wang X, Liu Y, Chen S, Zhu M. Bright near-infrared circularly polarized electrochemiluminescence from Au 9Ag 4 nanoclusters. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7304-7309. [PMID: 37416707 PMCID: PMC10321486 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01329d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters are excellent electrochemiluminescent luminophores owing to their rich electrochemical and optical properties. However, the optical activity of their electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is unknown. Herein, we achieved, for the first time, the integration of optical activity and ECL, i.e., circularly polarized electrochemiluminescence (CPECL), in a pair of chiral Au9Ag4 metal nanocluster enantiomers. Chiral ligand induction and alloying were employed to endow the racemic nanoclusters with chirality and photoelectrochemical reactivity. S-Au9Ag4 and R-Au9Ag4 exhibited chirality and bright-red emission (quantum yield = 4.2%) in the ground and excited states. The enantiomers showed mirror-imaged CPECL signals at 805 nm owing to their highly intense and stable ECL emission in the presence of tripropylamine as a co-reactant. The ECL dissymmetry factor of the enantiomers at 805 nm was calculated to be ±3 × 10-3, which is comparable with that obtained from their photoluminescence. The obtained nanocluster CPECL platform shows the discrimination of chiral 2-chloropropionic acid. The integration of optical activity and ECL in metal nanoclusters provides the opportunity to achieve enantiomer discrimination and local chirality detection with high sensitivity and contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Jiang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Mengmeng Jing
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Bing Yin
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Wenjun Du
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
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Chen S, Liu Y, Kuang K, Yin B, Wang X, Jiang L, Wang P, Pei Y, Zhu M. Impact of the metal core on the electrochemiluminescence of a pair of atomically precise Au 20 nanocluster isomers. Commun Chem 2023; 6:105. [PMID: 37258698 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00907-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of metal nanoclusters has been reported, revealing the correlation between structure and ECL at an atomic level is highly challenging. Here, we reported the impact of the metal core of Au20(SAdm)12(CHT)4 (Au20-AC for short; SAdm = 1-adamantanethiolate; CHT= cyclohexanethiol) and its isomer Au20(TBBT)16 (TBBT = 4-tert-butylthiophenol) on their solution-state and solid-state electrochemiluminescence. In self-annihilation ECL experiments, Au20-AC showed a strong cathodic ECL but a weak anodic ECL, while the ECL signal of Au20(TBBT)16 was weak and barely detectable. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that the Au7 kernel of [Au20-AC]- is metastable, weakening its anodic ECL. Au20-AC in solution-state displayed an intense co-reactant ECL in the near-infrared region, which is 7 times higher than that of standard Ru(bpy)32+. The strongest solid-state ECL emissions of Au20-AC and Au20(TBBT)16 were at 860 and 770 nm, respectively - 15 nm red-shifted for Au20-AC and 20 nm blue-shifted for Au20(TBBT)16, compared to their corresponding solid-state photoluminescence (PL) emissions. This work shows that ECL is significantly affected by the subtle differences of the metal core, and offers a potential basis for sensing and immunoassay platforms based on atomically precise emissive metal nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China.
- Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China.
- Department of Chemistry and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
- Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
- Department of Chemistry and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
| | - Kaiyang Kuang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
- Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
- Department of Chemistry and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
| | - Bing Yin
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
- Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
- Department of Chemistry and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
- Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
- Department of Chemistry and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
| | - Lirong Jiang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
- Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
- Department of Chemistry and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
| | - Pu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, PR China.
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, PR China.
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China.
- Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China.
- Department of Chemistry and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China.
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Patra I, Madjeed Kammoud K, Haleem Al-Qaim Z, Mamadoliev II, Abed Jawad M, Hammid AT, Salam Karim Y, Yasin G. Perspectives and Trends in Advanced MXenes-Based Optical Biosensors for the Recognition of Food Contaminants. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:633-652. [PMID: 35749278 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2091921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Fabricating novel biosensing constructs with high sensitivity and selectivity is highly demanded in food contaminants detection. In this prospect, various nanostructured materials were envisaged to build (bio)sensors with superior sensitivity and selectivity. The desirable biocompatibility, brilliant mechanical strength, ease of surface functionalization, as well as tunable optical and electronic features, portray 2D MXenes as versatile scaffolds for biosensing. In this review, we overviewed the state-of-the-art MXenes-based optical biosensing devices to detect mycotoxins, pesticide residues, antibiotic residues, and food borne-pathogens from foodstuff and environmental matrices. Firstly, the synthesis methods and surface functionalization/modification of MXenes are discussed. Secondly, according to the target analytes, we categorized and presented a detailed account of the newest research progress of MXenes-based optical probes for food contaminants monitoring. The efficiency of all the surveyed probes was assessed on the basis of important factors like response time, detection limit (DL), and sensing range. Lastly, the necessity and requirements for future advances in this emerging MXenes material are also given, followed by challenges and opportunities. We hope that this study will bridge the gap between nanotechnology and food science, offering insights for engineers or scientists in both areas to accelerate the progress of MXenes-based materials for food safety detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ali Thaeer Hammid
- Computer Engineering Techniques Department, Faculty of Information Technology, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Ghulam Yasin
- Department of Botany, university of Bahauddin Zakariya, Multan, Pakistan
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5
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Cao Y, Zhou JL, Ma Y, Zhou Y, Zhu JJ. Recent progress of metal nanoclusters in electrochemiluminescence. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:8927-8937. [PMID: 35593102 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00810f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters (MeNCs), composed of a few to hundreds of metal atoms and appropriate surface ligands, have attracted extensive interest in the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) realm owing to their molecule-like optical, electronic, and physicochemical attributes and are strongly anticipated for discrete energy levels, fascinating electrocatalytic activity, and good biocompatibility. Over the past decade, huge efforts have been devoted to the synthesis, properties, and application research of ECL-related MeNCs, and this field is still a subject of heightened concern. Therefore, this perspective aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances of MeNCs in the ECL domain, mainly covering the emerged ECL available MeNCs, unique chemical and optical properties, and the general ECL mechanisms. Synthesis strategies for desirable ECL performance are further highlighted, and the resulting ECL sensing applications utilizing MeNCs as luminophores, quenchers, and substrates are discussed systematically. Finally, we anticipate the future prospects and challenges in the development of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Jia-Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Yanwen Ma
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NJUPT), Nanjing 210046, PR China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NJUPT), Nanjing 210046, PR China.
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Jiang D, Wei M, Du X, Qin M, Shan X, Wang W, Chen Z. Ultrasensitive near-infrared aptasensor for enrofloxacin detection based on wavelength tunable AgBr nanocrystals electrochemiluminescence emission triggered by O-terminated Ti 3C 2 MXene. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 200:113917. [PMID: 34972041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxic-free and easily accessible electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emitter/luminophore with near-infrared (NIR) emission is highly anticipated for ECL biosensor evolution. In this study, well-dispersed AgBr nanocrystals (NCs) decorated Ti3C2 MXene nanocomposites (Ti3C2-AgBrNCs) were prepared using a simple wet chemical technique and demonstrated highly efficient NIR ECL emission. For the first time, Ti3C2-AgBrNCs displayed wavelength-tunable ECL emission with varied Ti3C2 contents. Interestingly, further experimental data revealed that the ECL emission wavelength of Ti3C2-AgBrNCs red-shifted from 550 to 665 nm as Ti3C2 content increased, which can be attributed to the surface-defect effect generated by the oxygen-containing functional groups in Ti3C2 MXene. In particular, the ECL emission at 665 nm of Ti3C2-AgBrNCs nanocomposites not only revealed a 3.5 times increased ECL intensity but also a more stable ECL signal compared to pure AgBr NCs. As a proof of concept, a direct-type NIR ECL aptasensor with signal-on strategy was constructed with the Ti3C2-AgBrNCs nanocomposites as an ECL platform and enrofloxacin (ENR) as a model analyte. The NIR ECL aptasensor exhibited high sensitivity, a wide linear range from 1.0 × 10-12 mol/L to 1.0 × 10-6 mol/L and a low detection limit (5.97 × 10-13 mol/L). This research offered a viable alternative way for producing toxic-free and efficient near-infrared ECL luminophores in bioanalysis and wavelength-tuning light-emitting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, PR China
| | - Meng Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, PR China
| | - Xiaojiao Du
- Oakland International Associated Laboratory, School of Photoelectric Engineering, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213032, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials Surface Science and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, PR China
| | - Ming Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, PR China
| | - Xueling Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, PR China
| | - Wenchang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, PR China; Analysis and Testing Center, NERC Biomass of Changzhou University, Jiangsu, 213032, PR China
| | - Zhidong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, PR China.
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Hesari M, Ma H, Ding Z. Monitoring single Au 38 nanocluster reactions via electrochemiluminescence. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14540-14545. [PMID: 34881005 PMCID: PMC8580063 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report for the first time single Au38 nanocluster reaction events of highly efficient electrochemiluminescence (ECL) with tri-n-propylamine radicals as a reductive co-reactant at the surface of an ultramicroelectrode (UME). The statistical analyses of individual reactions confirm stochastic single ones influenced by the applied potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hesari
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
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Recent advances in electrochemiluminescence luminophores. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:131-146. [PMID: 33893832 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has continued to receive considerable attention in various applications, owing to its intrinsic advantages such as near-zero background response, wide dynamic range, high sensitivity, simple instrumentation, and low cost. The ECL luminophore is one of the most significant components during the light generation processes. Despite significant progress that has been made in the synthesis of new luminophores and their roles in resolving various challenges, there are few comprehensive summaries on ECL luminophores. In this review, we discuss some of the recent advances in organic, metal complexes, nanomaterials, metal oxides, and near-infrared ECL luminophores. We also emphasize their roles in tackling various challenges with illustrative examples that have been reported in the last few years. Finally, perspective and some unresolved challenges in ECL that can potentially be addressed by introducing new luminophores have also been discussed. Graphical abstract.
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Hesari M, Ding Z. Spooling electrochemiluminescence spectroscopy: development, applications and beyond. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:2109-2130. [PMID: 33731962 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the most widely used techniques to generate light through an efficient electron transfer is called electrochemiluminescence, or electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL). ECL mechanisms can be explored via 'spooling spectroscopy' in which individual ECL spectra showing emitted light are collected continuously during a potentiodynamic course. The obtained spectra are spooled together and plotted along the applied potential axis; because the potential sweep occurs at a defined rate, this axis is directly proportional to time. Any changes in the emission spectra can be correlated to the corresponding potentials and/or times, leading to a deeper understanding of the mechanism for light generation-information that can be used for efficiently maximizing ECL intensities. The formation of intermediates and excited states can also be tracked, which is crucial to interrogating and drawing electron transfer pathways (i.e., understanding the chemical reaction mechanism). Spooling spectroscopy is not limited to ECL; we also include instructions for the use of related methodologies, such as spooling photoluminescence spectroscopy during an electrolysis procedure, which can be easily set up. The total time required to complete the protocol is ~49 h, from making electrodes and an ECL cell, fabricating light-tight housing, to setting up instruments. Preparing the lab for an individual experiment (making an electrolyte solution of a targeted luminophore, cooling down the CCD camera, calibrating the spectrometer and surveying electrochemistry) takes ~1 h 15 min, and performing the spooling ECL spectroscopy experiment itself requires ~10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hesari
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Fu L, Gao X, Dong S, Hsu HY, Zou G. Surface-Defect-Induced and Synergetic-Effect-Enhanced NIR-II Electrochemiluminescence of Au–Ag Bimetallic Nanoclusters and Its Spectral Sensing. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4909-4915. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Shanda South Road #27, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xuwen Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Shanda South Road #27, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shuangtian Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Shanda South Road #27, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hsien-Yi Hsu
- School of Energy and Environment & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue #83, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Guizheng Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Shanda South Road #27, Jinan 250100, China
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Tang L, Kang X, Wang X, Zhang X, Yuan X, Wang S. Dynamic Metal Exchange between a Metalloid Silver Cluster and Silver(I) Thiolate. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:3037-3045. [PMID: 33576224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although a homometallic (isotopic metal) exchange reaction has been reported, the in-depth understanding of the interaction between a metalloid cluster and the homometal (representing the same metal element as the metalloid cluster) thiolate is quite limited, especially at the atomic level. Herein, based on Ag44(SR)30 (where SR represents 4-mercaptobenzoic acid), we report a facile approach for investigating the metalloid cluster-homometal thiolate interaction at the atomic level, i.e., isotopic exchange in the Ag metalloid cluster. Since such a reaction takes no account of the enthalpy change-related heterometal (representing a different metal element) exchange, the intrinsic metalloid cluster-homometal thiolate interaction can be thoroughly investigated. Through analyzing the ESI-MS (electrospray ionization mass spectrometry) and MS/MS (mass/mass spectrometry) results of the reversible conversion between 107Ag44(SR)30 and 109Ag44(SR)30, we observed that all Ag atoms are exchangeable in the Ag44(SR)30 template. In addition, through analyzing the ESI-MS results of the interconversion between 107Ag29(BDT)12(TPP)4 and 109Ag29(BDT)12(TPP)4, we demonstrated that the metal exchange in the Ag29(BDT)12(TPP)4 metalloid cluster should be a shell → kernel metal transfer process. Our results provide new insights into the metalloid cluster reactivity in the homometal thiolate environment, which will guide the future preparation of metalloid clusters with customized structures and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xun Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Shuxin Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
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12
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Kim J, Pyo K, Lee D, Lee WY. Near-infrared electrogenerated chemiluminescence of Au22(glutathione)18 nanoclusters in aqueous solution and its analytical application. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Ge J, Chen X, Yang J, Wang Y. Progress in electrochemiluminescence of nanoclusters: how to improve the quantum yield of nanoclusters. Analyst 2021; 146:803-815. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an02110e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Classification of nanoclusters and methods to improve their quantum yield and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Xufeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Jinling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
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14
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Chen S, Higaki T, Ma H, Zhu M, Jin R, Wang G. Inhomogeneous Quantized Single-Electron Charging and Electrochemical-Optical Insights on Transition-Sized Atomically Precise Gold Nanoclusters. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16781-16790. [PMID: 33196176 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Small differences in electronic structures, such as an emerging energy band gaps or the splitting of degenerated orbitals, are very challenging to resolve but important for nanomaterials properties. A signature electrochemical property called quantized double layer charging, i.e., "continuous" one-electron transfers (1e, ETs), in atomically precise Au133(TBBT)52, Au144(BM)60, and Au279(TBBT)84 is analyzed to reveal the nonmetallic to metallic transitions (whereas TBBT is 4-tert-butylbenzenethiol and BM is benzyl mercaptan; abbreviated as Au133, Au144, and Au279). Subhundred milli-eV energy differences are resolved among the "often-approximated uniform" peak spacings from multipairs of reversible redox peaks in voltammetric analysis, with single ETs as internal standards for calibration and under temperature variations. Cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry experiments reveal a 0.15 eV energy gap for Au133 and a 0.17 eV gap for Au144 at 298 K. Au279 is confirmed metallic, displaying a "bulk-continuum" charging response without an energy gap. The energy gaps and double layer capacitances of Au133 and Au144 increase as the temperature decreases. The temperature dependences of charging energies and HOMO-LUMO gaps of Au133 and Au144 are attributed to the counterion permeation and the steric hindrance of ligand, as well as their molecular compositions. With the subtle energy differences resolved, spectroelectrochemistry features of Au133 and Au144 are compared with ultrafast spectroscopy to demonstrate a generalizable analysis approach to correlate steady-state and transient energy diagram for the energy-in processes. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL), one of the energy-out processes after the charge transfer reactions, is reported for the three samples. The ECL intensity of Au279 is negligible, whereas the ECLs of Au133 and Au144 are relatively stronger and observable (but orders of magnitudes weaker than our recently reported bimetallic Au12Ag13). Results from these atomically precise nanoclusters also demonstrate that the combined voltammetric and spectroscopic analyses, together with temperature variations, are powerful tools to reveal subtle differences and gain insights otherwise inaccessible in other nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Tatsuya Higaki
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hedi Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Gangli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
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15
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Kang X, Li Y, Zhu M, Jin R. Atomically precise alloy nanoclusters: syntheses, structures, and properties. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6443-6514. [PMID: 32760953 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00633h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters fill the gap between discrete atoms and plasmonic nanoparticles, providing unique opportunities for investigating the quantum effects and precise structure-property correlations at the atomic level. As a versatile strategy, alloying can largely improve the physicochemical performances compared to the corresponding homo-metal nanoclusters, and thus benefit the applications of such nanomaterials. In this review, we highlight the achievements of atomically precise alloy nanoclusters, and summarize the alloying principles and fundamentals, including the synthetic methods, site-preferences for different heteroatoms in the templates, and alloying-induced structure and property changes. First, based on various Au or Ag nanocluster templates, heteroatom doping modes are presented. The templates with electronic shell-closing configurations tend to maintain their structures during doping, while the others may undergo transformation and give rise to alloy nanoclusters with new structures. Second, alloy nanoclusters of specific magic sizes are reviewed. The arrangement of different atoms is related to the symmetry of the structures; that is, different atoms are symmetrically located in the nanoclusters of smaller sizes, and evolve into shell-by-shell structures at larger sizes. Then, we elaborate on the alloying effects in terms of optical, electrochemical, electroluminescent, magnetic and chiral properties, as well as the stability and reactivity via comparisons between the doped nanoclusters and their homo-metal counterparts. For example, central heteroatom-induced photoluminescence enhancement is emphasized. The applications of alloy nanoclusters in catalysis, chemical sensing, bio-labeling, and other fields are further discussed. Finally, we provide perspectives on existing issues and future efforts. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive synthetic toolbox and controllable doping modes so as to achieve more alloy nanoclusters with customized compositions, structures, and properties for applications. This review is based on publications available up to February 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
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16
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Chen S, Ma H, Padelford JW, Qinchen W, Yu W, Wang S, Zhu M, Wang G. Near Infrared Electrochemiluminescence of Rod-Shape 25-Atom AuAg Nanoclusters That Is Hundreds-Fold Stronger Than That of Ru(bpy)3 Standard. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9603-9609. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Hedi Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Padelford
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Wanli Qinchen
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Shuxin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Gangli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
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17
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Maar RR, Zhang R, Stephens DG, Ding Z, Gilroy JB. Near‐Infrared Photoluminescence and Electrochemiluminescence from a Remarkably Simple Boron Difluoride Formazanate Dye. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1052-1056. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R. Maar
- Department of Chemistry and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials ResearchThe University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street North London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Ruizhong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials ResearchThe University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street North London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - David G. Stephens
- Department of Chemistry and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials ResearchThe University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street North London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials ResearchThe University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street North London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials ResearchThe University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street North London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
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18
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Nanoparticle-based electrochemiluminescence cytosensors for single cell level detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Maar RR, Zhang R, Stephens DG, Ding Z, Gilroy JB. Near‐Infrared Photoluminescence and Electrochemiluminescence from a Remarkably Simple Boron Difluoride Formazanate Dye. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R. Maar
- Department of Chemistry and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials ResearchThe University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street North London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Ruizhong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials ResearchThe University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street North London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - David G. Stephens
- Department of Chemistry and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials ResearchThe University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street North London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials ResearchThe University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street North London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials ResearchThe University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street North London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
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20
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Jiang X, Du B, Huang Y, Zheng J. Ultrasmall Noble Metal Nanoparticles: Breakthroughs and Biomedical Implications. NANO TODAY 2018; 21:106-125. [PMID: 31327979 PMCID: PMC6640873 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As a bridge between individual atoms and large plasmonic nanoparticles, ultrasmall (core size <3 nm) noble metal nanoparticles (UNMNPs) have been serving as model for us to fundamentally understand many unique properties of noble metals that can only be observed at an extremely small size scale. With decades'efforts, many significant breakthroughs in the synthesis, characterization and functionalization of UNMNPs have laid down a solid foundation for their future applications in the healthcare. In this review, we aim to tightly correlate these breakthroughs with their biomedical applications and illustrate how to utilize these breakthroughs to address long-standing challenges in the clinical translation of nanomedicines. In the end, we offer our perspective on the remaining challenges and opportunities at the frontier of biomedical-related UNMNPs research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingya Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Bujie Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Yingyu Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
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21
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Lei Z, Li J, Wan X, Zhang W, Wang Q. Isolation and Total Structure Determination of an All‐Alkynyl‐Protected Gold Nanocluster Au
144. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8639-8643. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lei
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Jiao‐Jiao Li
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Xian‐Kai Wan
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Han Zhang
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Quan‐Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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22
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Lei Z, Li J, Wan X, Zhang W, Wang Q. Isolation and Total Structure Determination of an All‐Alkynyl‐Protected Gold Nanocluster Au
144. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lei
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Jiao‐Jiao Li
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Xian‐Kai Wan
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Han Zhang
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Quan‐Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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23
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Kim JM, Jeong S, Song JK, Kim J. Near-infrared electrochemiluminescence from orange fluorescent Au nanoclusters in water. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:2838-2841. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09394b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report the unusual generation of near-IR electrochemiluminescence from orange fluorescent Au nanoclusters soluble in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Myung Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology
- Kyung Hee University
- Seoul 02447
| | - Seonghyun Jeong
- Department of Chemistry
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology
- Kyung Hee University
- Seoul 02447
| | - Jae Kyu Song
- Department of Chemistry
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology
- Kyung Hee University
- Seoul 02447
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology
- Kyung Hee University
- Seoul 02447
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24
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JIANG H, WANG XM. Progress of Metal Nanoclusters-based Electrochemiluminescent Analysis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(17)61054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Jiang H, Liu L, Wang X. Red-emitted electrochemiluminescence by yellow fluorescent thioglycol/glutathione dual thiolate co-coated Au nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:9792-9796. [PMID: 28681898 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03382f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the occurrence of a special red-emitted anodic electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emission at +1.4 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) on a glass carbon electrode (GCE) after the addition of thioglycol (TG) to surface-unsaturated glutathione (GSH)-coated Au nanoclusters (NCs), with an emission peak at ∼630 nm. Compared to the ECL at a potential of +1.8 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and an emission peak at 580 nm (corresponding to fluorescence) for only GSH-coated Au NCs, this ECL emission not only exhibits a lower ECL potential but also shows a significantly red-shifted emission wavelength up to ∼50 nm. We demonstrated that the formation of TG/GSH dual ligand-coated Au NCs is responsible for the red-shifted ECL emission. Other common thiol compounds cannot result in similar effect on GCE, and no ECL is observed on other electrodes such as indium tin oxide and platinum electrodes. This finding offers a great possibility to design novel feasible ECL systems for different complicated applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education (Southeast University), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
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26
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Zhai Q, Xing H, Zhang X, Li J, Wang E. Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence Behavior of Gold–Silver Bimetallic Nanoclusters and Its Sensing Application for Mercury(II). Anal Chem 2017; 89:7788-7794. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Zhai
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Huanhuan Xing
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jing Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Erkang Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
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27
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Peng H, Jian M, Deng H, Wang W, Huang Z, Huang K, Liu A, Chen W. Valence States Effect on Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Gold Nanocluster. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:14929-14934. [PMID: 28398723 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work elucidated the valence states effect on the electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) performance of gold nanocluster (AuNC). The N-acetyl-l-cysteine-AuNCs (NAC-AuNCs) and the electrochemical reduction method for reducing the AuNCs were first employed to this study. Results demonstrate that the electrochemical reduction degree of the AuNCs depended on the reduction potential, and the enhancement of the ECL signals was positively correlated with the reduction degree of AuNCs, which indicated that the valence state of Au plays a vital role in the ECL performance of AuNCs. Furthermore, the proposed method has been successfully extended to the chemical reduction technique and other nanoclusters. Therefore, an excellent AuNC-based ECL method with various advantages, such as simple preparation, lower toxicity, high sensitivity, and ΦECL, and excellent stability, has been proposed. This approach not only opens up a new avenue for designing and developing ECL device from other functional-metal based NCs, but also extends the huge potential application in the ECL sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou 350004, China
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Meili Jian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou 350004, China
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Haohua Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou 350004, China
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou 350004, China
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Zhongnan Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou 350004, China
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Kaiyuan Huang
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Ailin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou 350004, China
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou 350004, China
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou 350004, China
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28
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Zhai Q, Li J, Wang E. Recent Advances Based on Nanomaterials as Electrochemiluminescence Probes for the Fabrication of Sensors. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun, Jilin 130022 P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun, Jilin 130022 P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Erkang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun, Jilin 130022 P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100039 China
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29
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Xiang G, Wang X, Li MSM, Lac K, Wang S, Ding Z. Probing Excimers of Pt(II) Compounds with Phenyl-1,2,3-Triazolyl and Pyridyl-1,2,4-Triazolyl Chelate Ligands by Means of Electrochemiluminescence. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guiming Xiang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Western Ontario; London, Ontario N6 A 5B7 Canada
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department Of Chemistry; Queen's University; Kingston, Ontario K7 L 3N6 Canada
| | - Michelle S. M. Li
- Department of Chemistry; University of Western Ontario; London, Ontario N6 A 5B7 Canada
| | - Kevin Lac
- Department of Chemistry; University of Western Ontario; London, Ontario N6 A 5B7 Canada
| | - Suning Wang
- Department Of Chemistry; Queen's University; Kingston, Ontario K7 L 3N6 Canada
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials; School of Chemistry; Beijing Institute of Technology; 5 South Zhongguancun Street Beijing P.R. China
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry; University of Western Ontario; London, Ontario N6 A 5B7 Canada
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30
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Abstract
In most cases of semiconductor quantum dot nanocrystals, the inherent optical and electrochemical properties of these interesting nanomaterials do not translate into expected efficient electrochemiluminescence or electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) because of the surface-state induction effect. Thus, their low ECL efficiencies, while very interesting to explore, limit their applications. As their electrochemistry is not well-defined, insight into their ECL mechanistic details is also limited. Alternatively, gold nanoclusters possess monodispersed sizes with atomic precision, low and well defined HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, and stable optical and electrochemical properties that make them suitable for potential ECL applications. In this Account, we demonstrate strong and sustainable ECL of gold nanoclusters Au25z (i.e., Au25(SR)18z, z = 1-, 0, 1+), Au38(SR)24, and Au144(SR)60, where the ligand SR is 2-phenylethanethiol. By correlation of the optical and electrochemical features of Au25 nanoclusters, a Latimer-type diagram can be constructed to reveal thermodynamic relationships of five oxidation states (Au252+, Au25+, Au250, Au25-, and Au252-) and three excited states (Au25-*, Au250*, and Au25+*). We describe ECL mechanisms and reaction kinetics by means of conventional ECL-voltage curves and novel spooling ECL spectroscopy. Notably, their ECL in the presence of tri-n-propylamine (TPrA), as a coreactant, is attributed to emissions from Au25-* (950 nm, strong), Au250* (890 nm, very strong), and Au25+* (890 nm, very strong), as confirmed by the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the three Au25 clusters electrogenerated in situ. The ECL emissions are controllable by adjustment of the concentrations of TPrA· and Au25-, Au250, and Au25+ species in the vicinity of the working electrode and ultimately the applied potential. It was determined that the Au25-/TPrA coreactant system should have an ECL efficiency of >50% relative to the Ru(bpy)32+/TPrA, while those of Au250/TPrA and Au25+/TPrA reach 103% and 116%, respectively. Au25-* is the main light emission source for Au25z in the presence of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a coreactant, with a relative efficiency of up to 30%. For Au38, BPO leads to the Au38-* excited state, which emits light at 930 nm. In the Au38/TPrA coreactant system, we find that highly efficient light emission at 930 nm is mainly from Au38+* (and also Au383+*), with an efficiency 3.5 times that of the Ru(bpy)32+/TPrA reference. We show that the ECL and PL of the various Au38 charge states, namely, Au382-, Au38-, Au380, Au38+, Au382+, and Au384+, have the same peak wavelength of 930 nm. Finally, we demonstrate ECL with a peak wavelength of 930 nm from the Au144/TPrA coreactant system, which is released from the electrogenerated excited states Au144+* and Au1443+*. In our opinion, these gold nanoclusters represent a new class of effective near-IR ECL emitters, from which applications such as bioimaging, biological testing, and medical diagnosis are anticipated once they are made water-dispersible with hydrophilic capping ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hesari
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A
5B7, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A
5B7, Canada
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31
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Zhao J, Lei YM, Chai YQ, Yuan R, Zhuo Y. Novel electrochemiluminescence of perylene derivative and its application to mercury ion detection based on a dual amplification strategy. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:720-727. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Zhao M, Chen AY, Huang D, Zhuo Y, Chai YQ, Yuan R. Cu Nanoclusters: Novel Electrochemiluminescence Emitters for Bioanalysis. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11527-11532. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Key Laboratory
of Luminescent
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - An-Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory
of Luminescent
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Key Laboratory
of Luminescent
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ying Zhuo
- Key Laboratory
of Luminescent
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ya-Qin Chai
- Key Laboratory
of Luminescent
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory
of Luminescent
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Huang Y, Fang M, Zou G, Zhang B, Wang H. Monochromatic and electrochemically switchable electrochemiluminescence of perovskite CsPbBr 3 nanocrystals. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:18734-18739. [PMID: 27790659 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06456f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cubic-shaped perovskite CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (NCs) could be electrochemically injected with holes (or electrons) to produce several charged states under different oxidizing and reducing potentials, and then bring out electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of higher color purity than traditional ECL chemicals and metal chalcogenide NCs, in both annihilation and co-reactant routes. The difference of electrochemical gaps between varied hole and electron injecting potentials displayed little effect on the ECL spectrum and colour purity of CsPbBr3 NCs. All the excited states generated under different oxidizing and reducing potential couples in ECL of CsPbBr3 NCs were the same as those in photoluminescence, as all the ECL spectra were almost identical to the CsPbBr3 NCs' photoluminescence spectrum. Importantly, the ECL of CsPbBr3 NCs was electrochemically switchable and displayed an obvious "on/off" type feature by changing the sequence of hole injecting and electron injecting processes, as strong ECL could be obtained by injecting holes onto the electron injected NCs, while no or very weak ECL was obtained in the reversed way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. and Department of Chemistry, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Mingxiang Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Guizheng Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Huaisheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengchao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Queens College-CUNY, Flushing New York 11367 United States
| | - Yun Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Queens College-CUNY, Flushing New York 11367 United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY New York NY 10016
| | - Tong Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Queens College-CUNY, Flushing New York 11367 United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY New York NY 10016
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Queens College-CUNY, Flushing New York 11367 United States
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Jin R, Zeng C, Zhou M, Chen Y. Atomically Precise Colloidal Metal Nanoclusters and Nanoparticles: Fundamentals and Opportunities. Chem Rev 2016; 116:10346-413. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1953] [Impact Index Per Article: 244.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Chenjie Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Han S, Zhang Z, Li S, Qi L, Xu G. Chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence applications of metal nanoclusters. Sci China Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-016-0043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Chen A, Ma S, Zhuo Y, Chai Y, Yuan R. In Situ Electrochemical Generation of Electrochemiluminescent Silver Naonoclusters on Target-Cycling Synchronized Rolling Circle Amplification Platform for MicroRNA Detection. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3203-10. [PMID: 26885698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of a novel target-cycling synchronized rolling circle amplification (RCA) as a signal amplification strategy and in situ electrochemical generation of silver nanoclusters (Ag NCs) as signal probes, an ultrasensitive and simple electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor was proposed for microRNA (miRNA) detection. It was worth mentioning that the circular template was subtly designed to consist of a guanine-rich (G-rich) region and a binding region for realizing target-cycling synchronized RCA. In the presence of target miR-21, the binding region hybridized with the primer and the target miR-21 to form a ternary "P" junction structure, and then the RCA was triggered from the 3'-end of the primer. Along with the proceeding of RCA, the target miR-21 was released and participated into another trigger of the RCA. On account of the G-rich region in the circular template, the product DNA of the target-cycling synchronized RCA possessed tandem periodic cytosine-rich (C-rich) sequences, which acted as ligands to further in situ electrochemically generate silver nanoclusters (Ag NCs) as ECL signal probes. As expected, the obtained ECL intensity dependent on the amount of the Ag NCs, which was positively related to the concentration of the target miR-21. The ECL assay for miR-21 detection demonstrated excellent linear response to a concentration variation from 100 aM to 100 pM and limit of detection down to 22 aM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shaoyong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ying Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yaqin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, China
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Wang D, Padelford JW, Ahuja T, Wang G. Transitions in Discrete Absorption Bands of Au130 Clusters upon Stepwise Charging by Spectroelectrochemistry. ACS NANO 2015; 9:8344-8351. [PMID: 26168937 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Rich and tunable physicochemical properties make noble metal clusters promising candidates as novel nanomolecules for a variety of applications. Spectroelectrochemistry analysis is employed to resolve previously inaccessible electronic transitions in Au130 clusters stabilized by a monolayer of di- and monothiolate ligands. Well-defined quantized double-layer charging of the Au core and oxidizable ligands make this Au130 nanocluster unique among others and enable selective electrolysis to different core and ligand charge states. Subsequent analysis of the corresponding absorption changes reveals that different absorption bands originate from different electronic transitions involving both metal core energy states and ligand molecular orbitals. Besides the four discrete absorption bands in the steady-state UV-visible-near-IR absorption spectrum, additional transitions otherwise not detectable are resolved upon selective addition/removal of electrons at cores and ligand energy states, respectively, upon electrolysis. An energy diagram is proposed that successfully explains the major features observed in electrochemistry and absorption spectroscopy. Those assignments are believed applicable and effective to explain similar transitions observed in some other Au thiolate clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengchao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Jonathan W Padelford
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Tarushee Ahuja
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Gangli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
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Electrochemistry and electrogenerated chemiluminescence of benzoxazole derivatives in nonaqueous media. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bodappa N, Fluch U, Fu Y, Mayor M, Moreno-García P, Siegenthaler H, Wandlowski T. Controlled assembly and single electron charging of monolayer protected Au144 clusters: an electrochemistry and scanning tunneling spectroscopy study. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:15117-15126. [PMID: 25372883 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03793f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Single gold particles may serve as room temperature single electron memory units because of their size dependent electronic level spacing. Here, we present a proof-of-concept study by electrochemically controlled scanning probe experiments performed on tailor-made Au particles of narrow dispersity. In particular, the charge transport characteristics through chemically synthesized hexane-1-thiol and 4-pyridylbenzene-1-thiol mixed monolayer protected Au(144) clusters (MPCs) by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical scanning tunneling spectroscopy (EC-STS) are reported. The pyridyl groups exposed by the Au-MPCs enable their immobilization on Pt(111) substrates. By varying the humidity during their deposition, samples coated by stacks of compact monolayers of Au-MPCs or decorated with individual, laterally separated Au-MPCs are obtained. DPV experiments with stacked monolayers of Au(144)-MPCs and EC-STS experiments with laterally separated individual Au(144)-MPCs are performed both in aqueous and ionic liquid electrolytes. Lower capacitance values were observed for individual clusters compared to ensemble clusters. This trend remains the same irrespective of the composition of the electrolyte surrounding the Au(144)-MPC. However, the resolution of the energy level spacing of the single clusters is strongly affected by the proximity of neighboring particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataraju Bodappa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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