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Zhao H, Luo Z, Yang J, Li B, Han J, Xu L, Lai W, Walsh PJ. Ligand‐Promoted Rh
I
‐Catalyzed C2‐Selective C−H Alkenylation and Polyenylation of Imidazoles with Alkenyl Carboxylic Acids. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200441. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoqiang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 P. R. China
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA 19104-6323 USA
- Department of Chemistry School of Chinese Pharmacy Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing 102488 P. R. China
| | - Zhenli Luo
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 P. R. China
| | - Ji Yang
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 P. R. China
| | - Bohan Li
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 P. R. China
| | - Jiahong Han
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 P. R. China
| | - Lijin Xu
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 P. R. China
| | - Wenzhen Lai
- Department of Chemistry Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 P. R. China
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA 19104-6323 USA
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2
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Pal P, Mondal S, Chatterjee A, Saha R, Chakrabarty K, Das G. Mechanistic exploration of Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H allylation of benzamides with allyl bromide. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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3
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Revisited the mechanism of cobalt(III) catalyzed cyanation of arenes and heteroarenes: A DFT study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Nicholls TP, Williams JR, Willans CE. Reactivities of N-heterocyclic carbenes at metal centers. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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5
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Chernyshev VM, Denisova EA, Eremin DB, Ananikov VP. The key role of R-NHC coupling (R = C, H, heteroatom) and M-NHC bond cleavage in the evolution of M/NHC complexes and formation of catalytically active species. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6957-6977. [PMID: 33133486 PMCID: PMC7553045 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02629h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Complexes of metals with N-heterocyclic carbene ligands (M/NHC) are typically considered the systems of choice in homogeneous catalysis due to their stable metal-ligand framework. However, it becomes obvious that even metal species with a strong M-NHC bond can undergo evolution in catalytic systems, and processes of M-NHC bond cleavage are common for different metals and NHC ligands. This review is focused on the main types of the M-NHC bond cleavage reactions and their impact on activity and stability of M/NHC catalytic systems. For the first time, we consider these processes in terms of NHC-connected and NHC-disconnected active species derived from M/NHC precatalysts and classify them as fundamentally different types of catalysts. Problems of rational catalyst design and sustainability issues are discussed in the context of the two different types of M/NHC catalysis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Chernyshev
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI) , Prosveschenya 132 , Novocherkassk , 346428 , Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Denisova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Prospect 47 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry B Eremin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Prospect 47 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
- The Bridge@USC , University of Southern California , 1002 Childs Way , Los Angeles , California 90089-3502 , USA
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI) , Prosveschenya 132 , Novocherkassk , 346428 , Russia
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Prospect 47 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
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6
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Zhu J, Lindsay VNG. Benzimidazolyl Palladium Complexes as Highly Active and General Bifunctional Catalysts in Sustainable Cross-Coupling Reactions. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Vincent N. G. Lindsay
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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7
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Non-Classical Anionic Naked N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Fundamental Properties and Emerging Applications in Synthesis and Catalysis. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8120620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ongoing research exploring the chemistry of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) has led to the development and discovery of new NHC subclasses that deviate beyond Arduengo’s prototypical N,N′-disubstituted imidazol-2-ylidene-based structures. These systems continue to enable and extend the fundamental role of NHC ligands in synthesis and catalysis. In this regard, the advent of protic NHCs has garnered particular interest. This derives in part from their applications to the selective preparation of unique molecular scaffolds and their unprecedented bifunctional reactivity, which can be exploited in transition metal-catalyzed processes. In comparison, the synthetic applications of closely related anionic naked NHCs remain rather underexplored. With this in mind, this review highlights the interesting fundamental properties of non-classical anionic naked NHCs, and focuses on their emerging applications in synthesis and catalysis.
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Kuwata
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - F. Ekkehardt Hahn
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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9
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Zhao H, Xu J, Chen C, Xu X, Pan Y, Zhang Z, Li H, Xu L. Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Selective Direct Olefination of Imidazoles. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoqiang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry; Renmin University of China; Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Xu
- Department of Chemistry; Renmin University of China; Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Changjun Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Renmin University of China; Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Chemistry; Renmin University of China; Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiao Pan
- Department of Chemistry; Renmin University of China; Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Zongyao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Renmin University of China; Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Huanrong Li
- Department of Chemistry; Renmin University of China; Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
| | - Lijin Xu
- Department of Chemistry; Renmin University of China; Beijing 100872 People's Republic of China
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10
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Kheirabadi R, Izadyar M, Housaindokht MR. Computational Kinetic Modeling of the Catalytic Cycle of Glutathione Peroxidase Nanomimic: Effect of Nucleophilicity of Thiols on the Catalytic Activity. J Phys Chem A 2017; 122:364-374. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b09929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kheirabadi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, International Campus, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Izadyar
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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11
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Toda T, Yoshinari A, Ikariya T, Kuwata S. Protic N-Heterocyclic Carbene Versus Pyrazole: Rigorous Comparison of Proton- and Electron-Donating Abilities in a Pincer-Type Framework. Chemistry 2016; 22:16675-16683. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Toda
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2 12-1 E4-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Akihiro Yoshinari
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2 12-1 E4-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Takao Ikariya
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2 12-1 E4-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Shigeki Kuwata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2 12-1 E4-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
- PRESTO; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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12
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Selective hydrogenation of nitriles to secondary amines catalyzed by a pyridyl-functionalized and alkenyl-tethered NHC–Ru(II) complex. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Charpentier J, Früh N, Foser S, Togni A. Tandem Radical Fluoroalkylation–Cyclization: Synthesis of Tetrafluoro Imidazopyridines. Org Lett 2016; 18:756-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Charpentier
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Natalja Früh
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Foser
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Togni
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Sperger T, Sanhueza IA, Kalvet I, Schoenebeck F. Computational Studies of Synthetically Relevant Homogeneous Organometallic Catalysis Involving Ni, Pd, Ir, and Rh: An Overview of Commonly Employed DFT Methods and Mechanistic Insights. Chem Rev 2015. [PMID: 26207572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Italo A Sanhueza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Indrek Kalvet
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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15
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Filloux C, Rovis T. Rh(I)-bisphosphine-catalyzed asymmetric, intermolecular hydroheteroarylation of α-substituted acrylate derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:508-17. [PMID: 25545834 PMCID: PMC4304441 DOI: 10.1021/ja511445x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric hydroheteroarylation of alkenes represents a convenient entry to elaborated heterocyclic motifs. While chiral acids are known to mediate asymmetric addition of electron-rich heteroarenes to Michael acceptors, very few methods exploit transition metals to catalyze alkylation of heterocycles with olefins via a C-H activation, migratory insertion sequence. Herein, we describe the development of an asymmetric, intermolecular hydroheteroarylation reaction of α-substituted acrylates with benzoxazoles. The reaction provides 2-substitued benzoxazoles in moderate to excellent yields and good to excellent enantioselectivities. Notably, a series of mechanistic studies appears to contradict a pathway involving enantioselective protonation of a Rh(I)-enolate, despite the fact that such a mechanism is invoked almost unanimously in the related addition of aryl boronic acids to methacrylate derivatives. Evidence suggests instead that migratory insertion or beta-hydride elimination is enantiodetermining and that isomerization of a Rh(I)-enolate to a Rh(I)-heterobenzyl species insulates the resultant α-stereocenter from epimerization. A bulky ligand, CTH-(R)-Xylyl-P-Phos, is crucial for reactivity and enantioselectivity, as it likely discourages undesired ligation of benzoxazole substrates or intermediates to on- or off-cycle rhodium complexes and attenuates coordination-promoted product epimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire
M. Filloux
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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16
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Chen S, Su Y, Han K, Li X. Mechanistic studies on C–C reductive coupling of five-coordinate Rh(iii) complexes. Org Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00049a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
C–C reductive coupling of rare five-coordinate rhodium(iii) complexes has been studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chen
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
- Department of Applied Chemistry
| | - Yan Su
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Keli Han
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Xingwei Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
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17
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Hahn FE. Substrate Recognition and Regioselective Catalysis with Complexes Bearing NR,NH-NHC Ligands. ChemCatChem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201200567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Kösterke T, Kösters J, Würthwein EU, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Schulte to Brinke C, Lahoz F, Hahn FE. Synthesis of Complexes Containing an Anionic NHC Ligand with an Unsubstituted Ring-Nitrogen Atom. Chemistry 2012; 18:14594-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Gary JB, Carter TJ, Sanford MS. Rh(III) Pyridinium Substituted Bipyridine Complexes as Catalysts for Arene H/D Exchange. Top Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-012-9825-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Kozuch S. A refinement of everyday thinking: the energetic span model for kinetic assessment of catalytic cycles. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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21
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Ranjit S, Lee R, Heryadi D, Shen C, Wu J, Zhang P, Huang KW, Liu X. Copper-Mediated C–H Activation/C–S Cross-Coupling of Heterocycles with Thiols. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8999-9007. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2017444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadananda Ranjit
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
117543
| | - Richmond Lee
- KAUST
Catalysis Center and Division
of Chemical and Life Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dodi Heryadi
- KAUST
Catalysis Center and Division
of Chemical and Life Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chao Shen
- College of Material, Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Ji’En Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
117543
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- KAUST
Catalysis Center and Division
of Chemical and Life Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
117543
- Institute of Materials
Research
and Engineering, A*STAR, 3 Research Link,
Singapore 117602
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22
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Kuwata S, Ikariya T. β‐Protic Pyrazole and N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis, Properties, and Metal–Ligand Cooperative Bifunctional Catalysis. Chemistry 2011; 17:3542-56. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Kuwata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Okayama, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152‐8552 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 3‐5734‐2637
| | - Takao Ikariya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Okayama, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152‐8552 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 3‐5734‐2637
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23
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Kozuch S, Shaik S. How to conceptualize catalytic cycles? The energetic span model. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:101-10. [PMID: 21067215 DOI: 10.1021/ar1000956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1080] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A computational study of a catalytic cycle generates state energies (the E-representation), whereas experiments lead to rate constants (the k-representation). Based on transition state theory (TST), these are equivalent representations. Nevertheless, until recently, there has been no simple way to calculate the efficiency of a catalytic cycle, that is, its turnover frequency (TOF), from a theoretically obtained energy profile. In this Account, we introduce the energetic span model that enables one to evaluate TOFs in a straightforward manner and in affinity with the Curtin-Hammett principle. As shown herein, the model implies a change in our kinetic concepts. Analogous to Ohm's law, the catalytic chemical current (the TOF) can be defined by a chemical potential (independent of the mechanism) divided by a chemical resistance (dependent on the mechanism and the nature of the catalyst). This formulation is based on Eyring's TST and corresponds to a steady-state regime. In many catalytic cycles, only one transition state and one intermediate determine the TOF. We call them the TOF-determining transition state (TDTS) and the TOF-determining intermediate (TDI). These key states can be located, from among the many states available to a catalytic cycle, by assessing the degree of TOF control (X(TOF)); this last term resembles the structure-reactivity coefficient in classical physical organic chemistry. The TDTS-TDI energy difference and the reaction driving force define the energetic span (δE) of the cycle. Whenever the TDTS appears after the TDI, δE is the energy difference between these two states; when the opposite is true, we must also add the driving force to this difference. Having δE, the TOF is expressed simply in the Arrhenius-Eyring fashion, wherein δE serves as the apparent activation energy of the cycle. An important lesson from this model is that neither one transition state nor one reaction step possess all the kinetic information that determines the efficiency of a catalyst. Additionally, the TDI and TDTS are not necessarily the highest and lowest states, nor do they have to be adjoined as a single step. As such, we can conclude that a change in the conceptualization of catalytic cycles is in order: in catalysis, there are no rate-determining steps, but rather rate-determining states. We also include a study on the effect of reactant and product concentrations. In the energetic span approximation, only the reactants or products that are located between the TDI and TDTS accelerate or inhibit the reaction. In this manner, the energetic span model creates a direct link between experimental quantities and theoretical results. The versatility of the energetic span model is demonstrated with several catalytic cycles of organometallic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kozuch
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram Campus, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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24
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Lin Y, Xu H, Gong L, Wen TB, He XM, Xia H. C−H Bond Activation and Subsequent C(sp2)−C(sp3) Bond Formation: Coupling of Bromomethyl and Triphenylphosphine in an Iridium Complex. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100187t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Bin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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25
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Colby DA, Bergman RG, Ellman JA. Rhodium-catalyzed C-C bond formation via heteroatom-directed C-H bond activation. Chem Rev 2010; 110:624-55. [PMID: 19438203 PMCID: PMC2820156 DOI: 10.1021/cr900005n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3280] [Impact Index Per Article: 234.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denise A. Colby
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, and Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Robert G. Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, and Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Jonathan A. Ellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, and Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720
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26
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Brück A, Ruhland K. Investigation of the Dynamic Solution Behavior of Chloro(diene)rhodium(I) Phosphine Complexes with a Pendant Unsaturated Heterocycle at Phosphorus (2-pyridyl, 2-imidazyl; diene = COD, NBD). Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om900324a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brück
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Physik und Materialwissenschaften, Institut für Physik, Universität Augsburg, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Klaus Ruhland
- Lehrstuhl für Chemische Physik und Materialwissenschaften, Institut für Physik, Universität Augsburg, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching bei München, Germany
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Díez-González S, Marion N, Nolan SP. N-heterocyclic carbenes in late transition metal catalysis. Chem Rev 2009; 109:3612-76. [PMID: 19588961 DOI: 10.1021/cr900074m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2563] [Impact Index Per Article: 170.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kanyiva KS, Löbermann F, Nakao Y, Hiyama T. Regioselective alkenylation of imidazoles by nickel/Lewis acid catalysis. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.02.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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