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Alfano AI, Pelliccia S, Rossino G, Chianese O, Summa V, Collina S, Brindisi M. Continuous-Flow Technology for Chemical Rearrangements: A Powerful Tool to Generate Pharmaceutically Relevant Compounds. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:326-337. [PMID: 36923914 PMCID: PMC10009796 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy, safety, and scale-up of several chemical rearrangements remain unsolved problems due to the associated handling of hazardous, toxic, and pollutant chemicals and high-risk intermediates. For many years batch processes have been considered the only possibility to drive these reactions, but continuous-flow technology has emerged, for both academic laboratories and pharmaceutical companies, as a powerful tool for easy, controlled, and safer chemistry protocols, helping to minimize the formation of side products and increase reaction yields. This Technology Note summarizes recently reported chemical rearrangements using continuous-flow approaches, with a focus on Curtius, Hofmann, and Schmidt reactions. Flow protocols, general advantages and safety aspects, and reaction scope for the generation of both privileged scaffolds and active pharmaceutical ingredients will be showcased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Ilenia Alfano
- Department of Pharmacy (DoE 2023-2027), University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Sveva Pelliccia
- Department of Pharmacy (DoE 2023-2027), University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossino
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Orazio Chianese
- Genetic S.p.A., Via Canfora, 64, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Summa
- Department of Pharmacy (DoE 2023-2027), University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Pharmacy (DoE 2023-2027), University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
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2
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Mallia CJ, McCreanor NG, Legg DH, Stewart CR, Coppock S, Ashworth IW, Le Bars J, Clarke A, Clemens G, Fisk H, Benson H, Oke S, Churchill T, Hoyle M, Timms L, Vare K, Sims M, Knight S. Development and Manufacture of a Curtius Rearrangement Using Continuous Flow towards the Large-Scale Manufacture of AZD7648. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl J. Mallia
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Niall G. McCreanor
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Daniel H. Legg
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Craig R. Stewart
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Sarah Coppock
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Ian W. Ashworth
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Joël Le Bars
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Adam Clarke
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Graeme Clemens
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Heidi Fisk
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Helen Benson
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Samantha Oke
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Trevor Churchill
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Mark Hoyle
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Lee Timms
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Kevin Vare
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Martin Sims
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Steven Knight
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
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3
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Baumann M, Moody TS, Smyth M, Wharry S. Interrupted Curtius Rearrangements of Quaternary Proline Derivatives: A Flow Route to Acyclic Ketones and Unsaturated Pyrrolidines. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14199-14206. [PMID: 34170701 PMCID: PMC8524412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Conversion of N-Boc-protected quaternary proline
derivatives under thermal Curtius rearrangement conditions was found
to afford a series of ring-opened ketone and unsaturated pyrrolidine
products instead of the expected carbamate species. The nature of
the substituent on the quaternary carbon thereby governs the product
outcome due to the stability of a postulated N-acyliminium
species. A continuous flow process with in-line scavenging was furthermore
developed to streamline this transformation and safely create products
on a gram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, Belfield D04 N2E2, Ireland
| | - Thomas S Moody
- Department of Technology, Almac Sciences, 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom.,Arran Chemical Company, Roscommon N37 DN24, Ireland
| | - Megan Smyth
- Department of Technology, Almac Sciences, 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Wharry
- Department of Technology, Almac Sciences, 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
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4
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Ronchetti R, Moroni G, Carotti A, Gioiello A, Camaioni E. Recent advances in urea- and thiourea-containing compounds: focus on innovative approaches in medicinal chemistry and organic synthesis. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1046-1064. [PMID: 34355177 PMCID: PMC8293013 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Urea and thiourea represent privileged structures in medicinal chemistry. Indeed, these moieties constitute a common framework of a variety of drugs and bioactive compounds endowed with a broad range of therapeutic and pharmacological properties. Herein, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art of urea and thiourea-containing pharmaceuticals. We also review the diverse approaches pursued for (thio)urea bioisosteric replacements in medicinal chemistry applications. Finally, representative examples of recent advances in the synthesis of urea- and thiourea-based compounds by enabling chemical tools are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Ronchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia Via del Liceo 1 06123 Perugia Italy +39 075 5855161 +39 075 5855129
| | - Giada Moroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia Via del Liceo 1 06123 Perugia Italy +39 075 5855161 +39 075 5855129
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia Via del Liceo 1 06123 Perugia Italy +39 075 5855161 +39 075 5855129
| | - Antimo Gioiello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia Via del Liceo 1 06123 Perugia Italy +39 075 5855161 +39 075 5855129
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia Via del Liceo 1 06123 Perugia Italy +39 075 5855161 +39 075 5855129
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5
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Leslie A, Moody TS, Smyth M, Wharry S, Baumann M. Coupling biocatalysis with high-energy flow reactions for the synthesis of carbamates and β-amino acid derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:379-384. [PMID: 33828617 PMCID: PMC7871027 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A continuous flow process is presented that couples a Curtius rearrangement step with a biocatalytic impurity tagging strategy to produce a series of valuable Cbz-carbamate products. Immobilized CALB was exploited as a robust hydrolase to transform residual benzyl alcohol into easily separable benzyl butyrate. The resulting telescoped flow process was effectively applied across a series of acid substrates rendering the desired carbamate structures in high yield and purity. The derivatization of these products via complementary flow-based Michael addition reactions furthermore demonstrated the creation of β-amino acid species. This strategy thus highlights the applicability of this work towards the creation of important chemical building blocks for the pharmaceutical and speciality chemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Leslie
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, D04 N2E2, Ireland
| | - Thomas S Moody
- Almac Group Ltd., Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom.,Arran Chemical Company, Athlone, Co. Roscommon N37 DN24, Ireland
| | - Megan Smyth
- Almac Group Ltd., Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Wharry
- Almac Group Ltd., Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, D04 N2E2, Ireland
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6
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Baumann M, Leslie A, Moody TS, Smyth M, Wharry S. Tandem Continuous Flow Curtius Rearrangement and Subsequent Enzyme-Mediated Impurity Tagging. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, Science Centre, University College Dublin, South Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Alexander Leslie
- School of Chemistry, Science Centre, University College Dublin, South Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Thomas S. Moody
- Almac Group Ltd., 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
- Arran Chemical Company, Unit 1 Monksland Industrial Estate, Athlone, Co. Roscommon N37 DN24, Ireland
| | - Megan Smyth
- Almac Group Ltd., 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Wharry
- Almac Group Ltd., 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom
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7
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Development of Facile and Simple Processes for the Heterogeneous Pd-Catalyzed Ligand-Free Continuous-Flow Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10101209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction is one of the most widely utilized C–C bond forming methods to create (hetero)biaryl scaffolds. The continuous-flow reaction using heterogeneous catalyst-packed cartridges is a practical and efficient synthetic method to replace batch-type reactions. A continuous-flow ligand-free Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction of (hetero)aryl iodides, bromides, and chlorides with (hetero)aryl boronic acids was developed using cartridges packed with spherical resin (tertiary amine-based chelate resin: WA30)-supported palladium catalysts (7% Pd/WA30). The void space in the cartridge caused by the spherical catalyst structures enables the smooth flow of a homogeneously dissolved reaction solution that consists of a mixture of organic and aqueous solvents and is delivered by the use of a single syringe pump. Clogging or serious backpressure was not observed.
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8
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Flow chemistry as a tool to access novel chemical space for drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1547-1563. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective scrutinizes flow chemistry as a useful tool for medicinal chemists to expand the current chemical capabilities in drug discovery. This technology has demonstrated his value not only for the traditional reactions used in Pharma for the last 20 years, but also for bringing back to the lab underused chemistries to access novel chemical space. The combination with other technologies, such as photochemistry and electrochemistry, is opening new avenues for reactivity that will smoothen the access to complex molecules. The introduction of all these technologies in automated platforms will improve the productivity of medicinal chemistry labs reducing the cycle times to get novel and differentiated bioactive molecules, accelerating discovery cycle times.
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9
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Maksimainen M, Nurmesjärvi A, Terho RA, Threadgill MD, Lehtiö L, Heiskanen JP. Derivatives of a PARP Inhibitor TIQ-A through the Synthesis of 8-Alkoxythieno[2,3- c]isoquinolin-5(4 H)-ones. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:13447-13453. [PMID: 32548533 PMCID: PMC7288715 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thieno[2,3-c]isoquinolin-5(4H)-one is known for its potential as an anti-ischemic agent through the inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1). However, the compound also inhibits many other enzymes of the PARP family, potentially limiting its usability. The broad inhibition profile, on the other hand, indicates that this molecule backbone could be potentially used as a scaffold for the development of specific inhibitors for certain PARP enzymes. These efforts call for novel synthetic strategies for substituted thieno[2,3-c]isoquinolin-5(4H)-one that could provide the needed selectivity. In this article, an efficient synthetic strategy for 8-alkoxythieno[2,3-c]isoquinolin-5(4H)-ones through eight steps is presented and other tested synthetic pathways are discussed in detail. Synthesis of 7-methoxythieno[2,3-c]isoquinolin-5(4H)-one is also demonstrated to show that the strategy can be applied widely in the syntheses of substituted alkoxythieno[2,3-c]isoquinolin-5(4H)-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko
M. Maksimainen
- Faculty
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Antti Nurmesjärvi
- Research
Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, University
of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Reima A. Terho
- Research
Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, University
of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Michael D. Threadgill
- Drug
& Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Lari Lehtiö
- Faculty
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Juha P. Heiskanen
- Research
Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, University
of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Morodo
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unit University of Liège B‐4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Pauline Bianchi
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unit University of Liège B‐4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Jean‐Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unit University of Liège B‐4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
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11
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Mata A, Weigl U, Flögel O, Baur P, Hone CA, Kappe CO. Acyl azide generation and amide bond formation in continuous-flow for the synthesis of peptides. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00034e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Acyl azides were safely generated by using nitrous acid in water and reactedin situwithin a flow system. The acyl azide was efficiently extracted into the organic phase containing an amine nucleophile for a highly enantioselective peptide coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Mata
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | | | | | - Pius Baur
- Cilag AG
- 8200 Schaffhausen
- Switzerland
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
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12
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Switching Modes of Mixing Due to an Adjustable Gap in a Continuous-Flow Microreactor. ACTUATORS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/act9010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microreactors are an important development in chemical engineering since the pharmaceutical industry needs flexible production rather than a large amount of product yield. The size of the microreactor may be so small that it requires the development of non-mechanical methods for reagent mixing. In this paper, we propose the design of a continuous-flow microreactor in the form of a narrow cell with a variable gap. By tuning the gap width in time and space, one can control the reaction rate and regulate the product yield. We show that the governing equation for the fluid flow can be reduced to the Darcy equation with permeability varying in space and time. As a test reaction, we consider the neutralization of nitric acid with sodium hydroxide resulting in the solutal convection in the presence of gravity. We show numerically that the prototyping spatially-distributed relief of the reactor walls can successfully separate the incoming and outgoing flows of reagents, control the mixing intensity, increase or decrease the product yield. We demonstrate also the dynamic control of the reactor efficiency via real-time local changes in the gap width.
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13
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Akwi FM, Watts P. Continuous flow chemistry: where are we now? Recent applications, challenges and limitations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13894-13928. [PMID: 30483683 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07427e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A general outlook of the changing face of chemical synthesis is provided in this article through recent applications of continuous flow processing in both industry and academia. The benefits, major challenges and limitations associated with the use of this mode of processing are also given due attention as an attempt to put into perspective the current position of continuous flow processing, either as an alternative or potential combinatory technology for batch processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith M Akwi
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa.
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14
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Bratsun D, Kostarev K, Mizev A, Aland S, Mokbel M, Schwarzenberger K, Eckert K. Adaptive Micromixer Based on the Solutocapillary Marangoni Effect in a Continuous-Flow Microreactor. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E600. [PMID: 30453467 PMCID: PMC6266721 DOI: 10.3390/mi9110600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-flow microreactors are an important development in chemical engineering technology, since pharmaceutical production needs flexibility in reconfiguring the synthesis system rather than large volumes of product yield. Microreactors of this type have a special vessel, in which the convective vortices are organized to mix the reagents to increase the product output. We propose a new type of micromixer based on the intensive relaxation oscillations induced by a fundamental effect discovered recently. The mechanism of these oscillations was found to be a coupling of the solutal Marangoni effect, buoyancy and diffusion. The phenomenon can be observed in the vicinity of an air⁻liquid (or liquid⁻liquid) interface with inhomogeneous concentration of a surface-active solute. Important features of the oscillations are demonstrated experimentally and numerically. The periodicity of the oscillations is a result of the repeated regeneration of the Marangoni driving force. This feature is used in our design of a micromixer with a single air bubble inside the reaction zone. We show that the micromixer does not consume external energy and adapts to the medium state due to feedback. It switches on automatically each time when a concentration inhomogeneity in the reaction zone occurs, and stops mixing when the solution becomes sufficiently uniform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Bratsun
- Department of Applied Physics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm 614990, Russia.
| | | | - Alexey Mizev
- Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Perm 614013, Russia.
| | - Sebastian Aland
- Faculty of Informatics/Mathematics, HTW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Marcel Mokbel
- Faculty of Informatics/Mathematics, HTW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Karin Schwarzenberger
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Eckert
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
- Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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15
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Ghosh AK, Brindisi M, Sarkar A. The Curtius Rearrangement: Applications in Modern Drug Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2351-2373. [PMID: 30187672 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Curtius rearrangement is the thermal decomposition of an acyl azide derived from carboxylic acid to produce an isocyanate as the initial product. The isocyanate can undergo further reactions to provide amines and their derivatives. Due to its tolerance for a large variety of functional groups and complete retention of stereochemistry during rearrangement, the Curtius rearrangement has been used in the synthesis of a wide variety of medicinal agents with amines and amine-derived functional groups such as ureas and urethanes. The current review outlines various applications of the Curtius rearrangement in drug discovery and medicinal chemistry. In particular, the review highlights some widely used rearrangement methods, syntheses of some key agents for popular drug targets and FDA-approved drugs. In addition, the review highlights applications of the Curtius rearrangement in continuous-flow protocols for the scale-up of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Anindya Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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16
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McWilliams JC, Allian AD, Opalka SM, May SA, Journet M, Braden TM. The Evolving State of Continuous Processing in Pharmaceutical API Manufacturing: A Survey of Pharmaceutical Companies and Contract Manufacturing Organizations. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Christopher McWilliams
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ayman D. Allian
- Department of Pivotal Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Suzanne M. Opalka
- Chemical Process Development, Biogen Idec, 115 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Scott A. May
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Michel Journet
- API Chemistry, GSK, 709 Swedeland Road, UW2810, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Timothy M. Braden
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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17
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Sirois LE, Xu J, Angelaud R, Lao D, Gosselin F. Practical Synthesis of a 6-Triazolylazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Sirois
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Remy Angelaud
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David Lao
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Francis Gosselin
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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18
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Steven A, Hopes P. Use of a Curtius Rearrangement as Part of the Multikilogram Manufacture of a Pyrazine Building Block. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Steven
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Charter Way, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip Hopes
- Cyton Biosciences
Ltd., 68 Macrae Road, Bristol, BS20 0DD, United Kingdom
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19
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An autonomous organic reaction search engine for chemical reactivity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15733. [PMID: 28598440 PMCID: PMC5472751 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploration of chemical space for new reactivity, reactions and molecules is limited by the need for separate work-up-separation steps searching for molecules rather than reactivity. Herein we present a system that can autonomously evaluate chemical reactivity within a network of 64 possible reaction combinations and aims for new reactivity, rather than a predefined set of targets. The robotic system combines chemical handling, in-line spectroscopy and real-time feedback and analysis with an algorithm that is able to distinguish and select the most reactive pathways, generating a reaction selection index (RSI) without need for separate work-up or purification steps. This allows the automatic navigation of a chemical network, leading to previously unreported molecules while needing only to do a fraction of the total possible reactions without any prior knowledge of the chemistry. We show the RSI correlates with reactivity and is able to search chemical space using the most reactive pathways. While automated reaction systems typically work for the synthesis of pre-defined molecules, automated systems to discover reactivity are more challenging. Here the authors report an autonomous organic reaction search engine that allows discovery of the most reactive pathways in a multi-reagent, multistep reaction system.
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20
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Salvati E, Botta L, Amato J, Di Leva FS, Zizza P, Gioiello A, Pagano B, Graziani G, Tarsounas M, Randazzo A, Novellino E, Biroccio A, Cosconati S. Lead Discovery of Dual G-Quadruplex Stabilizers and Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases (PARPs) Inhibitors: A New Avenue in Anticancer Treatment. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3626-3635. [PMID: 28445046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
G-quadruplex stabilizers are an established opportunity in anticancer chemotherapy. To circumvent the antiproliferative effects of G4 ligands, cancer cells recruit PARP enzymes at telomeres. Herein, starting from the structural similarity of a potent G4 ligand previously discovered by our group and a congeneric PARP inhibitor, a library of derivatives was synthesized to discover the first dual G4/PARP ligand. We demonstrate that a properly decorated thieno[3,2-c]quinolin-4(5H)-one stabilizes the G4 fold in vitro and in cells, induces a DNA damage response localized to telomeres, inhibits PARylation in cells, and has an antiproliferative effect in BRCA2 deficient tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Salvati
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , 00158 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Botta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II" , 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Jussara Amato
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II" , 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Zizza
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , 00158 Rome, Italy
| | - Antimo Gioiello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia , I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Bruno Pagano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II" , 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Grazia Graziani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of "Tor Vergata" , 00173 Rome, Italy
| | - Madalena Tarsounas
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford , Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Antonio Randazzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II" , 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II" , 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Biroccio
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , 00158 Rome, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli , 81100 Caserta, Italy
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21
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Brocken L, Price PD, Whittaker J, Baxendale IR. Continuous flow synthesis of poly(acrylic acid) via free radical polymerisation. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00063d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The free radical polymerisation of aqueous solutions of acrylic acid (1) has been studied using a continuous flow reactor to quickly screen reaction parameters such as temperature, residence time, monomer- and initiator concentration.
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22
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Recent Advances of Microfluidics Technologies in the Field of Medicinal Chemistry. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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23
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Yang JC, Niu D, Karsten BP, Lima F, Buchwald SL. Use of a “Catalytic” Cosolvent, N
,N
-Dimethyl Octanamide, Allows the Flow Synthesis of Imatinib with no Solvent Switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C. Yang
- Department of Chemistry; Room 18-490; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Dawen Niu
- Department of Chemistry; Room 18-490; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Bram P. Karsten
- Department of Chemistry; Room 18-490; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Fabio Lima
- Department of Chemistry; Room 18-490; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry; Room 18-490; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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24
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Yang JC, Niu D, Karsten BP, Lima F, Buchwald SL. Use of a "Catalytic" Cosolvent, N,N-Dimethyl Octanamide, Allows the Flow Synthesis of Imatinib with no Solvent Switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2531-5. [PMID: 26756279 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A general, efficient method for C-N cross-coupling has been developed using N,N-dimethyloctanamide as a catalytic cosolvent for biphasic continuous-flow applications. The described method was used to generate a variety of biarylamines and was integrated into a two-step sequence which converted phenols into biarylamines via either triflates or tosylates. Additionally, the method was applied to a three-step synthesis of imatinib, the API of Gleevec, in good yield without the need of solvent switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Room 18-490, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Dawen Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Room 18-490, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bram P Karsten
- Department of Chemistry, Room 18-490, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Fabio Lima
- Department of Chemistry, Room 18-490, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Room 18-490, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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25
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Holmes N, Akien GR, Blacker AJ, Woodward RL, Meadows RE, Bourne RA. Self-optimisation of the final stage in the synthesis of EGFR kinase inhibitor AZD9291 using an automated flow reactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00059b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-optimising flow reactors combine online analysis with evolutionary feedback algorithms to rapidly achieve optimum conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Holmes
- Institute of Process Research and Development
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | - Geoffrey R. Akien
- Institute of Process Research and Development
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | - A. John Blacker
- Institute of Process Research and Development
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | | | | | - Richard A. Bourne
- Institute of Process Research and Development
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
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26
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Cerra B, Mostarda S, Custodi C, Macchiarulo A, Gioiello A. Integrating multicomponent flow synthesis and computational approaches for the generation of a tetrahydroquinoline compound based library. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00455a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The combination of flow chemistry and computational tools has been successfully applied to prepare a focused library of tricyclic tetrahydroquinolines endowed with drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cerra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Perugia
- I-06122 Perugia
- Italy
| | - Serena Mostarda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Perugia
- I-06122 Perugia
- Italy
| | - Chiara Custodi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Perugia
- I-06122 Perugia
- Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Perugia
- I-06122 Perugia
- Italy
| | - Antimo Gioiello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Perugia
- I-06122 Perugia
- Italy
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27
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR. The synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using continuous flow chemistry. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1194-219. [PMID: 26425178 PMCID: PMC4578405 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of continuous flow processing as a key enabling technology has transformed the way we conduct chemistry and has expanded our synthetic capabilities. As a result many new preparative routes have been designed towards commercially relevant drug compounds achieving more efficient and reproducible manufacture. This review article aims to illustrate the holistic systems approach and diverse applications of flow chemistry to the preparation of pharmaceutically active molecules, demonstrating the value of this strategy towards every aspect ranging from synthesis, in-line analysis and purification to final formulation and tableting. Although this review will primarily concentrate on large scale continuous processing, additional selected syntheses using micro or meso-scaled flow reactors will be exemplified for key transformations and process control. It is hoped that the reader will gain an appreciation of the innovative technology and transformational nature that flow chemistry can leverage to an overall process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
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28
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Mostarda S, Filipponi P, Sardella R, Venturoni F, Natalini B, Pellicciari R, Gioiello A. Glucuronidation of bile acids under flow conditions: design of experiments and Koenigs–Knorr reaction optimization. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:9592-600. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01911c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Marchand JR, Carotti A, Passeri D, Filipponi P, Liscio P, Camaioni E, Pellicciari R, Gioiello A, Macchiarulo A. Investigating the allosteric reverse signalling of PARP inhibitors with microsecond molecular dynamic simulations and fluorescence anisotropy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1765-72. [PMID: 25062913 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family members is a strategy pursued for the development of novel therapeutic agents in a range of diseases, including stroke, cardiac ischemia, cancer, inflammation and diabetes. Even though some PARP-1 inhibitors have advanced to clinical setting for cancer therapy, a great deal of attention is being devoted to understand the polypharmacology of current PARP inhibitors. Besides blocking the catalytic activity, recent works have shown that some PARP inhibitors exhibit a poisoning activity, by trapping the enzyme at damaged sites of DNA and forming cytotoxic complexes. In this study we have used microsecond molecular dynamics to study the allosteric reverse signalling that is at the basis of such an effect. We show that Olaparib, but not Veliparib and HYDAMTIQ, is able to induce a specific conformational drift of the WGR domain of PARP-1, which stabilizes PARP-1/DNA complex through the locking of several salt bridge interactions. Fluorescence anisotropy assays support such a mechanism, providing the first experimental evidence that HYDAMTIQ, a potent PARP inhibitor with neuroprotective properties, is less potent than Olaparib to trap PARP-1/DNA complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Rémy Marchand
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Passeri
- TES Pharma S.r.l. via Palmiro Togliatti 22bis 06073 Loc. Terrioli, Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Filipponi
- TES Pharma S.r.l. via Palmiro Togliatti 22bis 06073 Loc. Terrioli, Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paride Liscio
- TES Pharma S.r.l. via Palmiro Togliatti 22bis 06073 Loc. Terrioli, Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Pellicciari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; TES Pharma S.r.l. via Palmiro Togliatti 22bis 06073 Loc. Terrioli, Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antimo Gioiello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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