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Zhou X, Kiesman WF, Yan W, Jiang H, Antia FD, Yang J, Fillon YA, Xiao L, Shi X. Development of Kilogram-Scale Convergent Liquid-Phase Synthesis of Oligonucleotides. J Org Chem 2021; 87:2087-2110. [PMID: 34807599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide drugs show promise to treat diseases afflicting millions of people. To address the need to manufacture large quantities of oligonucleotide therapeutics, the novel convergent liquid-phase synthesis has been developed for an 18-mer oligonucleotide drug candidate. Fragments containing tetra- and pentamers were synthesized and assembled into the 18-mer without column chromatography, which had a similar impurity profile to material made by standard solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis. Two of the fragments have been synthesized at ∼3 kg/batch sizes and four additional tetra- and pentamer fragments were synthesized at >300-g scale, and a 34-mer was assembled from the fragments. Critical impurities are controlled in the fragment syntheses to provide oligonucleotides of purities suitable for clinical use after applying standard full-length product purification process. Impurity control in the assembly steps demonstrated the potential to eliminate chromatography of full-length oligonucleotides, which should enhance scalability and reduce the environmental impact of the process. The convergent assembly and telescoping of reactions made the long synthesis (>60 reactions) practical by reducing production time, material loss, and chances for impurity generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Oligonucleotide Process Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - William F Kiesman
- Oligonucleotide Process Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Wuming Yan
- Oligonucleotide Process Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hong Jiang
- Oligonucleotide Process Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Firoz D Antia
- Oligonucleotide Process Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jing Yang
- Oligonucleotide Process Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yannick A Fillon
- Oligonucleotide Process Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Li Xiao
- Oligonucleotide Process Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Xianglin Shi
- Oligonucleotide Process Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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2
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Creusen G, Akintayo CO, Schumann K, Walther A. Scalable One-Pot-Liquid-Phase Oligonucleotide Synthesis for Model Network Hydrogels. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16610-16621. [PMID: 32902960 PMCID: PMC7612451 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis (SPOS) based on phosphoramidite chemistry is currently the most widespread technique for DNA and RNA synthesis but suffers from scalability limitations and high reagent consumption. Liquid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis (LPOS) uses soluble polymer supports and has the potential of being scalable. However, at present, LPOS requires 3 separate reaction steps and 4-5 precipitation steps per nucleotide addition. Moreover, long acid exposure times during the deprotection step degrade sequences with high A content (adenine) due to depurination and chain cleavage. In this work, we present the first one-pot liquid-phase DNA synthesis technique which allows the addition of one nucleotide in a one-pot reaction of sequential coupling, oxidation, and deprotection followed by a single precipitation step. Furthermore, we demonstrate how to suppress depurination during the addition of adenine nucleotides. We showcase the potential of this technique to prepare high-purity 4-arm PEG-T20 (T = thymine) and 4-arm PEG-A20 building blocks in multigram scale. Such complementary 4-arm PEG-DNA building blocks reversibly self-assemble into supramolecular model network hydrogels and facilitate the elucidation of bond lifetimes. These model network hydrogels exhibit new levels of mechanical properties (storage modulus, bond lifetimes) in DNA bonds at room temperature (melting at 44 °C) and thus open up pathways to next-generation DNA materials programmable through sequence recognition and available for macroscale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Creusen
- ABMS Lab, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler- Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cecilia Oluwadunsin Akintayo
- ABMS Lab, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler- Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence “Living, Adaptive and Energy-Autonomous Materials Systems” (livMatS), 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katja Schumann
- ABMS Lab, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- ABMS Lab, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler- Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence “Living, Adaptive and Energy-Autonomous Materials Systems” (livMatS), 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Molina AG, Sanghvi YS. Liquid-Phase Oligonucleotide Synthesis: Past, Present, and Future Predictions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 77:e82. [PMID: 30920171 DOI: 10.1002/cpnc.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic oligonucleotides have emerged as a powerful paradigm with the ability to treat a wide range of the human diseases. As a result, we have witnessed more than one hundred oligonucleotides currently in active clinical trials and eight Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs. Until now, the demand for oligonucleotide-based drugs has been fulfilled by conventional solid-phase synthesis in an effective manner. However, there are products in advanced stages of clinical trials projecting a collective demand of metric ton quantities in the near future. Therefore, large-scale manufacturing of these products has become a high priority for process chemists. This article summarizes the advances in liquid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis (LPOS) as a possible alternative strategy to meet the scale-up challenge. A review of the literature describing major efforts in developing LPOS technologies is presented. Gratifyingly, serious attempts are under way to develop an efficient environmentally benign green chemistry protocol that is scalable and cost effective for the manufacturing of oligonucleotides. A summary of the most innovative LPOS protocols has been included to provide a glimpse of what may be possible in the future for large-scale production of oligonucleotides. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gimenez Molina
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Lönnberg H. Synthesis of oligonucleotides on a soluble support. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1368-1387. [PMID: 28781703 PMCID: PMC5530625 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotides are usually prepared in lab scale on a solid support with the aid of a fully automated synthesizer. Scaling up of the equipment has allowed industrial synthesis up to kilogram scale. In spite of this, solution-phase synthesis has received continuous interest, on one hand as a technique that could enable synthesis of even larger amounts and, on the other hand, as a gram scale laboratory synthesis without any special equipment. The synthesis on a soluble support has been regarded as an approach that could combine the advantageous features of both the solution and solid-phase syntheses. The critical step of this approach is the separation of the support-anchored oligonucleotide chain from the monomeric building block and other small molecular reagents and byproducts after each coupling, oxidation and deprotection step. The techniques applied so far include precipitation, extraction, chromatography and nanofiltration. As regards coupling, all conventional chemistries, viz. phosphoramidite, H-phosphonate and phosphotriester strategies, have been attempted. While P(III)-based phosphoramidite and H-phosphonate chemistries are almost exclusively used on a solid support, the "outdated" P(V)-based phosphotriester chemistry still offers one major advantage for the synthesis on a soluble support; the omission of the oxidation step simplifies the coupling cycle. Several of protocols developed for the soluble-supported synthesis allow the preparation of both DNA and RNA oligomers of limited length in gram scale without any special equipment, being evidently of interest for research groups that need oligonucleotides in large amounts for research purposes. However, none of them has really tested at such a scale that the feasibility of their industrial use could be critically judged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harri Lönnberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
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Kim JF, Gaffney PRJ, Valtcheva IB, Williams G, Buswell AM, Anson MS, Livingston AG. Organic Solvent Nanofiltration (OSN): A New Technology Platform for Liquid-Phase Oligonucleotide Synthesis (LPOS). Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong F. Kim
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Piers R. J. Gaffney
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Irina B. Valtcheva
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Glynn Williams
- GlaxoSmithKline
Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Buswell
- GlaxoSmithKline
Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Mike S. Anson
- GlaxoSmithKline
Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G. Livingston
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
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Gaffney PRJ, Kim JF, Valtcheva IB, Williams GD, Anson MS, Buswell AM, Livingston AG. Liquid-Phase Synthesis of 2'-Methyl-RNA on a Homostar Support through Organic-Solvent Nanofiltration. Chemistry 2015; 21:9535-43. [PMID: 26012874 PMCID: PMC4517100 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to the discovery of RNAi, oligonucleotides (oligos) have re-emerged as a major pharmaceutical target that may soon be required in ton quantities. However, it is questionable whether solid-phase oligo synthesis (SPOS) methods can provide a scalable synthesis. Liquid-phase oligo synthesis (LPOS) is intrinsically scalable and amenable to standard industrial batch synthesis techniques. However, most reported LPOS strategies rely upon at least one precipitation per chain extension cycle to separate the growing oligonucleotide from reaction debris. Precipitation can be difficult to develop and control on an industrial scale and, because many precipitations would be required to prepare a therapeutic oligonucleotide, we contend that this approach is not viable for large-scale industrial preparation. We are developing an LPOS synthetic strategy for 2'-methyl RNA phosphorothioate that is more amenable to standard batch production techniques, using organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) as the critical scalable separation technology. We report the first LPOS-OSN preparation of a 2'-Me RNA phosphorothioate 9-mer, using commercial phosphoramidite monomers, and monitoring all reactions by HPLC, (31)P NMR spectroscopy and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piers R J Gaffney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial CollegeSouth Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ (UK) E-mail:
| | - Jeong F Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial CollegeSouth Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ (UK) E-mail:
| | - Irina B Valtcheva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial CollegeSouth Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ (UK) E-mail:
| | - Glynn D Williams
- GSK Medicines Research CentreGunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY (UK)
| | - Mike S Anson
- GSK Medicines Research CentreGunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY (UK)
| | - Andrew M Buswell
- GSK Medicines Research CentreGunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY (UK)
| | - Andrew G Livingston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial CollegeSouth Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ (UK) E-mail:
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Kungurtsev V, Laakkonen J, Molina AG, Virta P. Solution-Phase Synthesis of Short Oligo-2′-deoxyribonucleotides by Using Clustered Nucleosides as a Soluble Support. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Molina AG, Kungurtsev V, Virta P, Lönnberg H. Acetylated and methylated β-cyclodextrins as viable soluble supports for the synthesis of short 2′-oligodeoxyribo-nucleotides in solution. Molecules 2012; 17:12102-20. [PMID: 23085659 PMCID: PMC6268796 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171012102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel soluble supports for oligonucleotide synthesis 11a–c have been prepared by immobilizing a 5′-O-protected 3′-O-(hex-5-ynoyl)thymidine (6 or 7) to peracetylated or permethylated 6-deoxy-6-azido-β-cyclodextrins 10a or 10b by Cu(I)-promoted 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The applicability of the supports to oligonucleotide synthesis by the phosphoramidite strategy has been demonstrated by assembling a 3′-TTT-5′ trimer from commercially available 5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)thymidine 3′-phosphoramidite. To simplify the coupling cycle, the 5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl) protecting group has been replaced with an acetal that upon acidolytic removal yields volatile products. For this purpose, 5′-O-(1-methoxy-1-methylethyl)-protected 3′-(2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropyl-phosphoramidite)s of thymidine (5a), N4-benzoyl-2′-deoxycytidine (5b) and N6-benzoyl-2′-deoxyadenosine (5c) have been synthesized and utilized in synthesis of a pentameric oligonucleotide 3′-TTCAT-5′ on the permethylated cyclodextrin support 11c.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Harri Lönnberg
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +358-2-333-6770; Fax: +358-2-333-6700
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Griesser H, Tolev M, Singh A, Sabirov T, Gerlach C, Richert C. Solution-phase synthesis of branched DNA hybrids based on dimer phosphoramidites and phenolic or nucleosidic cores. J Org Chem 2012; 77:2703-17. [PMID: 22369351 DOI: 10.1021/jo202505h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Branched oligonucleotides with "CG zippers" as DNA arms assemble into materials from micromolar solutions. Their synthesis has been complicated by low yields in solid-phase syntheses. Here we present a solution-phase synthesis based on phosphoramidites of dimers and phenolic cores that produces six-arm or four-arm hybrids in up to 61% yield. On the level of hybrids, only the final product has to be purified by precipitation or chromatography. A total of five different hybrids were prepared via the solution-phase route, including new hybrid (TCG)(4)TTPA with a tetrakis(triazolylphenyl)adamantane core and trimer DNA arms. The new method is more readily scaled up than solid-phase syntheses, uses no more than 4 equiv of phosphoramidite per phenolic alcohol, and provides routine access to novel materials that assemble via predictable base-pairing interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Griesser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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10
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So S, Peeva LG, Tate EW, Leatherbarrow RJ, Livingston AG. Organic Solvent Nanofiltration: A New Paradigm in Peptide Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/op1001403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheung So
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Ludmila G. Peeva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Edward W. Tate
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Robin J. Leatherbarrow
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Andrew G. Livingston
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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11
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Bonora GM. Large-scale preparation of conjugated oligonucleoside phosphorothioates by the high-efficiency liquid-phase (HELP) method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 4:Unit 4.27. [PMID: 18428942 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc0427s22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A new process for the preparation of large amounts of thioated oligonucleotides in a quasi-classical solution condition is described. This method takes advantage of the use of polyethylene glycol as a soluble, inert support during synthesis. The easy purification of intermediates from a moderate excess of reagents allows very high coupling yields and, consequently, efficient production of the long oligonucleotide sequences required for pharmacological applications. The reaction of properly protected and activated oligonucleotides with high-molecular-weight polyethylene glycols allows a convenient procedure for the postsynthetic conjugation of those biopolymers in solution. The oligonucleotides are modified at the 5' terminus using a liquid-phase procedure with a linker carrying a terminal primary amino group to enhance its nucleophilic reactivity. The use of N, N'-disuccinimidyl carbonate for the activation of the terminal OH groups of the PEG was preferred.
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12
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de Koning MC, Ghisaidoobe ABT, Duynstee HI, Ten Kortenaar PBW, Filippov DV, van der Marel GA. Simple and Efficient Solution-Phase Synthesis of Oligonucleotides Using Extractive Work-Up. Org Process Res Dev 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/op060133q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn C. de Koning
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 2502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands, and Diosynth B.V., P.O. Box 20, 5340 BH, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Amar B. T. Ghisaidoobe
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 2502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands, and Diosynth B.V., P.O. Box 20, 5340 BH, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Howard I. Duynstee
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 2502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands, and Diosynth B.V., P.O. Box 20, 5340 BH, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Paul B. W. Ten Kortenaar
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 2502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands, and Diosynth B.V., P.O. Box 20, 5340 BH, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 2502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands, and Diosynth B.V., P.O. Box 20, 5340 BH, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs A. van der Marel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 2502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands, and Diosynth B.V., P.O. Box 20, 5340 BH, Oss, The Netherlands
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13
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Capaldi DC, Gaus H, Krotz AH, Arnold J, Carty RL, Moore MN, Scozzari AN, Lowery K, Cole DL, Ravikumar VT. Synthesis of High-Quality Antisense Drugs. Addition of Acrylonitrile to Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides: Adduct Characterization and Avoidance. Org Process Res Dev 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/op020090n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Capaldi
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2292 Faraday Avenue,Carlsbad, California 92008, U.S.A
| | - Hans Gaus
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2292 Faraday Avenue,Carlsbad, California 92008, U.S.A
| | - Achim H. Krotz
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2292 Faraday Avenue,Carlsbad, California 92008, U.S.A
| | - Jim Arnold
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2292 Faraday Avenue,Carlsbad, California 92008, U.S.A
| | - Ricaldo L. Carty
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2292 Faraday Avenue,Carlsbad, California 92008, U.S.A
| | - Max N. Moore
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2292 Faraday Avenue,Carlsbad, California 92008, U.S.A
| | - Anthony N. Scozzari
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2292 Faraday Avenue,Carlsbad, California 92008, U.S.A
| | - Kirsten Lowery
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2292 Faraday Avenue,Carlsbad, California 92008, U.S.A
| | - Douglas L. Cole
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2292 Faraday Avenue,Carlsbad, California 92008, U.S.A
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14
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Krotz AH, McElroy B, Scozzari AN, Cole DL, Ravikumar VT. Controlled Detritylation of Antisense Oligonucleotides. Org Process Res Dev 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/op020068u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Achim H. Krotz
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2292 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, California 92008, U.S.A
| | - Bethany McElroy
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2292 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, California 92008, U.S.A
| | - Anthony N. Scozzari
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2292 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, California 92008, U.S.A
| | - Douglas L. Cole
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2292 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, California 92008, U.S.A
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15
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Annunziata R, Benaglia M, Cinquini M, Cozzi F. Poly(ethylene glycol)-Supported 4-Alkylthio-Substituted Aniline − a Useful Starting Material for the Soluble Polymer-Supported Synthesis of Imines and 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinolines. European J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200204)2002:7<1184::aid-ejoc1184>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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