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Bolton JL, Dunlap T. Formation and Biological Targets of Quinones: Cytotoxic versus Cytoprotective Effects. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:13-37. [PMID: 27617882 PMCID: PMC5241708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Quinones represent a class of toxicological intermediates, which can create a variety of hazardous effects in vivo including, acute cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and carcinogenesis. In contrast, quinones can induce cytoprotection through the induction of detoxification enzymes, anti-inflammatory activities, and modification of redox status. The mechanisms by which quinones cause these effects can be quite complex. The various biological targets of quinones depend on their rate and site of formation and their reactivity. Quinones are formed through a variety of mechanisms from simple oxidation of catechols/hydroquinones catalyzed by a variety of oxidative enzymes and metal ions to more complex mechanisms involving initial P450-catalyzed hydroxylation reactions followed by two-electron oxidation. Quinones are Michael acceptors, and modification of cellular processes could occur through alkylation of crucial cellular proteins and/or DNA. Alternatively, quinones are highly redox active molecules which can redox cycle with their semiquinone radical anions leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and ultimately the hydroxyl radical. Production of ROS can alter redox balance within cells through the formation of oxidized cellular macromolecules including lipids, proteins, and DNA. This perspective explores the varied biological targets of quinones including GSH, NADPH, protein sulfhydryls [heat shock proteins, P450s, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), glutathione S-transferase (GST), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, (NQO1), kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), IκB kinase (IKK), and arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR)], and DNA. The evidence strongly suggests that the numerous mechanisms of quinone modulations (i.e., alkylation versus oxidative stress) can be correlated with the known pathology/cytoprotection of the parent compound(s) that is best described by an inverse U-shaped dose-response curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L Bolton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Tareisha Dunlap
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
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Witham AA, Beach DG, Gabryelski W, Manderville RA. Hydroxyl Radical-Induced Oxidation of a Phenolic C-Linked 2′-Deoxyguanosine Adduct Yields a Reactive Catechol. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:315-25. [DOI: 10.1021/tx200365r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A. Witham
- Departments
of Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Daniel G. Beach
- Departments
of Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Wojciech Gabryelski
- Departments
of Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Richard A. Manderville
- Departments
of Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Talboom JS, Engler-Chiurazzi EB, Whiteaker P, Simard AR, Lukas R, Acosta JI, Prokai L, Bimonte-Nelson HA. A component of Premarin(®) enhances multiple cognitive functions and influences nicotinic receptor expression. Horm Behav 2010; 58:917-28. [PMID: 20849857 PMCID: PMC2982882 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In women, ovarian hormone loss at menopause has been related to cognitive decline, and some studies suggest that estrogen-containing hormone therapy (HT) can mitigate these effects. Recently, the Women's Health Initiative study found that conjugated equine estrogens, the most commonly prescribed HT, do not benefit cognition. Isolated components of conjugated equine estrogens (tradename Premarin(®)) have been evaluated in vitro, with delta(8,9)-dehydroestrone (∆(8)E1) and equilin showing the strongest neuroprotective profiles. It has not been evaluated whether ∆(8)E1 or equilin impact cognition or the cholinergic system, which is affected by other estrogens and known to modulate cognition. Here, in middle-aged, ovariectomized rats, we evaluated the effects of ∆(8)E1 and equilin treatments on a cognitive battery and cholinergic nicotinic receptors (nAChR). Specifically, we used (125)I-labeled epibatidine binding to assay brain nicotinic receptor containing 4α and 2β subunits (α4β2-nAChR), since this nicotinic receptor subtype has been shown previously to be sensitive to other estrogens. ∆(8)E1 enhanced spatial working, recent and reference memory. ∆(8)E1 also decreased hippocampal and entorhinal cortex α4β2-nAChR expression, which was related to spatial reference memory performance. Equilin treatment did not affect spatial memory or rat α4β2-nAChR expression, and neither estrogen impacted (86)Rb(+) efflux, indicating lack of direct action on human α4β2 nAChR function. Both estrogens influenced vaginal smear profiles, uterine weights, and serum luteinizing hormone levels, analogous to classic estrogens. The findings indicate that specific isolated Premarin(®) components differ in their ability to affect cognition and nAChR expression. Taken with the works of others showing ∆(8)E1-induced benefits on several dimensions of health-related concerns associated with menopause, this body of research identifies ∆(8)E1 as a new avenue to be investigated as a potential component of HT that may benefit brain health and function during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S. Talboom
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ 85006
| | - Elizabeth B. Engler-Chiurazzi
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ 85006
| | - Paul Whiteaker
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013
| | - Alain R. Simard
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013
| | - Ronald Lukas
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ 85006
| | - Jazmin I. Acosta
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ 85006
| | - Laszlo Prokai
- University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107
| | - Heather A. Bimonte-Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ 85006
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In vitro metabolism and covalent binding of ethylbenzene to microsomal protein as a possible mechanism of ethylbenzene-induced mouse lung tumorigenesis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 57:129-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Saghir SA, Rick DL, McClymont EL, Zhang F, Bartels MJ, Bus JS. Mechanism of Ethylbenzene-Induced Mouse-Specific Lung Tumor: Metabolism of Ethylbenzene by Rat, Mouse, and Human Liver and Lung Microsomes. Toxicol Sci 2008; 107:352-66. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Okamoto Y, Chou PH, Kim SY, Suzuki N, Laxmi YRS, Okamoto K, Liu X, Matsuda T, Shibutani S. Oxidative DNA Damage inXPC-Knockout and Its Wild Mice Treated with Equine Estrogen. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1120-4. [DOI: 10.1021/tx700428m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hutzler JM, Melton RJ, Rumsey JM, Thompson DC, Rock DA, Wienkers LC. Assessment of the Metabolism and Intrinsic Reactivity of a Novel Catechol Metabolite. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1125-33. [DOI: 10.1021/tx700429v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Slot AJ, Wise DD, Deeley RG, Monks TJ, Cole SPC. Modulation of human multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 1 (ABCC1) and MRP2 (ABCC2) transport activities by endogenous and exogenous glutathione-conjugated catechol metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 36:552-60. [PMID: 18079363 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.019661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP/ABCC) subfamily of ATP-binding cassette proteins transport a wide array of anionic compounds, including sulfate, glucuronide, and glutathione (GSH) conjugates. The present study tested the ATP-dependent vesicular transport of leukotriene C(4) and 17beta-estradiol 17-(beta-d-glucuronide) (E(2)17betaG) mediated by the MRP1 and MRP2 transporters in the presence of six potential modulators from three different classes of GSH-conjugated catechol metabolites: the ecstasy metabolite 5-(glutathion-S-yl)-N-methyl-alpha-methyldopamine (5-GS-N-Me-alpha-MeDA), the caffeic acid metabolite 2-(glutathion-S-yl)-caffeic acid (2-GS-CA), and four GSH conjugates of 2-hydroxy (OH) and 4-OH estrogens (GS estrogens). MRP1-mediated E(2)17betaG transport was inhibited in a competitive manner with a relative order of potency of GS estrogens (IC(50) <1 microM) > 2-GS-CA (IC(50) 3 microM) > 5-GS-N-Me-alpha-MeDA (IC(50) 31 microM). MRP2-mediated transport was inhibited with a similar order of potency, except the 2-hydroxy-4-(glutathion-S-yl)-estradiol and 4-hydroxy-2-(glutathion-S-yl)-estradiol conjugates were approximately 50- and 300-fold less potent, respectively. Transport activity was unaffected by N-acetylcysteine conjugates of N-Me-alpha-MeDA and CA. The position of GSH conjugation appears important as all four GS estrogen conjugates tested were potent inhibitors of MRP1 transport, but only the 2-hydroxy-1-(glutathion-S-yl)-estradiol and 2-hydroxy-1-(glutathion-S-yl)-estrone conjugates were potent inhibitors of MRP2-mediated transport. In conclusion, we have identified three new classes of MRP1 and MRP2 modulators and demonstrated that one of these, the estrogen conjugates, shows unanticipated differences in their interactions with the two transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Slot
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Yasui M, Suzuki N, Liu X, Kim YOSY, Laxmi YRS, Shibutani S. Mechanism of translesion synthesis past an equine estrogen-DNA adduct by Y-family DNA polymerases. J Mol Biol 2007; 371:1151-62. [PMID: 17603077 PMCID: PMC2039719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxyequilenin (4-OHEN)-dC is a major, potentially mutagenic DNA adduct induced by equine estrogens used for hormone replacement therapy. To study the miscoding property of 4-OHEN-dC and the involvement of Y-family human DNA polymerases (pols) eta, kappa and iota in that process, we incorporated 4-OHEN-dC into oligodeoxynucleotides and used them as templates in primer extension reactions catalyzed by pol eta, kappa and iota. Pol eta inserted dAMP opposite 4-OHEN-dC, accompanied by lesser amounts of dCMP and dTMP incorporation and base deletion. Pol kappa promoted base deletions as well as direct incorporation of dAMP and dCMP. Pol iota worked in conjunction with pol kappa, but not with pol eta, at a replication fork stalled by the adduct, resulting in increased dTMP incorporation. Our results provide a direct evidence that Y-family DNA pols can switch with one another during synthesis past the lesion. No direct incorporation of dGMP, the correct base, was observed with Y-family enzymes. The miscoding potency of 4-OHEN-dC may be associated with the development of reproductive cancers observed in women receiving hormone replacement therapy.
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Yasui M, Santosh Laxmi YR, Ananthoju SR, Suzuki N, Kim SY, Shibutani S. Translesion synthesis past equine estrogen-derived 2'-deoxyadenosine DNA adducts by human DNA polymerases eta and kappa. Biochemistry 2006; 45:6187-94. [PMID: 16681391 PMCID: PMC2504361 DOI: 10.1021/bi0525324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) increases the risk of developing breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers. Equilin and equilenin are the major components of the widely prescribed drug used for HRT. 4-Hydroxyequilenin (4-OHEN), a major metabolite of equilin and equilenin, promotes 4-OHEN-modified dC, dA, and dG DNA adducts. These DNA adducts were detected in breast tumor and adjacent normal tissues of several patients receiving HRT. We have recently found that the 4-OHEN-dC DNA adduct is a highly miscoding lesion generating C --> T transitions and C --> G transversions. To explore the mutagenic potential of another major 4-OHEN-dA adduct, site-specifically modified oligodeoxynucleotides containing a single diastereoisomer of 4-OHEN-dA (Pk-1, Pk-2, and Pk-3) were prepared by a postsynthetic method and used as DNA templates for primer extension reactions catalyzed by human DNA polymerase (pol) eta and kappa that are highly expressed in the reproductive organs. Primer extension catalyzed by pol eta or pol kappa occurred rapidly on the unmodified template to form fully extended products. With the major 4-OHEN-dA-modified templates (Pk-2 and Pk-3), primer extension was retarded prior to the lesion and opposite the lesion; a fraction of the primers was extended past the lesion. Steady-state kinetic studies with pol eta and pol kappa indicated that dTMP, the correct base, was preferentially incorporated opposite the 4-OHEN-dA lesion. In addition, pol eta and pol kappa bypassed the lesion by incorporating dAMP and dCMP, respectively, opposite the lesion and extended past the lesion. The relative bypass frequency past the 4-OHEN-dA lesion with pol eta was at least 2 orders of magnitude higher than that observed with pol kappa. The bypass frequency past Pk-2 was more efficient than that past Pk-3. Thus, 4-OHEN-dA is a miscoding lesion generating A --> T transversions and A --> G transitions. The miscoding frequency and specificity of 4-OHEN-dA varied depending on the stereoisomer of the 4-OHEN-dA adduct and DNA polymerase used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Yasui
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Y. R. Santosh Laxmi
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Sreenivasa R. Ananthoju
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Naomi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Sung Yeon Kim
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Shinya Shibutani
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
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