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Zhang S, De Leon Rodriguez LM, Li FF, Brimble MA. Recent developments in the cleavage, functionalization, and conjugation of proteins and peptides at tyrosine residues. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7782-7817. [PMID: 37502317 PMCID: PMC10370606 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02543h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide and protein selective modification at tyrosine residues has become an exploding field of research as tyrosine constitutes a robust alternative to lysine and cysteine-targeted traditional peptide/protein modification protocols. This review offers a comprehensive summary of the latest advances in tyrosine-selective cleavage, functionalization, and conjugation of peptides and proteins from the past three years. This updated overview complements the extensive body of work on site-selective modification of peptides and proteins, which holds significant relevance across various disciplines, including chemical, biological, medical, and material sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengping Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland 23 Symonds St Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland 3A Symonds St Auckland 1010 New Zealand
| | | | - Freda F Li
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland 23 Symonds St Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland 23 Symonds St Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland 3A Symonds St Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland 1142 New Zealand
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2
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Complete and selective nitration of tyrosine residue in peptides caused by ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 22:687-692. [PMID: 36352303 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Complete and highly selective nitration of tyrosine (Tyr) as a residue-specific modification in peptides was found without side reactions, using ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (UV-MALDI) with a nitroaromatic reagent 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid (3,5-DNSA). The tyrosine nitration supported two propositions, namely, the UV-induced. NO2 attack reaction mechanism by Long et al. and the C-NO2 homolysis as a thermal process by Wiik et al. and Furman et al. With the UV-MALDI of peptides, a residue-specific reaction was observed in glycine (Gly) residue, i.e., an oxidation of the alpha-carbon of Gly due to attack of hydroxyl radical (.OH).
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Fomichev DA, Zelentsov SV. Theoretical study of photochemical oxidation of organic sulfides and hydrogen sulfide in the presence of nitro compounds. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143915020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wang ST, Zhegalova NG, Gustafson TP, Zhou A, Sher J, Achilefu S, Berezinand OY, Berezin MY. Sensitivity of activatable reactive oxygen species probes by fluorescence spectroelectrochemistry. Analyst 2013; 138:4363-9. [PMID: 23736882 PMCID: PMC3722072 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00459g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new analytical method of evaluating activatable fluorescent probes for ROS detection using integrated fluorescence spectroelectrochemistry. The Tafel formalism was applied to describe the process of the probes' oxidation under electrochemical conditions and identify a novel parameter defined as the threshold oxidation potential. This potential can serve as an approximation to the equilibrium potential and can be utilized for determining the sensitivity of a probe to oxidation. Based upon the measured values of threshold potentials, the order of sensitivity towards oxidation among several commonly used probes was determined to be the following (from highest to lowest): 2,7-dihydrodichlorofluorescein > dihydroethidium > dihydrorhodamine 123 > dihydrorhodamine 6G. The presented approach opens up a new direction in synthesizing and screening novel ROS probes with a well-defined sensitivity for in vitro and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T. Wang
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology 510 S. Kingshighway, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Tel: +1 314 747 0701
| | - Natalia G. Zhegalova
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology 510 S. Kingshighway, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Tel: +1 314 747 0701
| | - Tiffany P. Gustafson
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology 510 S. Kingshighway, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Tel: +1 314 747 0701
| | - Andy Zhou
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology 510 S. Kingshighway, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Tel: +1 314 747 0701
| | - Joel Sher
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology 510 S. Kingshighway, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Tel: +1 314 747 0701
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology 510 S. Kingshighway, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Tel: +1 314 747 0701
| | - Oleg Y. Berezinand
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology 510 S. Kingshighway, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Tel: +1 314 747 0701
| | - Mikhail Y. Berezin
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology 510 S. Kingshighway, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Tel: +1 314 747 0701
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Shi WQ, Fu HY, Bounds PL, Muroya Y, Lin MZ, Katsumura Y, Zhao YL, Chai ZF. Nitration activates tyrosine toward reaction with the hydrated electron. Radiat Res 2011; 176:128-33. [PMID: 21631291 DOI: 10.1667/rr1501.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
3-Nitrotyrosine has been reported as an important biomarker of oxidative stress that may play a role in a variety of diseases. In this work, transient UV-visible absorption spectra and kinetics observed during the reaction of the hydrated electron, e(aq)(-), with 3-nitrotyrosine and derivatives thereof were investigated. The absorption spectra show characteristics of aromatic nitro anion radicals. The absorptivity of radical anion product at 300 nm is estimated to be (1.0 ± 0.2) × 10(4) M(-1) cm(-1) at pH 7.3. The rate constants determined for the reaction of e(aq)(-) with 3-nitrotyrosine, N-acetyl-3-nitrotyrosine ethyl ester and glycylnitrotyrosylglycine at neutral pH (3.0 ± 0.3) × 10(10) M(-1) s(-1), (2.9 ± 0.2) × 10(10) M(-1) s(-1) and (1.9 ± 0.2) × 10(10) M(-1) s(-1), respectively, approach the diffusion-control limit and are almost two orders of magnitude higher than those for the reactions with tyrosine and tyrosine-containing peptides. The magnitude of the rate constants supports reaction of e(aq)(-) at the nitro group, and the product absorbance at 300 nm is consistent with formation of the nitro anion radical. The pH dependence of the second-order rate constant for e(aq)(-) decay (720 nm) in the presence of 3-nitrotyrosine shows a decrease with increasing pH, consistent with unfavorable electrostatic interactions. The pH dependence of the second-order rate constant for formation of radical anion (300 nm) product suggests that deprotonation of the amino group slows the rate, which indicates that deamination to form the 1-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)ethyl radical occurs. We conclude that the presence of the nitro group activates tyrosine and derivatives toward reaction with e(aq)(-) and can affect the redox chemistry of biomolecules exposed to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Techniques, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Fontana M, Blarzino C, Pecci L. Formation of 3-nitrotyrosine by riboflavin photosensitized oxidation of tyrosine in the presence of nitrite. Amino Acids 2011; 42:1857-65. [PMID: 21479936 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0905-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The results of the present investigation show the susceptibility of tyrosine to undergo visible light-induced photomodification to 3-nitrotyrosine in the presence of nitrite and riboflavin, as sensitizer. By changing H2O by D2O, it could be established that singlet oxygen has a minor role in the reaction. The finding that nitration of tyrosine still occurred to a large extent under anaerobic conditions indicates that the process proceeds mainly through a type I mechanism, which involves the direct interaction of the excited state of riboflavin with tyrosine and nitrite to give tyrosyl radical and nitrogen dioxide radical, respectively. The tyrosyl radicals can either dimerize to yield 3,3'-dityrosine or combine with nitrogen dioxide radical to form 3-nitrotyrosine. The formation of 3-nitrotyrosine was found to increase with the concentration of nitrite added and was accompanied by a decrease in the recovery of 3,3'-dityrosine, suggesting that tyrosine nitration competes with dimerization reaction. The riboflavin photosensitizing reaction in the presence of nitrite was also able to induce nitration of tyrosine residues in proteins as revealed by the spectral changes at 430 nm, a characteristic absorbance of 3-nitrotyrosine, and by immunoreactivity using 3-nitrotyrosine antibodies. Since riboflavin and nitrite are both present endogenously in living organism, it is suggested that this pathway of tyrosine nitration may potentially occur in tissues and organs exposed to sunlight such as skin and eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fontana
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche A. Rossi Fanelli and Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Sapienza, Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Sharov VS, Galeva NA, Dremina ES, Williams TD, Schöneich C. Inactivation of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase b by peroxynitrite revisited: does the nitration of Tyr613 in the allosteric inhibition site control enzymatic function? Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 484:155-66. [PMID: 19146822 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that sequence-specific formation of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) may cause functional changes in target proteins. Recently, the nitration of Tyr residues in glycogen phosphorylase b (Ph-b) was implicated in the age-associated decline of protein function [Sharov et al., Exp. Gerontol. 41 (2006) 407-416]; in another report, the nitration of one specific residue, Tyr613, located in the allosteric inhibition site was hypothesized as a rationale for peroxynitrite inactivation [Dairou et al., J. Mol. Biol. 372 (2007) 1009-1021]. In this study, we have optimized the analysis of in-gel Ph-b digests by high performance liquid chromatography-electro spray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry, in order to achieve a quantitative analysis of nitration of individual Tyr residues at a high coverage of Tyr-containing sequences (92%). Our data do not confirm the role of Tyr613 nitration in the control of enzymatic function. Furthermore, we show here that the enzymatic activity of Ph-b does not directly correlate with the protein nitration levels, and that the modification of Cys and, potentially, other amino acid residues can better rationalize Ph-b inactivation by peroxynitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Sharov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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Protective role of 3-nitrotyrosine against gamma radiation-induced DNA strand breaks: A comparison study with tyrosine. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2008.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Schöneich C, Sharov VS. Mass spectrometry of protein modifications by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:1507-20. [PMID: 17045919 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The modification of proteins by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species plays an important role in various biologic processes involving protein activation and inactivation, protein translocation and turnover during signal transduction, stress response, proliferation, and apoptosis. Recent advances in protein and peptide separation and mass spectrometry provide increasingly sophisticated tools for the quantitative analysis of such protein modifications, which are absolutely necessary for their correlation with biologic phenomena. The present review focuses specifically on the qualitative and quantitative mass spectrometric analysis of the most common protein modifications caused by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in vivo and in vitro and details a case study on a membrane protein the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase (SERCA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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Shi WQ, Dong JC, Zhao YF, Li YM. Hydroxylation of 3-Nitrotyrosine and Its Derivatives by Gamma Irradiation. Radiat Res 2006; 166:639-45. [PMID: 17007553 DOI: 10.1667/rr0612.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced hydroxylation of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NY) and its derivatives in aqueous solution were investigated as a function of gamma-radiation dose. Irradiated 3-NY, 3-nitrotyrosine ethyl ester (3-NYE) and 3-NY containing peptide Gly-nitroTyr-Gly were separated and analyzed with reverse-phase HPLC and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The structures of the hydroxylated products were confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and (1)H-NMR spectrometry. The amounts of the hydroxylated products in irradiated 3-NY and Gly-nitroTyr-Gly solutions increased with increasing radiation dose. Tandem electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-Mass(2)) was performed to investigate the hydroxylation of peptide Gly-nitroTyr-Gly. These studies showed that the hydroxylation occurred at 3-NY residue. We also found that the identification of 3-NY hydroxylation in peptide could be identified by ion scanning for the specific immonium ion at m/z 197.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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