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Huchthausen J, Henneberger L, Mälzer S, Nicol B, Sparham C, Escher BI. High-Throughput Assessment of the Abiotic Stability of Test Chemicals in In Vitro Bioassays. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:867-879. [PMID: 35394761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abiotic stability of chemicals is not routinely tested prior to performing in vitro bioassays, although abiotic degradation can reduce the concentration of test chemicals leading to the formation of active or inactive transformation products, which may lead to misinterpretation of bioassay results. A high-throughput workflow was developed to measure the abiotic stability of 22 test chemicals in protein-rich aqueous media under typical bioassay conditions at 37 °C for 48 h. These test chemicals were degradable in the environment according to a literature review. The chemicals were extracted from the exposure media at different time points using a novel 96-pin solid-phase microextraction. The conditions were varied to differentiate between various reaction mechanisms. For most hydrolyzable chemicals, pH-dependent degradation in phosphate-buffered saline indicated that acid-catalyzed hydrolysis was less important than reactions with hydroxide ions. Reactions with proteins were mainly responsible for the depletion of the test chemicals in the media, which was simulated by bovine serum albumin (BSA) and glutathione (GSH). 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolinone, and l-sulforaphane reacted almost instantaneously with GSH but not with BSA, indicating that GSH is a good proxy for reactivity with electrophilic amino acids but may overestimate the actual reaction with three-dimensional proteins. Chemicals such as hydroquinones or polyunsaturated chemicals are prone to autoxidation, but this reaction is difficult to differentiate from hydrolysis and could not be simulated by the oxidant N-bromosuccinimide. Photodegradation played a minor role because cells are exposed in incubators in the dark and simulations with high light intensities did not yield realistic degradation. Stability predictions from various in silico prediction models for environmental conditions can give initial indications of the stability but were not always consistent with the experimental stability in bioassays. As the presented workflow can be performed in high throughput under realistic bioassay conditions, it can be used to provide an experimental database for developing bioassay-specific stability prediction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Huchthausen
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research─UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, DE-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Luise Henneberger
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research─UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, DE-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sophia Mälzer
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research─UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, DE-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate Nicol
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Chris Sparham
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research─UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, DE-04318 Leipzig, Germany.,Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, DE-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Contact Allergy to Fragrances. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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Dimarco Palencia FCD, Muñoz VA, Posadaz AC, Cifuente DA, Miskoski S, Ferrari GV, García NA, Montaña MP. Oregano Essential Oil Interactions with Photogenerated Singlet Molecular Oxygen. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:1005-1013. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frida C. D. Dimarco Palencia
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia Área de Química Física Instituto de Química de San Luis INQUISAL (CONICET‐UNSL) Universidad Nacional de San Luis San Luis Argentina
| | - Vanesa A. Muñoz
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia Área de Química Física Instituto de Química de San Luis INQUISAL (CONICET‐UNSL) Universidad Nacional de San Luis San Luis Argentina
| | - Ariana C. Posadaz
- FTU‐UNSL Área de Formación Básica Facultad de Turismo y Urbanismo Universidad Nacional de San Luis San Luis Argentina
| | - Diego A. Cifuente
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia Área de Química Orgánica Instituto de Tecnología Química INTEQUI (UNSL‐CONICET) Universidad Nacional de San Luis San Luis Argentina
| | - Sandra Miskoski
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico‐Químicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto Río Cuarto Argentina
| | - Gabriela V. Ferrari
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia Área de Química Física Instituto de Química de San Luis INQUISAL (CONICET‐UNSL) Universidad Nacional de San Luis San Luis Argentina
| | - Norman A. García
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico‐Químicas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto Río Cuarto Argentina
| | - María P. Montaña
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia Área de Química Física Instituto de Química de San Luis INQUISAL (CONICET‐UNSL) Universidad Nacional de San Luis San Luis Argentina
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Ahn J, Avonto C, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA. Is Isoeugenol a Prehapten? Characterization of a Thiol-Reactive Oxidative Byproduct of Isoeugenol and Potential Implications for Skin Sensitization. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:948-954. [PMID: 32119530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isoeugenol is widely used by the cosmetic and fragrance industries, but it also represents a known cause of skin sensitization adverse effects. Although devoid of a structural alert, isoeugenol has been classified as prehapten in virtue of the presence of a pre-Michael acceptor domain. Isoeugenol oxidation could theoretically lead to the generation of reactive toxic quinones, and photoinduced oxidative degradation of isoeugenol was reported to generate strongly thiol reactive byproducts. Nonetheless, the isoeugenol degradation product responsible for increased reactivity was found to be elusive. In the present study, an aged isoeugenol sample was subjected to reactivity-guided experiments to trap elusive thiol reactive species with a fluorescent nucleophile, viz. dansyl cysteamine (DCYA). The results herein presented demonstrate that photo-oxidation of isoeugenol led to the formation of a dimeric 7,4'-oxyneolignan with strong chemical reactivity, capable of nucleophilic substitution with thiols. The results were confirmed by isolation, structural characterization, and further NMR reactivity studies. Isoeugenol is already well-known as moderately reactive in thiol depletion assays, and was herein demonstrated to be capable of converting to more potent electrophilic species upon degradation, thus acting as a prehapten. The application of the reactivity-guided strategy described herein was shown to serve as an effective tool to investigate elusive skin sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Ahn
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Cristina Avonto
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States.,Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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Targets and pathways involved in the antitumor activity of citral and its stereo-isomers. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 871:172945. [PMID: 31981590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the anticancer potential of the natural product citral (CIT) found in many plants and essential oils, and extensively used in the food and cosmetic industry. CIT is composed of two stereoisomers, the trans-isomer geranial being a more potent anticancer compound than the cis-isomer neral. CIT inhibits cancer cell proliferation and induces cancer cell apoptosis. Its pluri-factorial mechanism of anticancer activity is essentially based on three pillars: (i) a drug-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species in cancer cells leading to an oxidative burst and DNA damages, (ii) a colchicine-like inhibition of tubulin polymerization and promotion of microtubule depolymerization, associated with an inhibition of the microtubule affinity-regulating kinase MARK4, and (iii) a potent inhibition of the aldehyde dehydrogenase isoform ALDH1A3 which is associated with cancer stem cell proliferation and chemoresistance. This unique combination of targets and pathways confers a significant anticancer potential. However, the intrinsic potency of CIT is limited, mainly because the drug is not very stable and has a low bioavailability and it does not present a high selectivity for cancer cells versus non-tumor cells. Stable formulations of CIT, using cyclodextrins, biodegradable polymers, or various nano-structured particles have been designed to enhance the bioavailability, to increase the effective doses window and to promote the anticancer activity. The lack of tumor cell selectivity is more problematic and limits the use of the drug in cancer therapy. Nevertheless, CIT offers interesting perspectives to design more potent analogues and drug combinations with a reinforced antitumor potential.
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Contact Allergy to Fragrances. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_86-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hagvall L, Niklasson IB, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Can the epoxides of cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal show new cases of contact allergy? Contact Dermatitis 2018; 78:399-405. [PMID: 29603274 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinnamyl alcohol is considered to be a prohapten and prehapten with cinnamal as the main metabolite. However, many individuals who are allergic to cinnamyl alcohol do not react to cinnamal. Sensitizing epoxides of cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal have been identified as metabolites and autoxidation products of cinnamyl alcohol. OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical relevance of contact allergy to epoxycinnamyl alcohol and epoxycinnamal. METHODS Irritative effects of the epoxides were investigated in 12 dermatitis patients. Epoxycinnamyl alcohol and epoxycinnamal were patch tested in 393 and 390 consecutive patients, respectively. In parallel, cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal were patch tested in 607 and 616 patients, respectively. RESULTS Both epoxides were irritants, but no more positive reactions were detected than when testing was performed with cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal. Late allergic reactions to epoxycinnamyl alcohol were observed. In general, patients with late reactions showed doubtful or positive reactions to cinnamal and fragrance mix I at regular patch testing. CONCLUSION The investigated epoxides are not important haptens in contact allergy to cinnamon fragrance. The high frequency of fragrance allergy among patients included in the irritancy study showed the difficulty of suspecting fragrance allergy on the basis of history; patch testing broadly with fragrance compounds is therefore important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hagvall
- Department of Occupational Dermatology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida B Niklasson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Baschieri A, Ajvazi MD, Tonfack JLF, Valgimigli L, Amorati R. Explaining the antioxidant activity of some common non-phenolic components of essential oils. Food Chem 2017; 232:656-663. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Fragrance Allergens, Overview with a Focus on Recent Developments and Understanding of Abiotic and Biotic Activation. COSMETICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics3020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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10
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Calandra MJ, Wang Y, Impellizzeri J, Frank S, de Saint Laumer JY, Leocata S, Chaintreau A. Terpene hydroperoxide chemistry in citrus oils; reaction with endogenous aldehydes to form peroxyhemiacetals. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Wang
- Firmenich, Inc.; 250 Plainsboro Road Plainsboro NJ 08536 USA
| | | | - Sandy Frank
- Firmenich SA; Route des Jeunes 1 CH-1211 Geneva 8 Switzerland
| | | | - Sabine Leocata
- Firmenich SA; Route des Jeunes 1 CH-1211 Geneva 8 Switzerland
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11
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Calandra MJ, Impellizzeri J, Wang Y. An HPLC method for hydroperoxides derived from limonene and linalool in citrus oils, using post-column luminol-mediated chemiluminescence detection. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ying Wang
- Firmenich, Inc.; 250 Plainsboro Road Plainsboro NJ 08536 USA
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12
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Patlewicz G, Kuseva C, Mehmed A, Popova Y, Dimitrova G, Ellis G, Hunziker R, Kern P, Low L, Ringeissen S, Roberts DW, Mekenyan O. TIMES-SS--recent refinements resulting from an industrial skin sensitisation consortium. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 25:367-391. [PMID: 24785905 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2014.900520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The TImes MEtabolism Simulator platform for predicting Skin Sensitisation (TIMES-SS) is a hybrid expert system, first developed at Bourgas University using funding and data from a consortium of industry and regulators. TIMES-SS encodes structure-toxicity and structure-skin metabolism relationships through a number of transformations, some of which are underpinned by mechanistic 3D QSARs. The model estimates semi-quantitative skin sensitisation potency classes and has been developed with the aim of minimising animal testing, and also to be scientifically valid in accordance with the OECD principles for (Q)SAR validation. In 2007 an external validation exercise was undertaken to fully address these principles. In 2010, a new industry consortium was established to coordinate research efforts in three specific areas: refinement of abiotic reactions in the skin (namely autoxidation) in the skin, refinement of the manner in which chemical reactivity was captured in terms of structure-toxicity rules (inclusion of alert reliability parameters) and defining the domain based on the underlying experimental data (study of discrepancies between local lymph node assay Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA) and Guinea Pig Maximisation Test (GPMT)). The present paper summarises the progress of these activities and explains how the insights derived have been translated into refinements, resulting in increased confidence and transparency in the robustness of the TIMES-SS predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Patlewicz
- a DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences , Newark DE , USA
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Michaelakis A, Vidali VP, Papachristos DP, Pitsinos EN, Koliopoulos G, Couladouros EA, Polissiou MG, Kimbaris AC. Bioefficacy of acyclic monoterpenes and their saturated derivatives against the West Nile vector Culex pipiens. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 96:74-80. [PMID: 23938144 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Twenty acyclic monoterpenes with different functional groups (acetoxy, hydroxyl, carbonyl and carboxyl) bearing a variable number of carbon double bonds were assayed as repellent and larvicidal agents against the West Nile vector Culex pipiens. Seven of them were derivatives that were synthesized through either hydrogenation or oxidation procedures. All repellent compounds were tested at the dose of 1mgcm(-2) and only neral and geranial were also tested at a 4-fold lower dose (0.25mgcm(-2)). Repellency results revealed that geranial, neral, nerol, citronellol, geranyl acetate and three more derivatives dihydrolinalool (3), dihydrocitronellol (5) and dihydrocitronellyl acetate (6) resulted in no landings. Based on the LC50 values the derivative dihydrocitronellyl acetate (6) was the most active of all, resulting in an LC50 value of 17.9mgL(-1). Linalyl acetate, citronellyl acetate, neryl acetate, geranyl acetate, dihydrocitronellol (5), dihydrocitronellal (7), citronellol, dihydrolinalyl acetate (2), citronellic acid and tetrahydrolinalyl acetate (1) were also toxic with LC50 values ranging from 23 to 45mgL(-1). Factors modulating toxicity have been identified, thus providing information on structural requirements for the selected acyclic monoterpenes. The acetoxy group enhanced toxicity, without being significantly affected by the unsaturation degree. Within esters, reduction of the vinyl group appears to decrease potency. Presence of a hydroxyl or carbonyl group resulted in increased activity but only in correlation to saturation degree. Branched alcohols proved ineffective compared to the corresponding linear isomers. Finally, as it concerns acids, data do not allow generalizations or correlations to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Michaelakis
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Greece
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Karlberg AT, Börje A, Duus Johansen J, Lidén C, Rastogi S, Roberts D, Uter W, White IR. Activation of non-sensitizing or low-sensitizing fragrance substances into potent sensitizers - prehaptens and prohaptens. Contact Dermatitis 2013; 69:323-34. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Division of Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; SE-412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anna Börje
- Division of Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; SE-412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology; Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen; DK-2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Carola Lidén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; SE-171 77 Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - David Roberts
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University Erlangen/Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Ian R. White
- Department of Cutaneous Allergy; St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital; London SE1 7EH UK
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Delaine T, Hagvall L, Rudbäck J, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Skin Sensitization of Epoxyaldehydes: Importance of Conjugation. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:674-84. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300465h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Delaine
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lina Hagvall
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rudbäck
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular
Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Niklasson IB, Delaine T, Islam MN, Karlsson R, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Cinnamyl alcohol oxidizes rapidly upon air exposure. Contact Dermatitis 2013; 68:129-38. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Turek
- Dept. of Research and Development; WALA Heilmittel GmbH; Dorfstrasse 1; D-73087; Bad Boll/Eckwälden; Germany
| | - Florian C. Stintzing
- Dept. of Research and Development; WALA Heilmittel GmbH; Dorfstrasse 1; D-73087; Bad Boll/Eckwälden; Germany
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Evaluation of Different Electrochemical Transducers Based on Polystyrene Sulfonate - Carbon Composites with Nickel Catalyst for Rapid Detection of Fragrance Allergens. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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