1
|
Peter N, Lichter J, Hagvall L, Bock U, Blömeke B. Common fragrance chemicals activate dendritic cells in coculture with keratinocytes. Contact Dermatitis 2023. [PMID: 37088539 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragrances are important contact allergens; however, investigation of their skin sensitization potency has been challenging in new approach methods (NAMs). Many fragrance chemicals are susceptible to autoxidation or can be metabolized by enzymes constitutively expressed in skin keratinocytes. Strong sensitizers can be formed in both of these processes. Further, keratinocytes can modulate the dendritic cell (DC) activation and maturation potential, a key event in the acquisition of contact allergy. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the 2D coculture model consisting of keratinocytes and DCs using different weak to moderate sensitizing fragrance chemicals. Further, to investigate fragrances and related oxidation products in the in vitro model and compare to in vivo data. METHODS Chemicals were tested in the coculture activation test (COCAT), consisting of HaCaT keratinocytes and THP-1 cells. THP-1 cell surface expression of costimulatory and adhesion molecules (CD86 and CD54) collected after 24 h incubation with the chemicals was analysed using flow cytometry. RESULTS Twenty-four molecules were tested positive, three were negative (n = 27). Four pairs were evaluated, with aldehydes showing a 6- to 13-fold stronger responses compared to their corresponding alcohols. CONCLUSIONS Results provide insight into the activation of DC in their natural environment of keratinocytes. α,β-Unsaturated alcohols were classified as weaker sensitizers compared to their corresponding aldehydes. In sum, testing of fragrances retrieved results in good agreement with in vivo data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Peter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Jutta Lichter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Lina Hagvall
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Udo Bock
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Blömeke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ke Y, Gall BK, Dewey NS, Rotavera B, Ferreira EM. Multigram Synthesis of a Combustion-Relevant δ-Ketohydroperoxide through Sulfonylhydrazine Substitution. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202266. [PMID: 35945143 PMCID: PMC9643622 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A synthesis of a δ-ketohydroperoxide is described, addressing potential functional-group compatibilities in these elusive species relevant to combustion and atmospheric chemistries. The hydroperoxide is installed via sulfonylhydrazine substitution, which was found to be more effective than displacement of secondary halides. As part of this protocol, it was observed that 1,2-dimethoxyethane is an advantageous medium for the reaction, avoiding the formation of a tetrahydrofuran hydroperoxide side product. This discovery facilitated the multigram synthesis (6 steps, 41 % yield overall) and discrete characterization of the target δ-ketohydroperoxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Ting Ke
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia30602United States
| | - Bradley K. Gall
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia30602United States
| | - Nicholas S. Dewey
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia30602United States
| | - Brandon Rotavera
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia30602United States,College of EngineeringUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia30602United States
| | - Eric M. Ferreira
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia30602United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Peralta-Neel Z, Woerpel KA. Hydroperoxidations of Alkenes using Cobalt Picolinate Catalysts. Org Lett 2021; 23:5002-5006. [PMID: 34125543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydroperoxides were synthesized in one step from various alkenes using Co(pic)2 as the catalyst with molecular oxygen and tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDSO). The hydration product could be obtained using a modified catalyst, Co(3-mepic)2, with molecular oxygen and phenylsilane. Formation of hydroperoxides occurred through a rapid Co-O bond metathesis of a peroxycobalt compound with isopropanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zulema Peralta-Neel
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - K A Woerpel
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang CY, Han JB, Wang L, Tang XY. Lewis Acid Catalyzed [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of N-Tosylhydrazones with ortho-Quinone Methides. J Org Chem 2019; 84:14258-14269. [PMID: 31599153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A formal [4 + 2] cycloaddition of N-tosylhydrazones with ortho-quinone methides was developed, affording the facile synthesis of diverse 1,3-oxazine derivatives under mild conditions. In this transformation, N-tosylhydrazones are used as a 1,2-dipole synthon under base-free conditions. Moreover, the substrate scope is broad, and the products are formed with high diastereoselectivities in most of the cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ying Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1037 Luoyu Road , Wuhan 430074 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Bin Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1037 Luoyu Road , Wuhan 430074 , People's Republic of China
| | - Long Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1037 Luoyu Road , Wuhan 430074 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Ying Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1037 Luoyu Road , Wuhan 430074 , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sakurai S, Kato T, Sakamoto R, Maruoka K. Generation of alkyl radicals from alkylsilyl peroxides and their applications to C-N or C-O bond formations. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
6
|
Sakamoto R, Kato T, Sakurai S, Maruoka K. Copper-Catalyzed C(sp)–C(sp3) Coupling of Terminal Alkynes with Alkylsilyl Peroxides via a Radical Mechanism. Org Lett 2018; 20:1400-1403. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Sakamoto
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Terumasa Kato
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shunya Sakurai
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100, West Waihuan Road, HEMC, 4 Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sakamoto R, Sakurai S, Maruoka K. Alkylsilyl Peroxides as Alkylating Agents in the Copper-Catalyzed Selective Mono-N
-Alkylation of Primary Amides and Arylamines. Chemistry 2017; 23:9030-9033. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Shunya Sakurai
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Roberts DW, Schultz TW, Api AM. Chemical applicability domain of the Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA) for skin sensitisation potency. Part 3. Apparent discrepancies between LLNA and GPMT sensitisation potential: False positives or differences in sensitivity? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 80:260-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
9
|
Avonto C, Chittiboyina AG, Wang M, Vasquez Y, Rua D, Khan IA. In Chemico Evaluation of Tea Tree Essential Oils as Skin Sensitizers: Impact of the Chemical Composition on Aging and Generation of Reactive Species. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1108-17. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Diego Rua
- The
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Calandra MJ, Impellizzeri J, Wang Y. An HPLC method for hydroperoxides derived from limonene and linalool in citrus oils, using post-column luminol-mediated chemiluminescence detection. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ying Wang
- Firmenich, Inc.; 250 Plainsboro Road Plainsboro NJ 08536 USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mbiya W, Chipinda I, Siegel PD, Mhike M, Simoyi RH. Substituent effects on the reactivity of benzoquinone derivatives with thiols. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 26:112-23. [PMID: 23237669 DOI: 10.1021/tx300417z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Benzoquinone (BQ) is an extremely potent electrophilic contact allergen that haptenates endogenous proteins through Michael addition (MA). It is also hypothesized that BQ may haptenate proteins via free radical formation. The objective of this study was to assess the inductive effects (activating and deactivating) of substituents on BQ reactivity and the mechanistic pathway of covalent binding to a nucleophilic thiol. The BQ binding of Cys34 on human serum albumin was studied, and for reactivity studies, nitrobenzenethiol (NBT) was used as a surrogate for protein binding of the BQ and benzoquinone derivatives (BQD). Stopped flow techniques were used to determine pseudofirst order rate constants (k) of methyl-, t-butyl-, and chlorine-substituted BQD reactions with NBT, whereas electron pair resonance (EPR) studies were performed to investigate the presence of the free radical mediated binding mechanism of BQD. Characterization of adducts was performed using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The rate constant values demonstrated the chlorine-substituted (activated) BQD to be more reactive toward NBT than the methyl and t-butyl-substituted (deactivated) BQD, and this correlated with the respective EPR intensities. The EPR signal, however, was quenched in the presence of NBT suggesting MA as the dominant reaction pathway. MS and NMR results confirmed adduct formation to be a result of MA onto the BQ ring with vinylic substitution also occurring for chlorine-substituted derivatives. The binding positions on BQ and NBT/BQ(D) stoichiometric ratios were affected by whether the inductive effects of the substituents on the ring were positive or negative. The reactivity of BQ and BQD is discussed in terms of the potential relationship to potential allergenic potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilbes Mbiya
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University , Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
HRGC-MS, using split/splitless injection (230°C), showed that a dioxygenase from Pleurotus sapidus regio-selectively transformed (+)-car-3-ene to car-3-en-5-one as the major volatile product to minor amounts of the corresponding alcohol, and to some other volatiles. Thus, the reaction was assumed to be radical mediated and similar to the lipoxygenase catalyzed peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, but the expected car-3-ene-hydroperoxides were not detected. TLC of the reaction products, followed by hydroperoxide specific staining, visually indicated the presence of hydroperoxides. TLC spots were eluted and re-analyzed using cool on-column injection, but only tailing peaks showing a mixed mass spectrum of car-3-en-5-ol/one were obtained. An unequivocal identification of car-3-en-5-hydroperoxides was achieved only after using APCI+-LC-MS. Upon structural confirmation, the car-3-en-5-hydroperoxide was accumulated by preparative HPLC, re-injected cool on-column, and the continuing degradation of the hydroperoxide to monoterpene ketone and alcohol during chromatography was verified. It was concluded that terpene hydroperoxides may occur in essential oils more frequently than anticipated, but are not recognized due to the principal blindness of capillary gas chromatography techniques and UV/vis LC-detectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lehnert
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraβe 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Krings
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraβe 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf G. Berger
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraβe 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kao D, Chaintreau A, Lepoittevin JP, Giménez-Arnau E. Synthesis of allylic hydroperoxides and EPR spin-trapping studies on the formation of radicals in iron systems as potential initiators of the sensitizing pathway. J Org Chem 2011; 76:6188-200. [PMID: 21648947 DOI: 10.1021/jo200948x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many terpenes used as fragrance compounds autoxidize when exposed to air, forming allylic hydroperoxides that have the potential to be skin contact allergens. To trigger the immunotoxicity process that characterizes contact allergy, these hydroperoxides are supposed to bind covalently to proteins in the skin via radical pathways. We investigated the formation of reactive radical intermediates from 7-hydroperoxy-3,7-dimethylocta-1,5-dien-3-ol and 2-hydroperoxylimonene, responsible for the sensitizing potential acquired by autoxidized linalool and limonene. Both compounds were synthesized through new short and reproducible synthetic pathways. The hydroperoxide decomposition catalyzed by Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox systems, playing a key role in degradating peroxides in vivo, was examined by spin-trapping-EPR spectroscopy. Alkoxyl and carbon-centered free radicals derived from the hydroperoxides were successfully trapped by the spin-trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide, whereas peroxyl radicals were characterized by spin-trapping studies with 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide. Using liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry, we demonstrated the formation of adducts, via radical mechanisms induced by Fe(II)/Fe(III), between the hydroperoxides and N-acetylhistidine methyl ester, a model amino acid that is prone to radical reactions. Free radicals derived from these hydroperoxides can thus induce amino acid chemical modifications via radical mechanisms. The study of these mechanisms will help to understand the sensitizing potential of hydroperoxides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dany Kao
- Laboratoire de Dermatochimie, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg (UMR 7177), Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|