1
|
McKinley GL, Benjamin AS, Gronlund SD. Metamnemonic predictions of lineup identification. Memory 2023; 31:1019-1038. [PMID: 37267372 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2218123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
After a crime is committed, investigators may query witnesses about whether they believe they will be to identify the perpetrator. However, we know little about how such metacognitive judgments are related to performance on a subsequent lineup identification task. The extant research has found the strength of this relationship to be small or nonexistent, which conflicts with the large body of literature indicating a moderate relationship between predictions and performance on memory tasks. In Studies 1-3, we induce variation in encoding quality by having participants watch a mock crime video with either low, medium, or high exposure quality, and then assess their future lineup performance. Calibration analysis revealed that assessments of future lineup performance were predictive of identification accuracy. This relationship was driven primarily by poor performance following low assessments. Studies 4 and 5 showed that these predictions are not based on a witness's evaluation of their encoding experience, nor on a contemporaneous assessment of memory strength. These results reinforce the argument that variation in memory quality is needed to obtain reliable relationships between predictions and performance. An unexpected finding is that witnesses who made a prediction shortly after encoding evinced superior memory compared to those who made a prediction later.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron S Benjamin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Scott D Gronlund
- Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Spearing ER, Wade KA. Providing Eyewitness Confidence Judgments During Versus After Eyewitness Interviews Does Not Affect the Confidence-Accuracy Relationship. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
3
|
Abstract
AbstractSince the late 1980s evidence has been accumulating that confidence recorded at the time of identification is a reliable postdictor of eyewitness identification. Nonetheless, there may be noteworthy exceptions. In a re-analysis of a field study by Sauerland and Sporer (2009; N = 720; n = 436 choosers between 15 and 83 years old) we show that the postdictive value of confidence was reduced for participants aged 40 years or older. Different calibration indices and Bayesian analyses demonstrate a progressive dissociation between identification performance and confidence across age groups. While the confidence expressed following an identification remained unchanged across the lifespan, identification accuracy decreased. Young, highly confident witnesses were much more likely to be accurate than less confident witnesses. With increasing age, witnesses were more likely to be overconfident, particularly at the medium and high levels of confidence, and the postdictive value of confidence and decision times decreased. We conclude that witness age may be an important moderator to take into account when evaluating identification evidence.
Collapse
|
4
|
Smith HM, Baguley TS, Robson J, Dunn AK, Stacey PC. Forensic voice discrimination by lay listeners: The effect of speech type and background noise on performance. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thom S. Baguley
- Department of Psychology; Nottingham Trent University; Nottingham UK
| | - Jeremy Robson
- Nottingham Law School; Nottingham Trent University; Nottingham UK
| | - Andrew K. Dunn
- Department of Psychology; Nottingham Trent University; Nottingham UK
| | - Paula C. Stacey
- Department of Psychology; Nottingham Trent University; Nottingham UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wixted JT, Wells GL. The Relationship Between Eyewitness Confidence and Identification Accuracy: A New Synthesis. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2017; 18:10-65. [DOI: 10.1177/1529100616686966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Summary The U.S. legal system increasingly accepts the idea that the confidence expressed by an eyewitness who identified a suspect from a lineup provides little information as to the accuracy of that identification. There was a time when this pessimistic assessment was entirely reasonable because of the questionable eyewitness-identification procedures that police commonly employed. However, after more than 30 years of eyewitness-identification research, our understanding of how to properly conduct a lineup has evolved considerably, and the time seems ripe to ask how eyewitness confidence informs accuracy under more pristine testing conditions (e.g., initial, uncontaminated memory tests using fair lineups, with no lineup administrator influence, and with an immediate confidence statement). Under those conditions, mock-crime studies and police department field studies have consistently shown that, for adults, (a) confidence and accuracy are strongly related and (b) high-confidence suspect identifications are remarkably accurate. However, when certain non-pristine testing conditions prevail (e.g., when unfair lineups are used), the accuracy of even a high-confidence suspect ID is seriously compromised. Unfortunately, some jurisdictions have not yet made reforms that would create pristine testing conditions and, hence, our conclusions about the reliability of high-confidence identifications cannot yet be applied to those jurisdictions. However, understanding the information value of eyewitness confidence under pristine testing conditions can help the criminal justice system to simultaneously achieve both of its main objectives: to exonerate the innocent (by better appreciating that initial, low-confidence suspect identifications are error prone) and to convict the guilty (by better appreciating that initial, high-confidence suspect identifications are surprisingly accurate under proper testing conditions).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John T. Wixted
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Waubert de Puiseau B, Greving S, Aßfalg A, Musch J. On the importance of considering heterogeneity in witnesses' competence levels when reconstructing crimes from multiple witness testimonies. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 81:947-960. [PMID: 27832376 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-016-0802-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aggregating information across multiple testimonies may improve crime reconstructions. However, different aggregation methods are available, and research on which method is best suited for aggregating multiple observations is lacking. Furthermore, little is known about how variance in the accuracy of individual testimonies impacts the performance of competing aggregation procedures. We investigated the superiority of aggregation-based crime reconstructions involving multiple individual testimonies and whether this superiority varied as a function of the number of witnesses and the degree of heterogeneity in witnesses' ability to accurately report their observations. Moreover, we examined whether heterogeneity in competence levels differentially affected the relative accuracy of two aggregation procedures: a simple majority rule, which ignores individual differences, and the more complex general Condorcet model (Romney et al., Am Anthropol 88(2):313-338, 1986; Batchelder and Romney, Psychometrika 53(1):71-92, 1988), which takes into account differences in competence between individuals. 121 participants viewed a simulated crime and subsequently answered 128 true/false questions about the crime. We experimentally generated groups of witnesses with homogeneous or heterogeneous competences. Both the majority rule and the general Condorcet model provided more accurate reconstructions of the observed crime than individual testimonies. The superiority of aggregated crime reconstructions involving multiple individual testimonies increased with an increasing number of witnesses. Crime reconstructions were most accurate when competences were heterogeneous and aggregation was based on the general Condorcet model. We argue that a formal aggregation should be considered more often when eyewitness testimonies have to be assessed and that the general Condorcet model provides a good framework for such aggregations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berenike Waubert de Puiseau
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, Building 23.03, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Sven Greving
- Department of Psychology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - André Aßfalg
- Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Musch
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, Building 23.03, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wixted JT, Don Read J, Stephen Lindsay D. The Effect of Retention Interval on the Eyewitness Identification Confidence–Accuracy Relationship. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
8
|
Cowan S, Read JD, Lindsay DS. Predicting and postdicting eyewitness accuracy and confidence. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
9
|
Witnesses’ memories for lineup fillers postdicts their identification accuracy. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
10
|
MacLean CL, Brimacombe CE, Allison M, Dahl LC, Kadlec H. Post-identification feedback effects: Investigators and evaluators. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
11
|
Sauer J, Brewer N, Zweck T, Weber N. The effect of retention interval on the confidence-accuracy relationship for eyewitness identification. LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2010; 34:337-47. [PMID: 19626432 DOI: 10.1007/s10979-009-9192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent research using a calibration approach indicates that eyewitness confidence assessments obtained immediately after a positive identification decision provide a useful guide as to the likely accuracy of the identification. This study extended research on the boundary conditions of the confidence-accuracy (CA) relationship by varying the retention interval between encoding and identification test. Participants (N = 1,063) viewed one of five different targets in a community setting and attempted an identification from an 8-person target-present or -absent lineup either immediately or several weeks later. Compared to the immediate condition, the delay condition produced greater overconfidence and lower diagnosticity. However, for choosers at both retention intervals there was a meaningful CA relationship and diagnosticity was much stronger at high than low confidence levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Sauer
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dahl LC, Brimacombe CAE, Lindsay DS. Investigating investigators: how presentation order influences participant-investigators' interpretations of eyewitness identification and alibi evidence. LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2009; 33:368-380. [PMID: 18810615 DOI: 10.1007/s10979-008-9151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Presentation order of ID and Alibi evidence was manipulated for undergraduate participants who conducted a simulated police investigation. Experiment 1 found a recency effect when an eyewitness rejected the investigator's suspect. Experiment 2 also examined order effects, exploring how participant-investigators evaluated alibi information in addition to eyewitness ID information. When investigators saw the witness identify the suspect but also received a strong alibi for that suspect a recency effect occurred, such that whichever piece of information occurred at the end of the procedure had the strongest impact on investigators. Thus, type of evidence and evidence order both had a dramatic influence on participant-investigators' decisions.
Collapse
|
13
|
Leippe MR, Eisenstadt D, Rauch SM. Cueing confidence in eyewitness identifications: influence of biased lineup instructions and pre-identification memory feedback under varying lineup conditions. LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2009; 33:194-212. [PMID: 18600436 DOI: 10.1007/s10979-008-9135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Students watched a theft video, attempted an identification from a thief-present or thief-absent lineup under unbiased or biased instructions, and rated identification confidence. In Experiment 1, the participants received (bogus) positive, negative, or no pre-identification feedback about a recall test. Biased instructions and positive feedback increased confidence and ratings of eyewitnessing conditions. In Experiment 2, biased instructions increased confidence unless the thief was absent and lineup members were similar, where they decreased confidence. According to the cue-belief model, biased instructions send a positive accuracy cue regarding the most familiar-looking lineup member. If none stands out, instructions conflict with an inclination to reject the lineup. Feedback may create a belief about memory quality that is a cue regarding likely recognition accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Leippe
- Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4620, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lindholm T. Who can judge the accuracy of eyewitness statements? A comparison of professionals and lay-persons. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
15
|
Lindsay RCL, Semmler C, Weber N, Brewer N, Lindsay MR. How variations in distance affect eyewitness reports and identification accuracy. LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2008; 32:526-535. [PMID: 18253819 DOI: 10.1007/s10979-008-9128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Witnesses observe crimes at various distances and the courts have to interpret their testimony given the likely quality of witnesses' views of events. We examined how accurately witnesses judged the distance between themselves and a target person, and how distance affected description accuracy, choosing behavior, and identification test accuracy. Over 1,300 participants were approached during normal daily activities, and asked to observe a target person at one of a number of possible distances. Under a Perception, Immediate Memory, or Delayed Memory condition, witnesses provided a brief description of the target, estimated the distance to the target, and then examined a 6-person target-present or target-absent lineup to see if they could identify the target. Errors in distance judgments were often substantial. Description accuracy was mediocre and did not vary systematically with distance. Identification choosing rates were not affected by distance, but decision accuracy declined with distance. Contrary to previous research, a 15-m viewing distance was not critical for discriminating accurate from inaccurate decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C L Lindsay
- Queen's University, 62 Arch Street, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3N6.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Boyce MA, Lindsay DS, Brimacombe CAE. Investigating investigators: examining the impact of eyewitness identification evidence on student-investigators. LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2008; 32:439-453. [PMID: 18060486 DOI: 10.1007/s10979-007-9125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This research examined the impact of eyewitness identification decisions on student-investigators. Undergraduates played the role of police investigators and interviewed student-witnesses who had been shown either a good or poor view of the perpetrator in a videotaped crime. Based on information obtained from the witness, student-investigators then chose a suspect from a database containing information about potential suspects and rated the probability that their suspect was the culprit. Investigators then administered a photo lineup to witnesses, and re-rated the probability that their suspect was guilty. Student-investigators were highly influenced by eyewitness identification decisions, typically overestimating the information gained from the identification decision (except under conditions that led witnesses to be very accurate), and were generally unable to differentiate between accurate and inaccurate witnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Boyce
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3050 STN CSC, V8W 3P5, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Eyewitness confidence and latency: Indices of memory processes not just markers of accuracy. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
18
|
Keast A, Brewer N, Wells GL. Children’s metacognitive judgments in an eyewitness identification task. J Exp Child Psychol 2007; 97:286-314. [PMID: 17512942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Revised: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments examined children's metacognitive monitoring of recognition judgments within an eyewitness identification paradigm. A confidence-accuracy (CA) calibration approach was used to examine patterns of calibration, over-/underconfidence, and resolution. In Experiment 1, children (n=619, mean age=11 years 10 months) and adults (n=600) viewed a simulated crime and attempted two separate identifications from 8-person target-present or target-absent lineups given lineup instructions that manipulated witnesses choosing patterns by varying the degree of social pressure. For choosers, but not nonchoosers, meaningful CA relations were observed for adults but not for children. Experiment 2 tested a guided hypothesis disconfirmation manipulation designed to improve the realism of children's metacognitive judgments. Children (N=796, mean age=11 years 11 months) in experimental and control conditions viewed a crime and attempted two separate identifications. The manipulation had minimal impact on the CA relation for choosers and nonchoosers. In contrast to adults, children's identification confidence provides no useful guide for investigators about the likely guilt or innocence of a suspect. These experiments revealed limitations in children's metacognitive monitoring processes that have not been apparent in previous research on recall and recognition with younger children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber Keast
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
In tasks as diverse as stock market predictions and jury deliberations, a person's feelings of confidence in the appropriateness of different choices often impact that person's final choice. The current study examines the mathematical modeling of confidence calibration in a simple dual-choice task. Experiments are motivated by an accumulator model, which proposes that information supporting each alternative accrues on separate counters. The observer responds in favor of whichever alternative's counter first hits a designated threshold. Confidence can then be scaled from the difference between the counters at the time that the observer makes a response. The authors examine the overconfidence result in general and present new findings dealing with the effect of response bias on confidence calibration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar C Merkle
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, OH, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dahl LC, Lindsay DS, Brimacombe CAE. Investigating investigators: examining witnesses' influence on investigators. LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2006; 30:707-32. [PMID: 16741634 DOI: 10.1007/s10979-006-9012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This research examined the influence of eyewitness identification decisions on participants in the role of police investigators. Undergraduate "investigators" interviewed confederate "witnesses" and then searched a computer database of potential suspects. The database included information on each suspect's physical description, prior criminal record, alibi, and fingerprints. Participants selected a suspect and estimated the probability that the suspect was guilty. Investigators subsequently administered a photo lineup to the witness and re-estimated the suspect's guilt. If the witness identified the suspect probability estimates increased dramatically. If the witness identified an innocent lineup member or rejected the lineup, investigators' probability estimates dropped significantly, even when pre-lineup objective evidence (e.g., fingerprints) was strong. Performance of participants acting as witnesses in two baseline studies was at chance. Therefore, participant-investigators greatly overestimated the amount of information gain provided by eyewitness identifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leora C Dahl
- University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Brewer N, Wells GL. The confidence-accuracy relationship in eyewitness identification: effects of lineup instructions, foil similarity, and target-absent base rates. J Exp Psychol Appl 2006; 12:11-30. [PMID: 16536656 DOI: 10.1037/1076-898x.12.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Discriminating accurate from mistaken eyewitness identifications is a major issue facing criminal justice systems. This study examined whether eyewitness confidence assists such decisions under a variety of conditions using a confidence-accuracy (CA) calibration approach. Participants (N = 1,200) viewed a simulated crime and attempted 2 separate identifications from 8-person target-present or target-absent lineups. Confidence and accuracy were calibrated for choosers (but not nonchoosers) for both targets under all conditions. Lower overconfidence was associated with higher diagnosticity, lower target-absent base rates, and shorter identification latencies. Although researchers agree that courtroom expressions of confidence are uninformative, our findings indicate that confidence assessments obtained immediately after a positive identification can provide a useful guide for investigators about the likely accuracy of an identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Brewer
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lindholm T. Group-Based Biases and Validity in Eyewitness Credibility Judgments: Examining Effects of Witness Ethnicity and Presentation Modality1. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
23
|
Meissner CA, Brigham JC, Butz DA. Memory for own- and other-race faces: a dual-process approach. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
24
|
Weber N, Brewer N. Confidence-accuracy calibration in absolute and relative face recognition judgments. J Exp Psychol Appl 2004; 10:156-72. [PMID: 15462618 DOI: 10.1037/1076-898x.10.3.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Confidence-accuracy (CA) calibration was examined for absolute and relative face recognition judgments as well as for recognition judgments from groups of stimuli presented simultaneously or sequentially (i.e., simultaneous or sequential mini-lineups). When the effect of difficulty was controlled, absolute and relative judgments produced negligibly different CA calibration, whereas no significant difference was observed for simultaneous and sequential mini-lineups. Further, the effect of difficulty on CA calibration was equivalent across judgment and mini-lineup types. It is interesting to note that positive (i.e., old) recognition judgments demonstrated strong CA calibration whereas negative (i.e., new) judgments evidenced little or no CA association. Implications for eyewitness identification are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Weber
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Semmler C, Brewer N, Wells GL. Effects of postidentification feedback on eyewitness identification and nonidentification confidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 89:334-46. [PMID: 15065979 DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.89.2.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments investigated new dimensions of the effect of confirming feedback on eyewitness identification confidence using target-absent and target-present lineups and (previously unused) unbiased witness instructions (i.e., "offender not present" option highlighted). In Experiment 1, participants viewed a crime video and were later asked to try to identify the thief from an 8-person target-absent photo array. Feedback inflated witness confidence for both mistaken identifications and correct lineup rejections. With target-present lineups in Experiment 2, feedback inflated confidence for correct and mistaken identifications and lineup rejections. Although feedback had no influence on the confidence-accuracy correlation, it produced clear overconfidence. Confidence inflation varied with the confidence measure reference point (i.e., retrospective vs. current confidence) and identification response latency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Semmler
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Brewer N, Keast A, Rishworth A. The confidence-accuracy relationship in eyewitness identification: The effects of reflection and disconfirmation on correlation and calibration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1037/1076-898x.8.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|