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Zscherp R, Coetzee J, Vornweg J, Grunenberg J, Herrmann J, Müller R, Klahn P. Biomimetic enterobactin analogue mediates iron-uptake and cargo transport into E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10179-10190. [PMID: 34377407 PMCID: PMC8336463 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02084f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The design, synthesis and biological evaluation of the artificial enterobactin analogue EntKL and several fluorophore-conjugates thereof are described. EntKL provides an attachment point for cargos such as fluorophores or antimicrobial payloads. Corresponding conjugates are recognized by outer membrane siderophore receptors of Gram-negative pathogens and retain the natural hydrolyzability of the tris-lactone backbone. Initial density-functional theory (DFT) calculations of the free energies of solvation (ΔG(sol)) and relaxed Fe–O force constants of the corresponding [Fe-EntKL]3− complexes indicated a similar iron binding constant compared to natural enterobactin (Ent). The synthesis of EntKL was achieved via an iterative assembly based on a 3-hydroxylysine building block over 14 steps with an overall yield of 3%. A series of growth recovery assays under iron-limiting conditions with Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutant strains that are defective in natural siderophore synthesis revealed a potent concentration-dependent growth promoting effect of EntKL similar to natural Ent. Additionally, four cargo-conjugates differing in molecular size were able to restore growth of E. coli indicating an uptake into the cytosol. P. aeruginosa displayed a stronger uptake promiscuity as six different cargo-conjugates were found to restore growth under iron-limiting conditions. Imaging studies utilizing BODIPYFL-conjugates, demonstrated the ability of EntKL to overcome the Gram-negative outer membrane permeability barrier and thus deliver molecular cargos via the bacterial iron transport machinery of E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The design, synthesis and evaluation of the enterobactin derivative (AcO)EntKL is reported, which mediates iron uptake and cargo transport into E. coli and P. aeruginosa and was able to compete with human enterobactin and iron binding proteins.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Zscherp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Janetta Coetzee
- Department for Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Universität des Saarlandes Campus Building E 8.1 D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
| | - Johannes Vornweg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Jörg Grunenberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- Department for Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Universität des Saarlandes Campus Building E 8.1 D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department for Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Universität des Saarlandes Campus Building E 8.1 D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
| | - Philipp Klahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
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Synthetic sideromycins (skepticism and optimism): selective generation of either broad or narrow spectrum Gram-negative antibiotics. Biometals 2019; 32:425-451. [PMID: 30919118 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
New or repurposed antibiotics are desperately needed since bacterial resistance has risen to essentially all of our current antibiotics, and few new antibiotics have been developed over the last several decades. A primary cause of drug resistance is the overuse of antibiotics that can result in alteration of microbial permeability, alteration of drug target binding sites, induction of enzymes that destroy antibiotics (i.e., β-lactamases) and even induction of efflux mechanisms. Research efforts are described that are designed to determine if the known critical dependence of iron assimilation by microbes for growth and virulence can be exploited for the development of new approaches to antibiotic therapy. Iron recognition and active transport relies on the biosyntheses and use of microbe-selective iron chelating compounds called siderophores. Several natural siderophore-antibiotic conjugates (sideromycins) have been discovered and studied. The natural sideromycins consist of an iron binding siderophore linked to a warhead that exerts antibiotic activity once assimilated by targeted bacteria. Inspired these natural conjugates, a combination of chemical syntheses, microbiological and biochemical studies have been used to generate semi-synthetic and totally synthetic sideromycin analogs. The results demonstrate that siderophores and analogs can be used for iron transport-mediated drug delivery ("Trojan Horse" antibiotics or sideromycins) and induction of iron limitation/starvation (development of new agents to block iron assimilation). While several examples illustrate that this approach can generate microbe selective antibiotics that are active in vitro, the scope and limitations of this approach, especially related to development of resistance, siderophore based molecular recognition requirements, appropriate linker and drug choices, will be described.
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Klahn P, Brönstrup M. Bifunctional antimicrobial conjugates and hybrid antimicrobials. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:832-885. [PMID: 28530279 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00006e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2016Novel antimicrobial drugs are continuously needed to counteract bacterial resistance development. An innovative molecular design strategy for novel antibiotic drugs is based on the hybridization of an antibiotic with a second functional entity. Such conjugates can be grouped into two major categories. In the first category (antimicrobial hybrids), both functional elements of the hybrid exert antimicrobial activity. Due to the dual targeting, resistance development can be significantly impaired, the pharmacokinetic properties can be superior compared to combination therapies with the single antibiotics, and the antibacterial potency is often enhanced in a synergistic manner. In the second category (antimicrobial conjugates), one functional moiety controls the accumulation of the other part of the conjugate, e.g. by mediating an active transport into the bacterial cell or blocking the efflux. This approach is mostly applied to translocate compounds across the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria through membrane-embedded transporters (e.g. siderophore transporters) that provide nutrition and signalling compounds to the cell. Such 'Trojan Horse' approaches can expand the antibacterial activity of compounds against Gram-negative pathogens, or offer new options for natural products that could not be developed as standalone antibiotics, e.g. due to their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Klahn
- Department for Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany. and Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - M Brönstrup
- Department for Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Viso A, Fernández de la Pradilla R, Tortosa M, García A, Flores A. Update 1 of: α,β-Diamino Acids: Biological Significance and Synthetic Approaches. Chem Rev 2011; 111:PR1-42. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100127y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Viso
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mariola Tortosa
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana García
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Flores
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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Siderophores as drug delivery agents: application of the “Trojan Horse” strategy. Biometals 2009; 22:615-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-009-9219-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Guerrini A, Varchi G, Samorì C, Battaglia A. Synthesis of α2,2,β3-Diamino Acids by Double Stereodifferentiation Aldol Addition of Oxazolidinone Enolates toN-(tert-Butylsulfinyl) Imines. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Soengas RG, Larrosa M, Balado M, Rodríguez J, Lemos ML, Jiménez C. Synthesis and biological activity of analogues of vanchrobactin, a siderophore from Vibrio anguillarum serotype O2. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:1278-87. [PMID: 18362969 DOI: 10.1039/b719713f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several analogues of vanchrobactin, a catechol siderophore isolated from the bacterial fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum serotype O2 strain RV22, have been synthesized. The biological evaluation of these novel compounds showed that most of them are active as siderophores, as determined by growth promotion assays using the producer strain, as well as V. anguillarum serotype O1, Salmonella enterica, and Erwinia chrysanthemi. These compounds also gave a positive chrome azurol-S (CAS) test. On the basis of these results, we were able to deduce some structure-activity relationships. Furthermore, we found an analogue with siderophore activity that has appropriate functionality (an amino group) for use as an antibiotic vector to be employed in a "Trojan horse strategy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel G Soengas
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
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Viso A, Fernández de la Pradilla R, García A, Flores A. α,β-Diamino Acids: Biological Significance and Synthetic Approaches. Chem Rev 2005; 105:3167-96. [PMID: 16092828 DOI: 10.1021/cr0406561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Viso
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Heinisch L, Wittmann S, Stoiber T, Berg A, Ankel-Fuchs D, Möllmann U. Highly antibacterial active aminoacyl penicillin conjugates with acylated bis-catecholate siderophores based on secondary diamino acids and related compounds. J Med Chem 2002; 45:3032-40. [PMID: 12086488 DOI: 10.1021/jm010546b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New acylated bis-catecholates and 1,3-benzoxazine-2,4-dione derivatives based on secondary diamino acids (N-(aminoalkyl)glycines, N-aminopropyl-alanine, and N-aminopropyl-4-aminovaleric acid), on N-(aminoalkyl)aminomethyl benzoic acids, on N-(aminoalkyl)aminomethyl phenoxyacetic acids, or on 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid were synthesized as artificial siderophores. The corresponding diamino acids were obtained from the diamines and oxocarboxylic acids by catalytic hydrogenation. The acylated bis-catecholates and 1,3-benzoxazine-2,4-diones were coupled with ampicillin or amoxicillin to new siderophore aminoacylpenicillin conjugates. These conjugates exhibited very strong antibacterial activity in vitro against Gram-negative bacterial pathogens including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Serratia marcescens. The ampicillin derivative 7b (HKI 9924154) and the corresponding amoxicillin derivative 8 (HKI 9924155) represent the most active compounds. The conjugates can use bacterial iron siderophore uptake routes to penetrate the Gram-negative outer membrane permeability barrier. This was demonstrated by assays with mutants deficient in components of the iron transport systems. New siderophore penicillin V conjugates with the siderophore component attached to the phenyl ring of penicillin V are inactive against these Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Heinisch
- Hans Knöll-Institute for Natural Products Research, Jena, Germany.
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Rotheneder A, Fritsche G, Heinisch L, Möllmann U, Heggemann S, Larcher C, Weiss G. Effects of synthetic siderophores on proliferation of Plasmodium falciparum in infected human erythrocytes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:2010-3. [PMID: 12019128 PMCID: PMC127273 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.6.2010-2013.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Because iron is essential for Plasmodium falciparum, we investigated the in vitro potential of various synthetic siderophores to kill P. falciparum in infected human erythrocytes. The substances with the most promising profile, i.e., low 50% lethal doses for plasmodia and minimum toxicity towards mammalian cells, were siderophores with an acylated monocatecholate or a triscatecholate as substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rotheneder
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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