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König C, Plank AC, Kapp A, Timotius IK, von Hörsten S, Zimmermann K. Thirty Mouse Strain Survey of Voluntary Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure: Influence of Strain, Sex and Day-Night Variation. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:531. [PMID: 32733181 PMCID: PMC7358574 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured indirect calorimetry and activity parameters, VO2 and VCO2 to extract respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and energy expenditure in both sexes of 30 inbred mouse strains of 6 genetic families at 9–13 weeks during one photophase and the subsequent scotophase. We observed a continuous distribution of all traits. While males had higher body weights than females, we observed no sex difference for food and water intake. All strains drank and fed more during the night even if they displayed no day–night difference in activity traits. Several strains showed absent or weak day–night variation in one or more activity traits and these included FVB and 129X1, males of 129S1, SWR, NZW, and SM, and females of SJL. In general females showed higher rearing and ambulatory activity with 6 and 9 strains, respectively, showing a sex difference. Fine motor movements, like grooming, showed less sex differences. RER underlied a strong day–night difference and no sex effect. Only FVB females and males of the RIIIS and SM strain had no day–night variation. Energy expenditure underlies a large day–night variation which was absent in SWR and in FVB females and RIIIS males. In general, female bodies had a tendency to higher energy expenditure values, which became a significant difference in C3H, MAMy, SM, DBA1, and BUB. Our data illustrate the diversity of these traits in male and female inbred mice and provide a resource in the selection of strains for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine König
- Department of Anesthesiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anne-Christine Plank
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Preclinical Experimental Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kapp
- Department of Anesthesiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ivanna K Timotius
- Machine Learning & Data Analytics Lab, Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Electronics Engineering, Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga, Indonesia
| | - Stephan von Hörsten
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Preclinical Experimental Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Zimmermann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Abstract
The mouse has joined the fruit fly, bread mold, and cyanobacteria as a tractable genetic system for studying mechanisms of circadian rhythms. The circadian rhythms of “knock-out” mice for specific clock genes, however, have demonstrated significant variability between laboratories. In this brief review, the authors discuss possible sources of this variability, focusing particularly on questions of modifier loci of circadian rhythms that vary between inbred mouse strains. They conclude with a short list of recommendations for researchers working on circadian rhythms in mixed-strain mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell N Van Gelder
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Pfeffer M, Wicht H, von Gall C, Korf HW. Owls and larks in mice. Front Neurol 2015; 6:101. [PMID: 26029157 PMCID: PMC4432671 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans come in different chronotypes and, particularly, the late chronotype (the so-called owl) has been shown to be associated with several health risks. A number of studies show that laboratory mice also display various chronotypes. In mice as well as in humans, the chronotype shows correlations with the period length and rhythm stability. In addition, some mouse models for human diseases show alterations in their chronotypic behavior, which are comparable to those humans. Thus, analysis of the behavior of mice is a powerful tool to unravel the molecular and genetic background of the chronotype and the prevalence of risks and diseases that are associated with it. In this review, we summarize the correlation of chronotype with free-running period length and rhythm stability in inbred mouse strains, in mice with a compromised molecular clockwork, and in a mouse model for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pfeffer
- Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie II, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität , Frankfurt am Main , Germany ; Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Helmut Wicht
- Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie II, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität , Frankfurt am Main , Germany ; Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Charlotte von Gall
- Institut für Anatomie II, Fachbereich Medizin, Heinrich Heine Universität , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Horst-Werner Korf
- Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie II, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität , Frankfurt am Main , Germany ; Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
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Kostrzewa E, Kas MJ. The use of mouse models to unravel genetic architecture of physical activity: a review. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 13:87-103. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Kostrzewa
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - M. J. Kas
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
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Shimizu T, Ogawa N, Hiraki A, Maeda T. Analysis of the genetic association between face breadth and maxillary arch width using SMXA recombinant inbred mouse strains. PEDIATRIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdj.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ohno T, Okamoto M, Hara T, Hashimoto N, Imaizumi K, Matsushima M, Nishimura M, Shimokata K, Hasegawa Y, Kawabe T. Detection of loci for allergic asthma using SMXA recombinant inbred strains of mice. Immunogenetics 2012; 65:17-24. [PMID: 23081743 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is regarded as a multifactorial inflammatory disorder arising as a result of inappropriate immune responses in genetically susceptible individuals to common environmental antigens. However, the precise molecular basis is unknown. To identify genes for susceptibility to three asthma-related traits, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), eosinophil infiltration, and allergen-specific serum IgE levels, we conducted a genetic analysis using SMXA recombinant inbred (RI) strains of mice. Quantitative trait locus analysis detected a significant locus for AHR on chromosome 17. For eosinophil infiltration, significant loci were detected on chromosomes 9 and 16. Although we could not detect any significant loci for allergen-specific serum IgE, analysis of consomic strains showed that chromosomes 17 and 19 carried genes that affected this trait. We detected genetic susceptibility loci that separately regulated the three asthma-related phenotypes. Our results suggested that different genetic mechanisms regulate these asthma-related phenotypes. Genetic analyses using murine RI and consomic strains enhance understanding of the molecular mechanisms of asthma in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamio Ohno
- Division of Experimental Animals, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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7
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Ohno T, Hata K, Baba T, Io F, Kobayashi M, Horio F, Nishimura M. Establishment of consomic strains derived from A/J and SM/J mice for genetic analysis of complex traits. Mamm Genome 2012; 23:764-9. [PMID: 23052825 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-012-9435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Consomic strains, in which one chromosome is derived from a donor strain and the other chromosomes are derived from the recipient strain, provide a powerful tool for the dissection of complex genetic traits. In this study we established ten consomic strains (A-2(SM), A-6(SM), A-11(SM), A-12(SM), A-13(SM), A-15(SM), A-17(SM), A-18(SM), A-19(SM), A-Y(SM)) using the SM/J strain as the donor and the A/J strain as the recipient; these are the parental strains of a set of SMXA recombinant inbred (RI) strains that we had developed previously. We analyzed body weights and blood lipid levels in the consomic and parental strains. The mean values for each trait showed a continuous range of variation in the consomic strains suggesting that they are controlled by multiple genes. We previously identified suggestive QTLs for body weight on chromosome 6 in SMXA RI strains and (SM/J × A/J)F(2) mice. The observation that the A-6(SM) consomic strain had a significantly lower mean body weight than the A/J strain supports the presence of this QTL on chromosome 6. Similarly, the higher blood triglyceride level in the A-11(SM) strain shows the existence of a previously mapped QTL on chromosome 11, and the A-12(SM) strain provides evidence of a QTL for blood total cholesterol level on chromosome 12. These consomic strains, along with the previously developed set of SMXA RI strains from A/J and SM/J mice, offer an invaluable and powerful resource for the analysis of complex genetic traits in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamio Ohno
- Division of Experimental Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
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Yang HS, Vitaterna MH, Laposky AD, Shimomura K, Turek FW. Genetic analysis of daily physical activity using a mouse chromosome substitution strain. Physiol Genomics 2009; 39:47-55. [PMID: 19567786 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00066.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable evidence for a genetic basis underlying individual differences in spontaneous physical activity in humans and animals. Previous publications indicate that the physical activity level and pattern vary among inbred strains of mice and identified a genomic region on chromosome 13 as quantitative trait loci (QTL) for physical activity. To confirm and further characterize the role of chromosome 13 in regulating daily physical activity level and pattern, we conducted a comprehensive phenotypic study in the chromosome 13 substitution strain (CSS-13) in which the individual chromosome 13 from the A/J strain was substituted into an otherwise complete C57BL/6J (B6) genome. The B6 and A/J parental strains exhibited pronounced differences in daily physical activity, sleep-wake structure, circadian period and body weight. Here we report that a single A/J chromosome 13 in the context of a B6 genetic background conferred a profound reduction in both total cage activity and wheel-running activity under a 14:10-h light-dark cycle, as well as in constant darkness, compared with B6 controls. Additionally, CSS-13 mice differed from B6 controls in the diurnal distribution of activity and the day-to-day variability in activity onset. We further performed a linkage analysis and mapped a significant QTL on chromosome 13 regulating the daily wheel running activity level in mice. Taken together, our findings indicate a QTL on chromosome 13 with dramatic and specific effects on daily voluntary physical activity, but not on circadian period, sleep, or other aspects of activity that are different between B6 and A/J strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- He S Yang
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3520, USA
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9
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Watanabe T, Suzuki T, Ishikawa A, Yokota Y, Ueda HR, Yamada RG, Tei H, Imai S, Tomida S, Kobayashi J, Naito E, Yasuo S, Nakao N, Namikawa T, Yoshimura T, Ebihara S. Genetic and molecular analysis of wild-derived arrhythmic mice. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4301. [PMID: 19173005 PMCID: PMC2628734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A new circadian variant was isolated by screening the intercross offspring of wild-caught mice (Mus musculus castaneus). This variant was characterized by an initial maintenance of damped oscillations and subsequent loss of rhythmicity after being transferred from light-dark (LD) cycles to constant darkness (DD). To map the genes responsible for the persistence of rhythmicity (circadian ratio) and the length of free-running period (tau), quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed using F(2) mice obtained from an F(1) cross between the circadian variant and C57BL/6J mice. As a result, a significant QTL with a main effect for circadian ratio (Arrhythmicity; Arrh-1) was mapped on Chromosome (Chr) 8. For tau, four significant QTLs, Short free-running period (Sfp-1) (Chr 1), Sfp-2 (Chr 6), Sfp-3 (Chr 8), Sfp-4 (Chr 11) were determined. An epistatic interaction was detected between Chr 3 (Arrh-2) and Chr 5 (Arrh-3). An in situ hybridization study of clock genes and mouse Period1::luciferase (mPer1::luc) real-time monitoring analysis in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) suggested that arrhythmicity in this variant might not be attributed to core circadian mechanisms in the SCN neurons. Our strategy using wild-derived variant mice may provide a novel opportunity to evaluate circadian and its related disorders in human that arise from the interaction between multiple variant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Watanabe
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Akira Ishikawa
- Division of Applied Genetics and Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Yokota
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki R. Ueda
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Hyogo, Japan
- Functional Genomics Subunit, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Rikuhiro G. Yamada
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hajime Tei
- Research Group of Chronogenomics, Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saki Imai
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tomida
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Emiko Naito
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinobu Yasuo
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakao
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takao Namikawa
- Division of Applied Genetics and Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shizufumi Ebihara
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail: .
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Sans-Fuentes MA, López-Fuster MJ, Ventura J, Díez-Noguera A, Cambras T. Effect of Robertsonian Translocations on the Motor Activity Rhythm in the House Mouse. Behav Genet 2005; 35:603-13. [PMID: 16184488 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-005-5375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we studied the circadian rhythm of motor activity in two groups of wild house mice from the chromosomal polymorphic zone of Barcelona, which differed in diploid number (2n): standard (2n = 40), with all acrocentric chromosomes, and Robertsonian (2n = 29-32), with several Robertsonian translocations. Motor activity under three lighting conditions, light-dark cycle, constant darkness, and constant light, was recorded for each mouse. The motor activity rhythm was examined by Fourier analysis and the daily power spectra were obtained. On the basis of the mean power spectrum of each animal and under each lighting condition, stepwise discriminant analyses were performed to classify the two chromosomal groups. This method allowed the correct classification of a large number of animals, the rhythms of about 2-2.6 hour periods being the most significant, with higher values in Robertsonian than in standard mice. Our results indicate that the daily motor activity pattern differs between the two chromosomal groups and its analysis may have a valuable interest for behavioral investigations on Robertsonian polymorphic zones of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Assumpció Sans-Fuentes
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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DeBruyne J, Hurd MW, Gutiérrez L, Kaneko M, Tan Y, Wells DE, Cahill GM. Isolation and phenogenetics of a novel circadian rhythm mutant in zebrafish. J Neurogenet 2005; 18:403-28. [PMID: 15763996 DOI: 10.1080/01677060490894540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Widespread use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in genetic analysis of embryonic development has led to rapid advances in the technology required to generate, map and clone mutated genes. To identify genes involved in the generation and regulation of vertebrate circadian rhythmicity, we screened for dominant mutations that affect the circadian periodicity of larval zebrafish locomotor behavior. In a screen of 6,500 genomes, we recovered 8 homozygous viable, semi-dominant mutants, and describe one of them here. The circadian period of the lager and lime (lag(dg2)) mutant is shortened by 0.7 h in heterozygotes,and 1.3 h in homozygotes. This mutation also shortens the period of the melatonin production rhythm measured from cultured pineal glands, indicating that the mutant gene product affects circadian rhythmicity at the tissue level, as well as at the behavioral level. This mutation also alters the sensitivity of pineal circadian period to temperature, but does not affect phase shifting responses to light. Linkage mapping with microsatellite markers indicates that the lag mutation is on chromosome 7. A zebrafish homolog of period1(per1) is the only known clock gene homolog that maps near the lag locus. However, all sequence variants found in per1 cDNA from lag(dg2) mutants are also present in wild type lines, and we were unable to detect any defect in per1 mRNA splicing, so this mutation may identify a novel clock gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason DeBruyne
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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Lowrey PL, Takahashi JS. Mammalian circadian biology: elucidating genome-wide levels of temporal organization. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2004; 5:407-41. [PMID: 15485355 PMCID: PMC3770722 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.genom.5.061903.175925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 700] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, the molecular mechanisms underlying the mammalian circadian clock have been defined. A core set of circadian clock genes common to most cells throughout the body code for proteins that feed back to regulate not only their own expression, but also that of clock output genes and pathways throughout the genome. The circadian system represents a complex multioscillatory temporal network in which an ensemble of coupled neurons comprising the principal circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus is entrained to the daily light/dark cycle and subsequently transmits synchronizing signals to local circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues. Only recently has the importance of this system to the regulation of such fundamental biological processes as the cell cycle and metabolism become apparent. A convergence of data from microarray studies, quantitative trait locus analysis, and mutagenesis screens demonstrates the pervasiveness of circadian regulation in biological systems. The importance of maintaining the internal temporal homeostasis conferred by the circadian system is revealed by animal models in which mutations in genes coding for core components of the clock result in disease, including cancer and disturbances to the sleep/wake cycle.
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Shimizu T, Oikawa H, Han J, Kurose E, Maeda T. Genetic analysis of crown size in the first molars using SMXA recombinant inbred mouse strains. J Dent Res 2004; 83:45-9. [PMID: 14691112 DOI: 10.1177/154405910408300109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth crown size may be determined by both genetic and environmental factors. The aim of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting dental crown size and determine whether there is genetic independence between upper and lower teeth, using SMXA recombinant inbred strains of mice. Mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters (MD and BL, respectively) of the upper and lower first molars (M(1) and M(1), respectively) were measured. For each trait, mean values of substrains showed a continuous spectrum of distribution. Genome-wide scan detected QTLs exceeding suggestive threshold levels for MD of M(1) (chromosomes 7, 13, and 17), BL of M(1) (chromosomes 8 and 13), MD of M(1) (chromosomes 7 and 13), and BL of M(1) (chromosomes 3 and 15). These findings suggest that tooth crown size is controlled by multiple genes, and that there is some independence of genetic control between M(1) and M(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shimizu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-Nishi, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan.
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Ohno T, Katoh JI, Kikkawa Y, Yonekawa H, Nishimura M. Improved strain distribution patterns of SMXA recombinant inbred strains by microsatellite markers. Exp Anim 2004; 52:415-7. [PMID: 14625408 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.52.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop SMXA recombinant inbred (RI) strains as more valuable genetic resources, 302 microsatellite (Mit) loci were added to the strain distribution patterns (SDP) reported previously. The improved SDP were constructed in a total of 1085 loci containing 484 Mit markers, 571 restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS) spot markers and 30 others. This substantially improved SDP can be freely accessed on our homepage (http://www.med.nagoya-u.ac.jp/sisetu/SDP.htm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamio Ohno
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan
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Flint J. Analysis of quantitative trait loci that influence animal behavior. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2003; 54:46-77. [PMID: 12486698 DOI: 10.1002/neu.10161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral differences between inbred strains of mice and rats have a genetic basis that can now be dissected using quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Over the last 10 years, a large number of genetic loci that influence behavior have been mapped. In this article I review what that information has revealed about the genetic architecture of behavior. I show that most behaviors are influenced by QTL of small effect, each contributing to less than 10% of the variance of a behavioral trait. The small effect of each QTL on behavioral variation suggests that the mutational spectrum is different from that which results in Mendelian disorders. Regions of DNA should be appropriately prioritized to find the molecular variants, for instance by looking at sequences that control the level of gene expression rather than variants in coding regions. While the number of allelic loci that can contribute to a trait is large, this is not necessarily the case: the analysis of selected strains shows that a remarkably small number of QTL can explain the bulk of the genetic variation in behavior. I conclude by arguing that genetic mapping has more to offer than a starting point for positional cloning projects. With advances in multivariate analyses, mapping can also test hypotheses about the psychological processes that give rise to behavioral variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Flint
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom.
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