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He J, Liu D, Zhao L, Zhou D, Rong J, Zhang L, Xia Z. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury: Mechanisms of injury and implications for management (Review). Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:430. [PMID: 35607376 PMCID: PMC9121204 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is one of the primary causes of mortality in patients with coronary heart disease worldwide. Early treatment of acute myocardial infarction restores blood supply of ischemic myocardium and decreases the mortality risk. However, when the interrupted myocardial blood supply is recovered within a certain period of time, it causes more serious damage to the original ischemic myocardium; this is known as myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI). The pathophysiological mechanisms leading to MIRI are associated with oxidative stress, intracellular calcium overload, energy metabolism disorder, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, pyroptosis, necroptosis and ferroptosis. These interplay with one another and directly or indirectly lead to aggravation of the effect. In the past, apoptosis and autophagy have attracted more attention but necroptosis and ferroptosis also serve key roles. However, the mechanism of MIRI has not been fully elucidated. The present study reviews the mechanisms underlying MIRI. Based on current understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of MIRI, the association between cell death-associated signaling pathways were elaborated, providing direction for investigation of novel targets in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Danyong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Lixia Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, P.R. China
| | - Dongcheng Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Jianhui Rong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Liangqing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
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Mitsui-Saitoh K, Furukawa T, Akutagawa T, Hasada K, Mizutani H, Sugimoto Y, Yamada J, Niwa M, Hotta Y, Takaya Y. Protective effects of cyclo(L-Leu-L-Tyr) against postischemic myocardial dysfunction in guinea-pig hearts. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:335-42. [PMID: 21372381 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The protective effects of cyclic dipeptides in alcoholic beverages were investigated in the perfused guinea-pig hearts subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. Subsequently, in order to determine the importance of cyclic dipeptide structure, the effects of cyclo(L-Leu-L-Tyr) (cLY) were compared with those of the newly synthesized non-cyclic dipeptides, L-Leu-L-Tyr (LY) and L-Tyr-L-Leu (YL). After reperfusion, pressure recovery (%) in the left ventricle reached a peak of over 90% in the presence of cLY (10(-6) M and 10(-5) M) (control: 22.9%). The recovery by LY and YL was significantly lower than that by cLY, and ATP levels simultaneously monitored using (31)P-NMR were already lower during the ischemic end period than those observed with cLY treatment. In perfused mitochondrial preparations, cLY significantly inhibited mitochondrial Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](m)) elevation in a similar way to that of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) inhibitor cyclosporin A. In vitro electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) revealed that the active oxygen radicals quenching activity of cLY was greater than those of non-cyclic dipeptides. cLY inhibited caspase-3-induced apoptosis. The cyclic dipeptide structure inhibits opening of the MPTP by preventing [Ca(2+)](m) overload-induced apoptosis related to mitochondrial active oxygen radical accumulation in ischemia-reperfusion hearts.
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Nuñez IP, Fantinelli J, Arbeláez LFG, Mosca SM. Mitochondrial KATP channels participate in the limitation of infarct size by cariporide. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2011; 383:563-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Garciarena CD, Caldiz CI, Correa MV, Schinella GR, Mosca SM, Chiappe de Cingolani GE, Cingolani HE, Ennis IL. Na+/H+ exchanger-1 inhibitors decrease myocardial superoxide production via direct mitochondrial action. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:1706-13. [PMID: 18801963 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90616.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The possibility of a direct mitochondrial action of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger-1 (NHE-1) inhibitors decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was assessed in cat myocardium. Angiotensin II and endothelin-1 induced an NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent increase in anion superoxide (O(2)(-)) production detected by chemiluminescence. Three different NHE-1 inhibitors [cariporide, BIIB-723, and EMD-87580] with no ROS scavenger activity prevented this increase. The mitochondria appeared to be the source of the NOX-dependent ROS released by the "ROS-induced ROS release mechanism" that was blunted by the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel blockers 5-hydroxydecanoate and glibenclamide, inhibition of complex I of the electron transport chain with rotenone, and inhibition of the permeability transition pore (MPTP) by cyclosporin A. Cariporide also prevented O(2)(-) production induced by the opening of mK(ATP) with diazoxide. Ca(2+)-induced swelling was evaluated in isolated mitochondria as an indicator of MPTP formation. Cariporide decreased mitochondrial swelling to the same extent as cyclosporin A and bongkrekic acid, confirming its direct mitochondrial action. Increased O(2)(-) production, as expected, stimulated ERK1/2 and p90 ribosomal S6 kinase phosphorylation. This was also prevented by cariporide, giving additional support to the existence of a direct mitochondrial action of NHE-1 inhibitors in preventing ROS release. In conclusion, we report a mitochondrial action of NHE-1 inhibitors that should lead us to revisit or reinterpret previous landmark observations about their beneficial effect in several cardiac diseases, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury and cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Further studies are needed to clarify the precise mechanism and site of action of these drugs in blunting MPTP formation and ROS release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina D Garciarena
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasces, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNLP 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
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Dlasková A, Hlavatá L, Jezek J, Jezek P. Mitochondrial Complex I superoxide production is attenuated by uncoupling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:2098-109. [PMID: 18358763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Complex I, i.e. proton-pumping NADH:quinone oxidoreductase, is an essential component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain but produces superoxide as a side-reaction. However, conditions for maximum superoxide production or its attenuation are not well understood. Unlike for Complex III, it has not been clear whether a Complex I-derived superoxide generation at forward electron transport is sensitive to membrane potential or protonmotive force. In order to investigate this, we used Amplex Red for H(2)O(2) monitoring, assessing the total mitochondrial superoxide production in isolated rat liver mitochondria respiring at state 4 as well as at state 3, namely with exclusive Complex I substrates or with Complex I substrates plus succinate. We have shown for the first time, that uncoupling diminishes rotenone-induced H(2)O(2) production also in state 3, while similar attenuation was observed in state 4. Moreover, we have found that 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride is a real inhibitor of Complex I H(+) pumping (IC(50) of 27 microM) without affecting respiration. It also partially prevented suppression by FCCP of rotenone-induced H(2)O(2) production with Complex I substrates alone (glutamate and malate), but nearly completely with Complexes I and II substrates. Sole 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride alone suppressed 20% and 30% of total H(2)O(2) production, respectively, under these conditions. Our data suggest that Complex I mitochondrial superoxide production can be attenuated by uncoupling, which means by acceleration of Complex I H(+) pumping due to the respiratory control. However, when this acceleration is prevented by 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride inhibition, no attenuation of superoxide production takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dlasková
- Department of Membrane Transport Biophysics, No. 75, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic.
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Toda T, Kadono T, Hoshiai M, Eguchi Y, Nakazawa S, Nakazawa H, Higashijima N, Ishida H. Na+/H+ exchanger inhibitor cariporide attenuates the mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and PTP opening. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H3517-23. [PMID: 17906113 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00483.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE) inhibitor cariporide has a cardioprotective effect in various animal models of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Recent studies have suggested that cariporide interacts with mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload and the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT); however, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, we examined whether cariporide affects mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload and MPT. Isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes were used to study the effects of cariporide on hypercontracture induced by ouabain or phenylarsine oxide (PAO). Mitochondrial Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](m)) and the mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) were measured by loading myocytes with rhod-2 and JC-1, respectively. We also examined the effect of cariporide on the MPT using tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) and oxidative stress generated by laser illumination. Cariporide (1 microM) prevented ouabain-induced hypercontracture (from 40 +/- 2 to 24 +/- 2%, P < 0.05) and significantly attenuated ouabain-induced [Ca(2+)](m) overload (from 149 +/- 6 to 121 +/- 5% of the baseline value, P < 0.05) but did not affect DeltaPsi(m). These results indicate that cariporide attenuates the [Ca(2+)](m) overload without the accompanying depolarization of DeltaPsi(m). Moreover, cariporide increased the time taken to induce the MPT (from 79 +/- 11 to 137 +/- 20 s, P < 0.05) and also attenuated PAO-induced hypercontracture (from 59 +/- 3 to 50 +/- 4%, P < 0.05). Our data indicate that cariporide attenuates [Ca(2+)](m) overload and MPT. Thus these effects might potentially contribute to the mechanisms of cardioprotection afforded by NHE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Toda
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamanashi University School of Medicine, Yamanashi, Japan
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7
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MESH Headings
- Amiloride/pharmacology
- Amiloride/therapeutic use
- Angiotensin II/physiology
- Animals
- Calcium Signaling
- Carbonic Anhydrase II/physiology
- Cardiomegaly/physiopathology
- Cardiomegaly/prevention & control
- Cation Transport Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cation Transport Proteins/chemistry
- Cation Transport Proteins/physiology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Endothelins/physiology
- Heart Failure/drug therapy
- Heart Failure/etiology
- Heart Failure/physiopathology
- Hormones/physiology
- Humans
- Hydrogen/metabolism
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/etiology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/prevention & control
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Mice
- Mitochondria, Heart/drug effects
- Models, Cardiovascular
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Rabbits
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Reactive Oxygen Species
- Signal Transduction
- Sodium/metabolism
- Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 1
- Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers/antagonists & inhibitors
- Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers/chemistry
- Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers/physiology
- Stress, Mechanical
- Swine
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio E Cingolani
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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Hirai M, Hotta Y, Ishikawa N, Wakida Y, Fukuzawa Y, Isobe F, Nakano A, Chiba T, Kawamura N. Protective effects of EGCg or GCg, a green tea catechin epimer, against postischemic myocardial dysfunction in guinea-pig hearts. Life Sci 2006; 80:1020-32. [PMID: 17174345 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The protective effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCg) or the C-2 epimer, (-)-gallocatechin-3-gallate (GCg), afforded by their antioxidative activity among green tea catechins were investigated in perfused guinea-pig Langendorff hearts subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. The recovery (%) of the left ventricular developed pressure from ischemia by reperfusion was 34.4% in the control, while in the presence of EGCg (3x10(-5) M) or GCg (3x10(-6) M, a more diluted concentration than that of EGCg), it led to a maximal increase of 78.4% or 76.2%, consistent with a significant preservative effect on the tissue level of ATP at the end of ischemia or reperfusion. In the perfused preparation of mitochondria, EGCg (10(-5) M) inhibited mitochondrial Ca(2+) elevation by changes in the Ca(2+) content or the acidification of perfusate, similarly to findings with cyclosporin A, a well known inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. By in vitro electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), EGCg or GCg was found to directly quench the activity of active oxygen radicals, with the strongest activity in tea catechins. EGCg or GCg decreased the caspase-3 activity induced apoptosis. Therefore, it is concluded that the beneficial effects of EGCg or GCg play an important role in ischemia-reperfusion hearts in close relation with nitric oxide (NO), active oxygen radicals and biological redox systems in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Hirai
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
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Huang L, Hotta Y, Miyazeki K, Ishikawa N, Miki Y, Sugimoto Y, Yamada J, Nakano A, Hishiwaki K, Shimada Y. Different effects of optical isomers of the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist pyrapyridolol against postischemic guinea-pig myocardial dysfunction and apoptosis through the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 534:165-77. [PMID: 16612842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The recovery (%) of the left ventricular developed pressure by (S)-(-)-pyrapyridolol (5 x 10(-8) M) (90.7%), an optical isomer of a new 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, was greater than that by (R)-(+)-pyrapyridolol (66.2%, control: 34.4%) against ischemia-reperfusion injury in perfused Langendorff guinea-pig hearts. In the perfused mitochondrial preparation, (S)-(-)-pyrapyridolol inhibited the mitochondrial Ca2+ (Cam) elevation that was brought about by the change of Ca2+ content or pH of perfusate, similar to findings with cyclosporin A, well known to be an inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). The mitochondrial K(ATP) channel opener, diazoxide, also inhibited the Cam elevation, but the mitochondrial K(ATP) channel antagonist, 5-hydroxydecanoic acid, attenuated it. There were significantly fewer numbers of TUNEL-positive cells in these (S)-(-)-pyrapyridolol-treated hearts than the control or (R)-(+)-pyrapyridolol, with decreases of the caspase-3 activity. Therefore, these results suggest that (S)-(-)-pyrapyridolol likely inhibits the opening of the MPTP by preventing the Cam overload induced apoptosis related to endogenous 5-HT accumulation in ischemia-reperfusion hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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Muto T, Hotta Y, Miyazeki K, Ando H, Ishikawa N, Hasegawa T, Sugimoto Y, Yamada J, Miki Y. Protective effects of sarpogrelate, a 5-HT2A antagonist, against postischemic myocardial dysfunction in guinea-pig hearts. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 272:119-32. [PMID: 16010979 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-6909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The protective effects of sarpogrelate (SG), a 5-HT2A antagonist, were investigated in perfused guinea-pig Langendorff hearts subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. Changes in cellular levels of high phosphorous energy, NO and Ca2+ in the heart together with simultaneous recordings of left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) were monitored using an nitric oxide (NO) electrode, fluorometry and 31P-NMR. The recovery of LVDP from ischemia by reperfusion was 30.1% in the control, while the treatment with SG (5 x 10(-7) M) in pre- and post-ischemia hearts produced a gradual increase to 73.1 and 53.6%, respectively. At the final stage of ischemia, the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and release of NO increased with no twitching and remained at a high steady level. The addition of SG increased the transient NO signal (TNO) level at the end of ischemia compared with the control, but [Ca2+]i during ischemia decreased. Meanwhile, mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake on acidification or Ca2+ content changes of the perfusate was suppressed by pre-treatment with SG or the KATP channel opener diazoxide, but not the KATP channel blocker 5-HD. The myocardial NO elevated with 5-HT in normal Langendorff hearts was suppressed by the treatment with SG. Therefore, the existence of the 5HT2A receptor in a Langendorff heart was anticipated. By in vitro EPR, SG was found to directly quench the hydroxy radical. Thus, these findings suggested that the 5-HT2A receptor induced in ischemia-reperfusion plays an important role in the mitochondrial KATP channel of hearts in close relation with NO and active oxygen radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Muto
- Department of Pharmacology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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Gursahani HI, Schaefer S. Acidification reduces mitochondrial calcium uptake in rat cardiac mitochondria. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287:H2659-65. [PMID: 15308476 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00344.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is accompanied by intracellular acidification that can lead to cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium overload. However, the effect of cytosolic acidification on mitochondrial pH (pHm) and mitochondrial Ca2+(Cam2+) handling is not well understood. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that changes in pHmduring cytosolic acidification can modulate Cam2+handling in cardiac mitochondria. pHmwas measured in permeabilized rat ventricular myocytes with the use of confocal microscopy and the pH-sensitive fluorescent probe carboxyseminaphthorhodafluor-1. The contributions of the mitochondrial Na+/H+exchanger (NHEm) and the K+/H+exchanger (KHEm) to pHmregulation were evaluated using acidification and recovery protocols to mimic the changes in pH observed during I/R. Cam2+transport in isolated mitochondria was measured using spectrophotometry and fluorimetry, and the mitochondrial membrane potential was measured using a tetraphenylphosphonium electrode. Cytosolic acidification (pH 6.8) resulted in acidification of mitochondria. The degree of mitochondrial acidification and recovery was found to be largely dependent on the activity of the KHEm. However, the NHEmwas observed to contribute to the recovery of pHmfollowing acidification in K+-free solutions as well as the maintenance of pHmduring respiratory inhibition. Acidification resulted in mitochondrial depolarization and a decrease in the rate of net Cam2+uptake, whereas restoration of pH following acidification increased Cam2+uptake. These findings are consistent with an important role for cytosolic acidification in determining pHmand Cam2+handling in cardiac mitochondria under conditions of Ca2+overload. Consequently, interventions that alter pHmcan limit Cam2+overload and injury during I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema I Gursahani
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, One Shields Ave., TB 172, Bioletti Way, Univ. of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Hotta Y, Nishimaki H, Takeo T, Itoh G, Yajima M, Otsuka-Murakami H, Ishikawa N, Kawai N, Huang L, Yamada K, Yamamoto S, Matsui K, Ohashi N. Differences in the effects of Na+–H+ exchange inhibitors on cardiac function and apoptosis in guinea-pig ischemia-reperfused hearts. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 503:109-22. [PMID: 15496305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Revised: 08/13/2004] [Accepted: 08/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The protective effects of the Na+-H+ exchange (NHE) inhibitors SM-198110 (2-[[(aminoiminomethyl) amino] carbonyl]-4-chloro-1H-indole-1-propanesulfonic acid monohydrate) and SM-197378 (N-(aminoiminomethyl)-1-methyl-7-(sulfooxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxamide monohydrate) were investigated in perfused Langendorff guinea-pig hearts subjected to ischemia (40 min) and reperfusion (40 min). The recovery of left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) from ischemia by reperfusion was 39.0% in the control, while in the hearts pretreated with SM-198110 or SM-197378 (10(-7) M), it was about 100%. The ATP level, monitored simultaneously by (31)P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, was already higher than the control value at the end of the ischemic period, and the elevation in Na+ or Ca2+ fluorometric signals induced during ischemia was suppressed. In post-treated hearts, the LVDP recovery rate was significantly higher with SM-198110 than with SM-197378. By in vitro electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry, SM-197378 was found to directly quench the active oxygen radical, whereas SM-198110 had no effect. Numbers of apoptotic cardiomyocytes after ischemia (1 h) followed by reperfusion (5 h) were significantly lower in SM-197378-treated than in SM-198110-treated hearts, consistent with the level of activity of caspase-3. These results suggest that the antioxidant effects of NHE inhibitors have an important role in apoptosis during ischemia-reperfusion, but apoptosis is not a major manifestation of cardiac function during postischemic recovery, and that NHE-sensitive mechanisms of reperfusion injury promote both necrotic and apoptotic processes death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Hotta
- Department of Pharmacology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinical arrhythmia and one of the most important factors for ischemic stroke. In general, AF is treated with "channel-blocking drugs" to restore sinus rhythm and warfarin is recommended in the majority of patients to prevent atrial thrombus formation and thromboembolic events. In the recent years, a tremendous amount has been learned about the pathophysiology and molecular biology of AF. Thus, pharmacologic interference with specific signal transduction pathways with "non-channel-blocking drugs" appears promising as a novel antiarrhythmic approach to maintain sinus rhythm and to prevent atrial clot formation. Therefore, this review will highlight some novel "nonchannel drug targets" for AF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Goette
- Division of Cardiology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipzigerstrasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Valdez LB, Zaobornyj T, Alvarez S, Bustamante J, Costa LE, Boveris A. Heart mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase. Effects of hypoxia and aging. Mol Aspects Med 2004; 25:49-59. [PMID: 15051316 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2004.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The production of NO by heart mitochondria was 0.7-1.1 nmol NO/min.mg protein, an activity similar to the ones observed in mitochondrial membranes from other organs. Heart mtNOS seems to contribute with about 56% of the total cellular NO production. The immunological nature of the mtNOS isoform of cardiac tissue remains unclear; in our laboratory, heart mtNOS reacted with an anti-iNOS anti-body. Heart mtNOS expression and activity are regulated by physiological and pharmacological effectors. The state 4/state 3 transition regulates heart mtNOS activity and NO release in intact respiring mitochondria: NO production rates in state 3 were 40% lower than in state 4. Heart mtNOS expression was selectively regulated by O(2) availability in hypobaric conditions and the activity was 20-60% higher in hypoxic rats than in control animals, depending on age. In contrast, NADH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome oxidase activities were not affected by hypoxia. The activity of rat heart mtNOS decreased 20% on aging from 12 to 72 weeks of age. On the pharmacological side, mitochondrial NO production was increased after enalapril treatment (the inhibitor of the angiotensin converting enzyme) with modification of heart mtNOS functional activity in the regulation of mitochondrial O(2) uptake and H(2)O(2) production. Thus, heart mtNOS is a highly regulated mitochondrial enzyme, which in turn, plays a regulatory role through mitochondrial NO steady state levels that modulate O(2) uptake and O(2)(-) and H(2)O(2) production rates. Nitric oxide and H(2)O(2) constitute signals for metabolic control that are involved in the regulation of cellular processes, such as proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Valdez
- Laboratory of Free Radical Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Teshima Y, Akao M, Jones SP, Marbán E. Cariporide (HOE642), a selective Na+-H+ exchange inhibitor, inhibits the mitochondrial death pathway. Circulation 2003; 108:2275-81. [PMID: 14568900 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000093277.20968.c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Na+-H+ exchanger figures prominently in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Several experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated a cardioprotective effect of Na+-H+ exchanger inhibition; however, the precise mechanisms have not been established. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the effects of cariporide (HOE642, 10 micromol/L) on cell death induced by oxidative stress (H2O2, 100 micromol/L) in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Cariporide significantly suppressed markers of cell death, such as TUNEL positivity and caspase-3 cleavage, at 8 or 16 hours after H2O2. The early phase of cell death, reported by increases in phosphatidylserine exposure and propidium iodide uptake, was also inhibited by cariporide. To explore the mechanisms of cell protection, we examined the effects of cariporide on increases in intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ induced by oxidative stress. Cariporide remarkably suppressed cytosolic Na+ and Ca2+ accumulation. Next, we investigated the effects of cariporide on mitochondria-associated death process. Mitochondrial Ca2+ overload induced by H2O2 was remarkably suppressed by cariporide. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential is a critical step of the death pathway; cariporide prevented mitochondrial membrane potential loss induced by H2O2. CONCLUSIONS Cariporide protects cardiomyocytes against oxidant-induced cell death by preserving intracellular ion homeostasis and mitochondrial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Teshima
- Institute of Molecular Cardiobiology, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Ave, 844 Ross Building, Baltimore, Md 21205, USA
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Ruiz-Meana M, Garcia-Dorado D, Pina P, Inserte J, Agulló L, Soler-Soler J. Cariporide preserves mitochondrial proton gradient and delays ATP depletion in cardiomyocytes during ischemic conditions. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 285:H999-1006. [PMID: 12915386 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00035.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which inhibition of Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) reduces cell death in ischemic-reperfused myocardium remains controversial. This study investigated whether cariporide could inhibit mitochondrial NHE during ischemia, delaying H+ gradient dissipation and ATP exhaustion. Mouse cardiac myocytes (HL-1) were submitted to 1 h of simulated ischemia (SI) with NaCN/deoxyglucose (pH 6.4), with or without 7 microM cariporide, and mitochondrial concentration of Ca2+ (Rhod-2), 2', 7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) and the charge difference across the mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsim, JC-1) were assessed. ATP content was measured by bioluminescence and mitochondrial swelling by spectrophotometry in isolated mitochondria. Cariporide significantly attenuated the acidification of the mitochondrial matrix induced by SI without modifying Deltapsim decay, and this effect was associated to a delayed ATP exhaustion and increased mitochondrial Ca2+ load. These effects were reproduced in sarcolemma-permeabilized cells exposed to SI. In these cells, cariporide markedly attenuated the fall in mitochondrial pH induced by removal of Na+ from the medium. In isolated mitochondria, cariporide significantly reduced the rate and magnitude of passive matrix swelling induced by Na+ acetate. In isolated rat hearts submitted to 40-min ischemia at different temperatures (35.5 degrees, 37 degrees, or 38.5 degrees C) pretreatment with cariporide limited ATP depletion during the first 10 min of ischemia and cell death (lactate dehydrogenase release) during reperfusion. These effects were mimicked when a similar ATP preservation was achieved by hypothermia and were abolished when the sparing effect of cariporide on ATP was suppressed by hyperthermia. We conclude that cariporide acts at the mitochondrial level, delaying mitochondrial matrix acidification and delaying ATP exhaustion during ischemia. These effects can contribute to reduce cell death secondary to ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Ruiz-Meana
- Cardiología Experimental, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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Hotta Y, Nagatsu A, Liu W, Muto T, Narumiya C, Lu X, Yajima M, Ishikawa N, Miyazeki K, Kawai N, Mizukami H, Sakakibara J. Protective effects of antioxidative serotonin derivatives isolated from safflower against postischemic myocardial dysfunction. Mol Cell Biochem 2002; 238:151-62. [PMID: 12349903 DOI: 10.1023/a:1019992124986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
N-(p-Coumaroyl)serotonin (C) and N-feruroylserotonin (F) with antioxidative activity are present in safflower oil. The protective effects of C and F were investigated in perfused guinea-pig Langendorff hearts subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. Changes in cellular levels of high phosphorous energy, NO and Ca2+ in the heart together with simultaneous recordings of left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) were monitored by an nitric oxide (NO) electrode, fluorometry and 31P-NMR. The rate of recovery of LVDP from ischemia by reperfusion was 30.8% in the control, while in the presence of C or F a gradual increase to 63.2 or 61.0% was observed. Changes of transient NO signals (TNO) released from heart tissue in one contraction (LVDP) were observed to be upside-down with respect to transient fura-2-Ca2+ signals (TCa) and transient O2 signals detected with a pO2 electrode. At the final stage of ischemia, the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and the release of NO increased with no twitching and remained at a high steady level. The addition of C increased the NO level at the end of ischemia compared with the control, but [Ca2+]i during ischemia decreased. On reperfusion, the increased diastolic level of TCa and TNO returned rapidly to the control level with the recovery of LVDP. By in vitro EPR, C and F were found to directly quench the activity of active radicals. Therefore, it is concluded that the antioxidant effects of two derivatives isolated from safflower play an important role in ischemia-reperfusion hearts in close relation with NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Hotta
- Department of Pharmacology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan.
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Cao Y, Hotta Y, Shioi K, Nagata Y, Kawai N, Ishikawa N. Protective effects of FK409, a novel nitric oxide donor, against postischemic myocardial dysfunction in guinea-pig hearts. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2001; 38:593-605. [PMID: 11588530 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200110000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Effects of FK409 were investigated in perfused guinea-pig Langendorff hearts subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. Nitric oxide electrode, fluorometry, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance imaging were used to monitor changes in cellular high-phosphorous energy and nitric oxide and Ca2+ content in the heart together with simultaneous recordings of left ventricular developed pressure. After cardioplegic arrest with St. Thomas' Hospital solution, normothermic (37 degrees C) global ischemia was induced for 40 min, and hearts were reperfused for 40 min. FK409 at 10(-8) M, which has a minimum inotropic effect on nonischemic hearts, was added to the cardioplegic solution. Treatment with FK409 reduced left ventricular developed pressure during and after ischemia and improved postischemic recovery of left ventricular developed pressure from 55.4% at 40 min of reperfusion in FK409-free hearts up to 80.4% in hearts treated with FK409 (p < 0.01). Flow rate at 1.5 min after treatment with the cardioplegic solution was 27.7 ml/min in hearts treated with FK409 compared with 21.2 ml/min in drug-free hearts (p < 0.01). Treatment with FK409 significantly effected preservation of tissue level of beta-adenosine triphosphate at the end of ischemia or reperfusion. During ischemia, arrested with the cardioplegic solution, intracellular Ca2+ accumulation and nitric oxide release were reduced. At the end of ischemia in FK409-treated hearts, nitric oxide release was 86% greater than in drug-free hearts without reference to the Ca2+ concentration. In cardiac surgery, normothermic arrested hearts are subject to damage by oxygen free radicals in reperfusion injury. Therefore, nitric oxide exogenously supplied by FK409 was responsible for the cardioprotective action, presumably by acting directly as an oxygen radical scavenger during reperfusion. A specific nitric oxide donor, like FK409, may have therapeutic use as a nitric oxide-mediated vasorelaxant and additional protective action for reperfusion-injury hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cao
- Second Department of Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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