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Gordillo-Galeano A, Ponce A, Mora-Huertas CE. In vitro release behavior of SLN, NLC, and NE: An explanation based on the particle structure and carried molecule location. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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2
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Formulation design, production and characterisation of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for the encapsulation of a model hydrophobic active. FOOD HYDROCOLLOIDS FOR HEALTH 2022; 1:None. [PMID: 35028634 PMCID: PMC8721956 DOI: 10.1016/j.fhfh.2021.100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipid materials were chosen based on theoretical and experimental lipid screening. SLNs and NLCs with high curcumin loading were produced using the selected lipids. Nano-sized lipid particles fabricated by tuning the processing parameters. Lipid matrix component compatibility affects thermal properties as shown by DSC. Formation of distinct lipid structures in liquid lipid concentration-dependent manner.
Lipid nanoparticles have been widely investigated for their use as either carriers for poorly water soluble actives or as (Pickering) emulsion stabilisers. Recent studies have suggested that the fabrication of lipid nanostructures that can display both these performances concurrently, can enable the development of liquid formulations for multi-active encapsulation and release. Understanding the effects of different formulation variables on the microstructural attributes that underline both these functionalities is crucial in developing such lipid nanostructures. In this study, two types of lipid-based nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers, were fabricated using varying formulation parameters, namely type of solid lipid, concentration of liquid lipid and type/concentration of surface active species. The impact of these formulation parameters on the size, thermal properties, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity and long-term storage stability of the developed lipid systems, was studied. Preliminary lipid screening and processing conditions studies, focused on creating a suitable lipid host matrix of appropriate dimensions that could enable the high loading of a model hydrophobic active (curcumin). Informed by this, selected lipid nanostructures were then produced. These were characterised by encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity values as high as 99% and 5%, respectively, and particle dimensions within the desirable size range (100-200 nm) required to enable Pickering functionality. Compatibility between the lipid matrix components, and liquid lipid/active addition were shown to greatly influence the polymorphism/crystallinity of the fabricated particles, with the latter demonstrating a liquid lipid concentration-dependent behaviour. Successful long-term storage stability of up to 28 weeks was confirmed for certain formulations.
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de Souza Guedes L, Martinez RM, Bou-Chacra NA, Velasco MVR, Rosado C, Baby AR. An Overview on Topical Administration of Carotenoids and Coenzyme Q10 Loaded in Lipid Nanoparticles. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1034. [PMID: 34206935 PMCID: PMC8300771 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids and coenzyme Q10 are naturally occurring antioxidant compounds that are also found in human skin. These bioactive compounds have been the focus of considerable research due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and photoprotective properties. In this review, the current state of the art in the encapsulation of carotenoids and coenzyme Q10 in lipid nanoparticles to improve their bioavailability, chemical stability, and skin absorption is discussed. Additionally, the main findings are highlighted on the cytotoxic and photoprotective effects of these systems in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana de Souza Guedes
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (L.d.S.G.); (R.M.M.); (N.A.B.-C.); (M.V.R.V.)
| | - Renata Miliani Martinez
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (L.d.S.G.); (R.M.M.); (N.A.B.-C.); (M.V.R.V.)
| | - Nádia A. Bou-Chacra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (L.d.S.G.); (R.M.M.); (N.A.B.-C.); (M.V.R.V.)
| | - Maria Valéria Robles Velasco
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (L.d.S.G.); (R.M.M.); (N.A.B.-C.); (M.V.R.V.)
| | - Catarina Rosado
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - André Rolim Baby
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (L.d.S.G.); (R.M.M.); (N.A.B.-C.); (M.V.R.V.)
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Akanda M, Getti G, Nandi U, Mithu MS, Douroumis D. Bioconjugated solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for targeted prostate cancer therapy. Int J Pharm 2021; 599:120416. [PMID: 33647403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the prominent causes of cancer mortality in men all over the world and a challenge to treat. In this study, transferrin (Tf) bioconjugated solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were developed and loaded with curcumin (CRC) for active targeting of prostate cancer cells. Curcumin is an anticancer agent, but its clinical applications are impeded due to the poor water solubility and bioavailability. Prepared blank Tf-SLNs showed minimal cytotoxicity while Tf-CRC-SLNs demonstrated significant in-vitro anti-proliferative activity compared to CRC-SLNs alone. Cellular uptake of Tf-CRC-SLNs were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05/=0.01) compared to unconjugated SLNs or pure drug alone. Bioconjugated Tf-CRC-SLNs also showed improved early apoptotic and late apoptotic or early necrotic populations (6.4% and 88.9% respectively) to CRC-SLNs and CRC solution. Most importantly, in-vivo studies with Tf-CRC-SLNs in mice bearing prostate cancer revealed significant tumour regression (392.64 mm3 after 4 weeks, p < 0.001) compared to the control group. The findings of this work encourage future investigations and further in-vivo clinical studies on the potential of bioconjugated SLNs for cancer cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushfiq Akanda
- Medway School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4TB Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Giullia Getti
- Medway School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4TB Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Uttom Nandi
- Medway School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4TB Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Md Sadeque Mithu
- Medway School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4TB Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Dennis Douroumis
- Medway School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4TB Kent, United Kingdom; Centre for Innovation & Process Engineering Research, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4TB Kent, United Kingdom.
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Salah E, Abouelfetouh MM, Pan Y, Chen D, Xie S. Solid lipid nanoparticles for enhanced oral absorption: A review. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 196:111305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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6
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Schjoerring-Thyssen J, Olsen K, Koehler K, Jouenne E, Rousseau D, Andersen ML. Morphology and Structure of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with High Concentrations of β-Carotene. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12273-12282. [PMID: 31610122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) containing up to 37.5 wt % all-trans β-carotene in the lipid phase are potential water-dispersible food colorants. SLNs have been made by hot-melt high-pressure homogenization with fully hydrogenated sunflower oil and with polysorbate 80 and sunflower lecithin as stabilizers. Atomic force microscopy revealed the SLNs had thin platelet structures most likely derived from the triglyceride crystal β-form, as detected by X-ray diffraction. No indications of crystalline β-carotene were detected. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed the extensive isomerization of β-carotene into more than 10 cis isomers, suggesting that it is present as an amorphous mixture. The high β-carotene loadings did not affect the triglyceride crystal structure and the morphology of the SLNs. It is suggested the SLNs consist of a platelet core of crystalline triglyceride surrounded by an amorphous β-carotene-containing layer. The layered structure is suggested to affect the coloring power of the SLNs at β-carotene loadings above 15 wt % of the lipid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karsten Olsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science , University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 26 , 1958 Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | - Klaus Koehler
- New Technology , Chr. Hansen Natural Colors A/S , Agern Allé 24 , 2970 Hoersholm , Denmark
| | - Eric Jouenne
- New Technology , Chr. Hansen Natural Colors A/S , Agern Allé 24 , 2970 Hoersholm , Denmark
| | - Dérick Rousseau
- Department of Chemistry and Biology , Ryerson University , 250 Victoria Street , Toronto , Ontario M5B 2K3 , Canada
| | - Mogens Larsen Andersen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science , University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 26 , 1958 Frederiksberg , Denmark
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Comprehensive characterization of nanostructured lipid carriers using laboratory and synchrotron X-ray scattering and diffraction. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 139:153-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Dumont C, Bourgeois S, Fessi H, Dugas PY, Jannin V. In-vitro evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticles: Ability to encapsulate, release and ensure effective protection of peptides in the gastrointestinal tract. Int J Pharm 2019; 565:409-418. [PMID: 31100381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Peptides are rarely orally administrated due to rapid degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and low absorption at the epithelial border. The objective of this study was to encapsulate a model water-soluble peptide in biodegradable and biocompatible solid lipid-based nanoparticles, i.e. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) in order to protect it from metabolic degradation. Leuprolide (LEU) and a LEU-docusate Hydrophobic Ion Pair (HIP) were encapsulated in SLN and NLC by High Pressure Homogenization. The particles were characterized regarding their Encapsulation Efficiency (EE), size, morphology, peptide release in FaSSIF-V2, and protective effect towards proteases. Nanoparticles of 120 nm with platelet structures were obtained. Formation of HIP led to a significant increase in LEU EE. Particle size was moderately affected by the presence of simulated fluids. Nonetheless, an important burst release was observed upon dispersion in FaSSIF-V2. NLC were able to improve LEU-HIP resistance to enzymatic degradation induced by trypsin but presented no advantages in presence of α-chymotrypsin. SLN provided no protection regarding both proteases. Despite an increased amount of encapsulated peptide in solid lipid-based nanoparticles following HIP formation, the important specific surface area linked to their platelet structures resulted in an important peptide release upon dispersion in FaSSIF-V2 and limited protection towards enzymatic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Dumont
- Gattefossé SAS, 36 chemin de Genas, 69804 Saint-Priest cedex, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sandrine Bourgeois
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Hatem Fessi
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Dugas
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, C2P2 UMR5265, 43 Bd du 11 Nov. 1918, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vincent Jannin
- Gattefossé SAS, 36 chemin de Genas, 69804 Saint-Priest cedex, France.
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9
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Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers: A review emphasizing on particle structure and drug release. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 133:285-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Phytosterol crystallisation within bulk and dispersed triacylglycerol matrices as influenced by oil droplet size and low molecular weight surfactant addition. Food Chem 2018; 264:24-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Wolf M, Reiter F, Heuser T, Kotisch H, Klang V, Valenta C. Monoacyl-phospatidylcholine based drug delivery systems for lipophilic drugs: Nanostructured lipid carriers vs. nano-sized emulsions. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Shazly GA, Alshehri S, Ibrahim MA, Tawfeek HM, Razik JA, Hassan YA, Shakeel F. Development of Domperidone Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018. [PMID: 29532427 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-0987-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Domperidone (DOP) is extensively applied orally in the management of nausea and vomiting. Upon oral administration, its bioavailability is very poor due to its poor solubility in alkaline media. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate DOP-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (DOP-SLNs) in order to sustain its release pattern and to enhance oral bioavailability. DOP-SLNs were prepared using four different lipids. Prepared DOP-SLNs were characterized for "polydispersity index (PDI), particle size, zeta potential, % entrapment efficiency (% EE), and drug release behavior." Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study was carried out to illustrate the physical form of DOP and excipients. The morphology of DOP-SLNs was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pharmacokinetic study on optimized DOP-SLN in comparison to tablet was performed in rats. The "particle size, PDI, zeta potential, and % EE" of optimized formulation (F5) were recorded as 201.4 nm, 0.071, - 6.2 mV, and 66.3%, respectively. DSC thermograms suggested amorphous state of DOP in various SLNs. Surface morphology of SLNs using SEM suggested spherical shape of the nanoparticles within nanometer size range. In vitro release studies confirmed that all SLN formulations possessed a sustained release over a period of 12 h (51.3% from optimized formulation) in comparison with immediate release from conventional tablets (100% after 90 min). Pharmacokinetic study showed significant enhancement in oral absorption of DOP from optimized SLN in comparison with DOP tablet. The enhancement in relative bioavailability of DOP from optimized SLN was 2.62-fold in comparison with DOP tablet.
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Drug release studies from lipid nanoparticles in physiological media by a new DSC method. J Control Release 2017; 256:92-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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14
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Göke K, Bunjes H. Parameters influencing the course of passive drug loading into lipid nanoemulsions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 126:123-131. [PMID: 28529070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Passive drug loading can be used to effectively identify suitable colloidal lipid carrier systems for poorly water-soluble drugs. This method comprises incubation of preformed carrier systems with drug powder and subsequent determination of the resulting drug load of the carrier particles. Until now, the passive loading mechanism is unknown, which complicates reliable routine use. In this work, the influence of drug characteristics on the course of passive loading was investigated systematically varying drug surface area and drug solubility. Fenofibrate and flufenamic acid were used as model drugs; the carrier system was a trimyristin nanodispersion. Loading progress was analyzed by UV spectroscopy or by a novel method based on differential scanning calorimetry. While increasing drug solubility by micelle incorporation did not speed up passive loading, a large drug surface area and high water solubility were key parameters for fast loading. Since both factors are crucial in drug dissolution as described by the Noyes-Whitney equation, these findings point to a dissolution-diffusion-based passive loading mechanism. Accordingly, passive loading also occurred when drug and carrier particles were separated by a dialysis membrane. Knowledge of the loading mechanism allows optimizing the conditions for future passive loading studies and assessing the limitations of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Göke
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Mendelssohnstraße 1 & Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik (PVZ), Franz-Liszt-Straße 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heike Bunjes
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Mendelssohnstraße 1 & Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik (PVZ), Franz-Liszt-Straße 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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15
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Rasekh M, Ahmad Z, Cross R, Hernández-Gil J, Wilton-Ely JDET, Miller PW. Facile Preparation of Drug-Loaded Tristearin Encapsulated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Coaxial Electrospray Processing. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:2010-2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoochehr Rasekh
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, U.K
| | - Richard Cross
- Emerging Technologies Research Centre, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, U.K
| | - Javier Hernández-Gil
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | | | - Philip W. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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Rosenblatt KM, Bunjes H. Evaluation of the drug loading capacity of different lipid nanoparticle dispersions by passive drug loading. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 117:49-59. [PMID: 28315731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
When using lipid nanoparticles as drug carrier system it is important to know how much drug can be loaded to the nanoparticles. The mainly used drug loading procedure is an empirical approach dissolving the drug in the liquid lipid during preparation of the nanoparticles. This approach does not necessarily lead to the truly loadable amount, as the lipid can, e.g. be overloaded, in particular when it is processed in the heat. In this work, a different procedure, passive drug loading, was evaluated to determine the drug loading capacity of various lipid nanoparticles (supercooled trimyristin emulsion droplets, solid trimyristin nanoparticles, tristearin nanoparticles in the α-modification and cholesteryl myristate nanoparticles in the supercooled smectic as well as in the crystalline state). The nanoparticle dispersions were exposed to eight different model drug compounds (betamethasone-17-valerate, carbamazepine, diazepam, flufenamic acid, griseofulvin, ibuprofen, retinyl palmitate, ubidecarenone) in the bulk state, which varied in partition coefficient and aqueous solubility, and equilibrated over time. The passive loading procedure had no relevant impact on the particle sizes or the physicochemical state of the nanoparticles. The loadable drug amount differed distinctly for the different model compounds and also between the different types of lipid nanoparticles. For most compounds, the loaded amount was much higher than the aqueous solubility. Trimyristin-based dispersions generally had the highest loading capacity, the emulsion usually being equal or superior to the solid trimyristin nanoparticles. For betamethasone-17-valerate, however, solid lipid nanoparticles exhibited by far the highest drug load. The extremely lipophilic model drugs retinyl palmitate and ubidecarenone could not be loaded with the passive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M Rosenblatt
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Lessingstraβe 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Heike Bunjes
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Lessingstraβe 8, 07743 Jena, Germany; Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Mendelssohnstr. 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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17
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Boreham A, Volz P, Peters D, Keck CM, Alexiev U. Determination of nanostructures and drug distribution in lipid nanoparticles by single molecule microscopy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 110:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Xia D, Shrestha N, van de Streek J, Mu H, Yang M. Spray drying of fenofibrate loaded nanostructured lipid carriers. Asian J Pharm Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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19
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Ribeiro HS, Gupta R, Smith KW, van Malssen KF, Popp AK, Velikov KP. Super-cooled and amorphous lipid-based colloidal dispersions for the delivery of phytosterols. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:5835-5846. [PMID: 27174457 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00601a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Super-cooled and amorphous lipid-based colloids are highly desirable delivery systems because of their ability to encapsulate compounds in a soluble or in a non-crystalline state. In this study, we demonstrate the preparation and characterization of super-cooled and amorphous lipid-based nanoscale colloidal dispersions containing high concentrations of phytosterols (PSs). PSs are highly hydrophobic natural bioactive compounds that are known to significantly reduce blood cholesterol levels in humans, but are insoluble in water and are poorly soluble in common lipids such as triacylglycerols (TAGs). Using the ultrahigh pressure homogenization of pre-heated dispersions, followed by temperature quenching, colloidal dispersions with varying concentrations of PSs in the lipid phase are prepared. Long and medium chain TAGs in combination with a non-ionic surfactant are used. The particle size, morphology and stability are analysed by dynamic and static light scattering, electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Rapid temperature quenching enables the formation of stable colloidal dispersions of 10 wt% PSs, more than five times the equilibrium solubility at room temperature. Super-cooled emulsions are formed using liquid TAG, whereas amorphous particles are formed in the case of solid TAG. In both cases, the complete suppression of the crystallization of both PSs and lipids is observed due to the nanoscale confinement. The colloidal dispersions are stable for at least four months. The insights of this work will help understand the colloid formation and particle morphology control in the development of delivery systems for hydrophobic bio-actives such as drugs, cosmeceuticals, nutraceuticals, nutritional and agricultural nanoscale formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Ribeiro
- Unilever R&D Colworth, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - R Gupta
- Unilever R&D Colworth, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - K W Smith
- Unilever R&D Colworth, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - K F van Malssen
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
| | - A K Popp
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
| | - K P Velikov
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. and Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Yingchoncharoen P, Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR. Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy: What Is Available and What Is Yet to Come. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:701-87. [PMID: 27363439 PMCID: PMC4931871 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.012070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death in many countries around the world. However, the efficacy of current standard treatments for a variety of cancers is suboptimal. First, most cancer treatments lack specificity, meaning that these treatments affect both cancer cells and their normal counterparts. Second, many anticancer agents are highly toxic, and thus, limit their use in treatment. Third, a number of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics are highly hydrophobic, which limits their utility in cancer therapy. Finally, many chemotherapeutic agents exhibit short half-lives that curtail their efficacy. As a result of these deficiencies, many current treatments lead to side effects, noncompliance, and patient inconvenience due to difficulties in administration. However, the application of nanotechnology has led to the development of effective nanosized drug delivery systems known commonly as nanoparticles. Among these delivery systems, lipid-based nanoparticles, particularly liposomes, have shown to be quite effective at exhibiting the ability to: 1) improve the selectivity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents; 2) lower the cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs to normal tissues, and thus, reduce their toxic side effects; 3) increase the solubility of hydrophobic drugs; and 4) offer a prolonged and controlled release of agents. This review will discuss the current state of lipid-based nanoparticle research, including the development of liposomes for cancer therapy, different strategies for tumor targeting, liposomal formulation of various anticancer drugs that are commercially available, recent progress in liposome technology for the treatment of cancer, and the next generation of lipid-based nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phatsapong Yingchoncharoen
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Danuta S Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Mazzoni S, Barbosa LRS, Funari SS, Itri R, Mariani P. Cytochrome-c Affects the Monoolein Polymorphism: Consequences for Stability and Loading Efficiency of Drug Delivery Systems. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:873-881. [PMID: 26710233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Structural properties and polymorphism of monoolein (MO) in aqueous solutions have been studied for a long time, and the final picture can be considered definite. The presence of bicontinuous phases and the ability to encapsulate hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and amphiphilic compounds, together with the capability to protect and slowly release the entrapped molecules, designated MO phases as good matrices for the sustained release of drugs. Because phase stability, loading efficiency, and bioavailability are strongly correlated, the interplay between MO phases and entrapped compounds is worthy of investigation. In this paper, low angle X-ray diffraction has been used to describe the effects of a model protein (the cytochrome-c) on the monoolein cubic phases as a function of both incubation time and protein concentration in the soaking solutions. Results show that the MO polymorphism is strongly modified by the protein, underlying the very large affinity of the cytochrome-c toward monoolein. However, the different phases have a different sensibility to cytochrome-c, as phase transitions occur when the protein amount exceeds some different critical values, probably related to the structure characteristics (2 cytochrome-c per unit cell at the Pn3m to Im3m cubic phase transition and 10-20 cytochrome-c per unit cell at the Im3m to P4332 cubic phase transition). Moreover, although equilibration times resulted to be quite long (more than 10 days), the fraction of cytochrome-c incorporated into the MO phases is very high (up to 20% v/v inside the P4332 cubic phase). Such results are intriguing: even if they may be specific to the cytochrome-c/MO case, the need of assessing the structural characteristics of lipid matrices before their use as drug delivery systems is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Mazzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona 60121, Italy
| | - Leandro R S Barbosa
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-020, Brazil
| | | | - Rosangela Itri
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-020, Brazil
| | - Paolo Mariani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona 60121, Italy
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Rasekh M, Young C, Roldo M, Lancien F, Le Mével JC, Hafizi S, Ahmad Z, Barbu E, Gorecki D. Hollow-layered nanoparticles for therapeutic delivery of peptide prepared using electrospraying. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:256. [PMID: 26449446 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The viability of single and coaxial electrospray techniques to encapsulate model peptide-angiotensin II into near mono-dispersed spherical, nanocarriers comprising N-octyl-O-sulphate chitosan and tristearin, respectively, was explored. The stability of peptide under controlled electric fields (during particle generation) was evaluated. Resulting nanocarriers were analysed using dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. Cell toxicity assays were used to determine optimal peptide loading concentration (~1 mg/ml). A trout model was used to assess particle behaviour in vivo. A processing limit of 20 kV was determined. A range of electrosprayed nanoparticles were formed (between 100 and 300 nm) and these demonstrated encapsulation efficiencies of ~92 ± 1.8%. For the single needle process, particles were in matrix form and for the coaxial format particles demonstrated a clear core-shell encapsulation of peptide. The outcomes of in vitro experiments demonstrated triphasic activity. This included an initial slow activity period, followed by a rapid and finally a conventional diffusive phase. This was in contrast to results from in vivo cardiovascular activity in the trout model. The results are indicative of the substantial potential for single/coaxial electrospray techniques. The results also clearly indicate the need to investigate both in vitro and in vivo models for emerging drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoochehr Rasekh
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St. Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK.
| | - Christopher Young
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St. Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Marta Roldo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St. Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Frédéric Lancien
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, LaTIM UMR 1101, University of Brest, 29238, Brest Cedex 3, France
| | - Jean-Claude Le Mével
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, LaTIM UMR 1101, University of Brest, 29238, Brest Cedex 3, France
| | - Sassan Hafizi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St. Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Eugen Barbu
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St. Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Darek Gorecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St. Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
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Joseph S, Rappolt M, Schoenitz M, Huzhalska V, Augustin W, Scholl S, Bunjes H. Stability of the Metastable α-Polymorph in Solid Triglyceride Drug-Carrier Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:6663-6674. [PMID: 26030714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal dispersions of crystalline nonpolar lipids are under intensive investigation as carrier systems in pharmaceutics and nutrition. In this context, the controlled preparation of particles in a metastable polymorphic state is of some interest for the delivery of active substances. In the present study, tristearin particles stabilized with three α-polymorph-preserving emulsifier regimes ((I) sodium glycocholate/saturated long-chain phospholipids, (II) sodium glycocholate, and (III) poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)) were investigated concerning the stability of the metastable α-polymorph after controlled crystallization of the particles from the melt. Upon long-term storage, the α-polymorph was preserved best in PVA-stabilized dispersions, followed by those stabilized with the glycocholate/phospholipid mixture and finally those stabilized solely with the bile salt. In particular for rapidly crystallized nanoparticles, the formation of an α-polymorph with highly reduced lamellarity was observed. According to time-/temperature-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis with simultaneous DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) studies, this less-ordered α-polymorph transformed into the common, lamellar α-form upon heating. Although the presence of the less-ordered form is probably related to the extraordinarily high stability of the metastable α-polymorph observed in some of the dispersions, it could not completely prevent the transition into the stable β-polymorph. The higher the transition temperature of the less-ordered α-form to the ordered one, the slower was the polymorphic transition to the stable β-polymorph. To estimate the polymorphic stability of the differently stabilized particles upon isothermal long-term storage, standard DSC measurements on samples stored at 23 °C for 4 weeks seem to be of predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Joseph
- †Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Rappolt
- §Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 6/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Schoenitz
- ∥Institut für Chemische und Thermische Verfahrenstechnik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 7, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Vera Huzhalska
- ∥Institut für Chemische und Thermische Verfahrenstechnik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 7, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Augustin
- ∥Institut für Chemische und Thermische Verfahrenstechnik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 7, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Scholl
- ∥Institut für Chemische und Thermische Verfahrenstechnik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 7, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heike Bunjes
- †Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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de Jesus MB, Zuhorn IS. Solid lipid nanoparticles as nucleic acid delivery system: Properties and molecular mechanisms. J Control Release 2015; 201:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Fangueiro JF, Andreani T, Fernandes L, Garcia ML, Egea MA, Silva AM, Souto EB. Physicochemical characterization of epigallocatechin gallate lipid nanoparticles (EGCG-LNs) for ocular instillation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 123:452-60. [PMID: 25303852 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The encapsulation of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in lipid nanoparticles (LNs) could be a suitable approach to avoid drug oxidation and epimerization, which are common processes that lead to low bioavailability of the drug limiting its therapeutic efficacy. The human health benefits of EGCG gained much interest in the pharmaceutical field, and so far there are no studies reporting its encapsulation in LNs. The purpose of this study has been the development of an innovative system for the ocular delivery of EGCG using LNs as carrier for the future treatment of several diseases, such as dry eye, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and macular oedema. LNs dispersions have been produced by multiple emulsion technique and previously optimized by a factorial design. In order to increase ocular retention time and mucoadhesion by electrostatic attraction, two distinct cationic lipids were used, namely, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDAB). EGCG has been successfully loaded in the LNs dispersions and the nanoparticles analysis over 30 days of storage time predicted a good physicochemical stability. The particles were found to be in the nanometer range (<300 nm) and all the evaluated parameters, namely pH, osmolarity and viscosity, were compatible to the ocular administration. The evaluation of the cationic lipid used was compared regarding physical and chemical parameters, lipid crystallization and polymorphism, and stability of dispersion during storage. The results show that different lipids lead to different characteristics mainly associated with the acyl chain composition, i.e. double lipid shows to have influence in the crystallization and stability. Despite the recorded differences between DTAB and DDAB, both cationic LNs seem to fit the parameters for ocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana F Fangueiro
- CEBIMED, Research Centre for Biomedicine, Fernando Pessoa University, UFP-FCS, Praça 9 de Abril, 349, P-4249-004 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, UFP-FCS, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Andreani
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, UFP-FCS, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal; Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Lisete Fernandes
- Electron Microscopy Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria L Garcia
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria A Egea
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amélia M Silva
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Eliana B Souto
- CEBIMED, Research Centre for Biomedicine, Fernando Pessoa University, UFP-FCS, Praça 9 de Abril, 349, P-4249-004 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra (FFUC), Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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27
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Rosiaux Y, Jannin V, Hughes S, Marchaud D. Solid lipid excipients — Matrix agents for sustained drug delivery. J Control Release 2014; 188:18-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Xia D, Cui F, Gan Y, Mu H, Yang M. Design of lipid matrix particles for fenofibrate: effect of polymorphism of glycerol monostearate on drug incorporation and release. J Pharm Sci 2013; 103:697-705. [PMID: 24375427 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The effect of polymorphism of glycerol monostearate (GMS) on drug incorporation and release from lipid matrix particles (LMPs) was investigated using fenofibrate as a model drug. X-ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry were used to study the polymorphism change of GMS and the drug incorporation in GMS matrix. When medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) was absent, melted GMS was frozen to α-form of GMS with drug molecularly dispersed, whereas β-form of GMS was formed with part of drug crystallized out when the ratio of GMS/MCT in the lipid matrix was 2:1 (w/w). For LMP composed of GMS/MCT (2:1, w/w) prepared, GMS was in α-form when the particles were in nanometer range, whereas GMS was in β-form when lipid particles were in micrometer range. The model drug was molecularly dispread in α-form lipid nanoparticles, whereas part of drug was expulsed out from microparticles because of the denser crystalline packing than α-form of GMS, and caused a faster drug release from lipid microparticles than that from nanoparticles. During the storage, the transformation of GMS from α-form into the more stable β-form promoted drug expulsion and caused drug precipitation. In conclusion, the polymorphism of GMS is an important factor determining particle stability, drug incorporation, and the release of the drug from LMP. Critical attention should be paid on the investigation as well as control of the lipid polymorphism when formulating lipid-based matrix particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengning Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
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Abstract
In recent years, there has been an unprecedented expansion in the field of nanomedicine with the development of new nanoparticles for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Nanoparticles have unique biological properties given their small size and large surface area-to-volume ratio, which allows them to bind, absorb, and carry compounds such as small molecule drugs, DNA, RNA, proteins, and probes with high efficiency. Their tunable size, shape, and surface characteristics also enable them to have high stability, high carrier capacity, the ability to incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances and compatibility with different administration routes, thereby making them highly attractive in many aspects of oncology. This review article will discuss how nanoparticles are able to function as carriers for chemotherapeutic drugs to increase their therapeutic index; how they can function as therapeutic agents in photodynamic, gene, and thermal therapy; and how nanoparticles can be used as molecular imaging agents to detect and monitor cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avnesh S Thakor
- Visiting Research Scholar, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Fellow in Interventional Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Academic Fellow, Department of Interventional Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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30
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Nanoparticles containing insoluble drug for cancer therapy. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:778-88. [PMID: 24113214 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle drug formulations have been extensively researched and developed in the field of drug delivery as a means to efficiently deliver insoluble drugs to tumor cells. By mechanisms of the enhanced permeability and retention effect, nanoparticle drug formulations are capable of greatly enhancing the safety, pharmacokinetic profiles and bioavailability of the administered treatment. Here, the progress of various nanoparticle formulations in both research and clinical applications is detailed with a focus on the development of drug/gene delivery systems. Specifically, the unique advantages and disadvantages of polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanocrystals and lipid-coated nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery will be investigated in detail.
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31
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Effect of Liquid Oil on the Distribution and Reactivity of a Hydrophobic Solute in Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-013-2228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Shah M, Agrawal Y. Development of Ciprofloxacin HCl-Based Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Using Ouzo Effect: An Experimental Optimization and Comparative Study. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2011.646614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Cortesi R, Ravani L, Menegatti E, Drechsler M, Esposito E. Colloidal dispersions for the delivery of acyclovir: a comparative study. Indian J Pharm Sci 2012; 73:687-93. [PMID: 23112407 PMCID: PMC3480758 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes a comparative study on the performances of ethosomes and solid lipid nanoparticle as delivery systems for acyclovir. Ethosomes were spontaneously produced by dissolution of phosphatidylcholine and acyclovir in ethanol followed by addition of an aqueous buffer while solid lipid nanoparticle were produced by homogenization and ultrasonication. Both colloidal systems were morphologically characterized by cryo-transmission electron microscopy. The encapsulation efficiency was 94.2±2.8% for ethosomes and 53.2±0.2% for solid lipid nanoparticle. Concerning Z potential, both formulations are close to neutrality. The diffusion coefficients of the drug from ethosomes and solid lipid nanoparticle, determined by a Franz cell method, were 9.4 and 1.2-fold lower as compared to the free acyclovir in solution, thus evidencing the ability of both colloidal systems in enhancing the diffusion of the drug. The antiviral activity against HSV-1 of both systems was tested by plaque reduction assay in monolayer cultures of Vero cells. Data showed that no significant differences in the antiviral activity were observed by acyclovir in the free or loaded forms. Taken together these results, colloidal systems could be interesting to mediate the penetration of acyclovir within Vero cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cortesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Brain delivery of camptothecin by means of solid lipid nanoparticles: formulation design, in vitro and in vivo studies. Int J Pharm 2012; 439:49-62. [PMID: 23046667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
For the purpose of brain delivery upon intravenous injection, formulations of camptothecin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), prepared by hot high pressure homogenisation, were designed. Incorporation of camptothecin in the hydrophobic and acidic environment of SLN matrix was chosen to stabilise the lactone ring, which is essential for its antitumour activity, and for avoiding premature loss of drug on the way to target camptothecin to the brain. A multivariate approach was used to assess the influence of the qualitative and quantitative composition on the physicochemical properties of camptothecin-loaded SLN in comparison to plain SLN. Mean particle sizes of ≤200 nm, homogenous size distributions and high encapsulation efficiencies (>90%) were achieved for the most suitable formulations. In vitro release studies in plasma, showed a prolonged release profile of camptothecin from SLN, confirming the physical stability of the particles under physiological pH. A higher affinity of the SLN to the porcine brain capillary endothelial cells (BCEC) was shown in comparison to macrophages. MTT studies in BCEC revealed a moderate decrease in the cell viability of camptothecin, when incorporated in SLN compared to free camptothecin in solution. In vivo studies in rats showed that fluorescently labelled SLN were detected in the brain after i.v. administration. This study indicates that the camptothecin-loaded SLN are a promising drug brain delivery system worth to explore further for brain tumour therapy.
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Nik AM, Langmaid S, Wright AJ. Nonionic surfactant and interfacial structure impact crystallinity and stability of β-carotene loaded lipid nanodispersions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:4126-4135. [PMID: 22401532 DOI: 10.1021/jf204810m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The stability, crystallization, and melting behavior of canola stearin (CaSt) solid lipid nanoparticle dispersions (SLN) and canola oil-in-water emulsions (COE) with 10 wt % Poloxamer 188 (P188) or Tween 20 (T20) with and without 0.1 wt % β-carotene (BC) were investigated. Particles or droplets with diameters in the range of 115 nm were formed and stable for up to 90 days at 4 or 20 °C. Polymorphism was affected by surfactant type; that is, only β versus both β' and β were observed for the P188 and T20 SLN, respectively. According to Cryo-TEM, the emulsions and SLN were spherical versus platelet-like structures, respectively, with differences observed between SLN with P188 or T20. More surfactant was interfacially adsorbed in the SLN versus COE. Incorporation of BC at 0.1 wt % had no impact on SLN or COE size, polymorphism, or melting behavior. Less BC degradation was observed for the SLN versus COE and during storage at 4 versus 20 °C (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Malaki Nik
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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36
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Yucel U, Elias RJ, Coupland JN. Solute distribution and stability in emulsion-based delivery systems: an EPR study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 377:105-13. [PMID: 22533996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Oil-in-water emulsions and related systems are often used to deliver hydrophobic solutes in foods, personal care products, and pharmaceuticals. Recent work has considered the use of crystalline lipid carrier particles (i.e., solid lipid nanoparticles, SLN) to control the availability of the solute; however, there is little direct evidence for the localization of small molecules in these systems. Alkanes (10 wt.% tetradecane or eicosane) containing the spin probe 4-phenyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-imidazoline-1-oxyl (PTMIO, 200 ppm) were homogenized into sodium caseinate solution (1 wt.%) to produce fine or coarse droplets (0.2 μm or 1.3 μm, respectively) and cooled to 21.5 °C where eicosane is crystalline and tetradecane is liquid. Analysis of the resulting EPR spectra revealed populations of probe in two discrete environments (i.e., aqueous and lipid). PTMIO is largely hydrophobic with 77% and 70% present in the coarse and fine liquid lipid droplets (i.e., tetradecane droplets), respectively. In the solid droplets (i.e., eicosane), all of the probe was excluded from the droplets into the aqueous environment. In all cases, the mobility of the probe in both lipid and aqueous environments was affected by the droplet surface; thus, we hypothesize that the majority of the probe molecules are associated with the droplet interface. The PTMIO was reduced to an EPR-silent form by the addition of iron/ascorbate to the aqueous phase, and the apparent rate constant of the reaction was proportional to the fraction of the spin probe in the aqueous phase. Based on these findings, we propose that droplet crystallization excludes solute molecules from the droplet core to the aqueous environment where they interact with the droplet surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Yucel
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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37
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Structural properties of solid lipid based colloidal drug delivery systems. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kuntsche J, Horst JC, Bunjes H. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) for studying the morphology of colloidal drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm 2011; 417:120-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review discusses important aspects of lipid nanoparticles such as colloidal lipid emulsions and, in particular, solid lipid nanoparticles as carrier systems for poorly water-soluble drugs, with a main focus on the parenteral and peroral use of these carriers. KEY FINDINGS A short historical background of the development of colloidal lipid emulsions and solid lipid nanoparticles is provided and their similarities and differences are highlighted. With regard to drug incorporation, parameters such as the chemical nature of the particle matrix and the physicochemical nature of the drug, effects of drug partition and the role of the particle interface are discussed. Since, because of the crystalline nature of their lipid core, solid lipid nanoparticles display some additional important features compared to emulsions, their specificities are introduced in more detail. This mainly includes their solid state behaviour (crystallinity, polymorphism and thermal behaviour) and the consequences of their usually non-spherical particle shape. Since lipid nanoemulsions and -suspensions are also considered as potential means to alter the pharmacokinetics of incorporated drug substances, some underlying basic considerations, in particular concerning the drug-release behaviour of such lipid nanodispersions on dilution, are addressed as well. CONCLUSIONS Colloidal lipid emulsions and solid lipid nanoparticles are interesting options for the delivery of poorly water-soluble drug substances. Their specific physicochemical properties need, however, to be carefully considered to provide a rational basis for their development into effective carrier systems for a given delivery task.
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Martins S, Tho I, Ferreira D, Souto E, Brandl M. Physicochemical properties of lipid nanoparticles: Effect of lipid and surfactant composition. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 37:815-24. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2010.545414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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41
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Ali H, El-Sayed K, Sylvester PW, Nazzal S. Molecular interaction and localization of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) within the matrices of lipid nanoparticles: Evidence studies by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 77:286-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Shah M, Pathak K. Development and statistical optimization of solid lipid nanoparticles of simvastatin by using 2(3) full-factorial design. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:489-96. [PMID: 20309652 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of simvastatin and to optimize it for independent variables (amount of glycerol monostearate, concentration of poloxamer, and volume of isopropyl alcohol) in order to achieve desired particle size with maximum percent entrapment efficiency (% EE) and percent cumulative drug release (% CDR). To achieve our goal, eight formulations (F(1)-F(8)) of SLNs were prepared by solvent injection technique and optimized by 2(3) full-factorial design. The design was validated by extra design checkpoint formulation (F(9)), and the possible interactions between independent variables were studied. The responses of the design were analyzed using Design Expert 7.1.6. (Stat-Ease, Inc, USA), and the analytical tools of software were used to draw Pareto charts and response surface plots. On the basis of software analysis, formulation F(10) with a desirability factor of 0.611 was selected as optimized formulation and was evaluated for the independent parameters. Optimized formulation showed particle size of 258.5 nm, % EE of 75.81%, with of 82.67% CDR after 55 h. The release kinetics of the optimized formulation best fitted the Higuchi model, and the recrystallization index of optimized formulation was found to be 65.51%.
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43
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Lin YK, Huang ZR, Zhuo RZ, Fang JY. Combination of calcipotriol and methotrexate in nanostructured lipid carriers for topical delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2010; 5:117-28. [PMID: 20309398 PMCID: PMC2841490 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s9155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of calcipotriol with methotrexate can strengthen the topical therapy for psoriasis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with lipophilic calcipotriol and hydrophilic methotrexate as topical therapy. NLCs composed of Precirol ATO 5 with various amounts of squalene as the liquid lipid were prepared. The particle size, surface charge, molecular environment, drug permeation, and skin irritation of the carriers were assessed. Hyperproliferative skin was also used as a permeation barrier in this study. It was found that variations in the Precirol/squalene ratio had profound effects on the physicochemical characteristics of the NLCs. The range of particle size of the NLC preparations was 270 to 320 nm, with vehicles containing a higher Precirol amount exhibiting a larger diameter. NLCs with a higher Precirol/squalene ratio also showed greater polarity in their molecular environment. Calcipotriol-loaded NLC systems provided drug fluxes of 0.62 to 1.08 microg/cm(2)/h, which were slightly higher or comparable to the 30% ethanol vehicle (control, 0.72 microg/cm(2)/h). The methotrexate amount permeating the skin was 2.4 to 4.4-times greater using NLCs compared to that with the control. Dual drug-loaded NLCs exhibited reduced skin permeation of calcipotriol but not methotrexate. The in vivo topical delivery examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed a good correlation with the in vitro results. These two drugs with extremely different polarities can successfully be combined in NLCs. Results suggest that NLCs may have the potential to serve as delivery carriers for antipsoriatic drugs because of enhanced drug permeation and limited skin irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ku Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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44
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Pathak Y, Thassu D, Deleers M. Pharmaceutical Applications of Nanoparticulate Drug-Delivery Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420008449.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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45
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Rosenblatt KM, Bunjes H. Poly(vinyl alcohol) as Emulsifier Stabilizes Solid Triglyceride Drug Carrier Nanoparticles in the α-Modification. Mol Pharm 2008; 6:105-20. [DOI: 10.1021/mp8000759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin M. Rosenblatt
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Lessingstrasse 8, 07743 Jena, Germany, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heike Bunjes
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Lessingstrasse 8, 07743 Jena, Germany, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Hatanaka J, Kimura Y, Lai-Fu Z, Onoue S, Yamada S. Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characterization of water-soluble Coenzyme Q10 formulations. Int J Pharm 2008; 363:112-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Souto EB, Müller RH, Gohla S. A novel approach based on lipid nanoparticles (SLN®) for topical delivery of α-lipoic acid. J Microencapsul 2008; 22:581-92. [PMID: 16401575 DOI: 10.1080/02652040500162378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the development, preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) containing the novel anti-ageing substance alpha-lipoic acid. Lipoic acid is chemically labile, i.e. the degradation products possess an unpleasant odour. Therefore, the active was encapsulated in SLN. A lipid with low melting point (Softisan 601) was selected for preparation of active-loaded SLN after screening the solubility of alpha-lipoic acid in physicochemically different lipids. An entrapment efficiency of 90% (UV analysis) was obtained for all developed formulations using Miranol Ultra C32 as emulsifying agent. Particle size stability was monitored during 3 months storing the samples at 20 degrees C and at 4 degrees C. Results of DSC analysis confirm that these systems are characterized by a solid-like behaviour, although with a very low crystallinity index.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Biotechnology and Quality Management, The Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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48
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Souto EB, Müller RH. Cosmetic features and applications of lipid nanoparticles (SLN®, NLC®). Int J Cosmet Sci 2008; 30:157-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2008.00433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Yuan H, Huang LF, Du YZ, Ying XY, You J, Hu FQ, Zeng S. Solid lipid nanoparticles prepared by solvent diffusion method in a nanoreactor system. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2008; 61:132-7. [PMID: 17888636 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, water-in-oil (W/O) miniemulsion was used as nanoreactor to prepare solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) by solvent diffusion method. n-Hexane, Tween 80 and Span 80 were used as the oil phase and surfactant combination for preparation of W/O miniemulsion, respectively. The stable miniemulsion with the particle size of 27.1+/-7.6 nm was obtained when the composition of water/Tween 80/Span 80/n-hexane was 1 ml/18 mg/200 mg/10 ml. Clobetasol propionate (CP) was used as a model drug. The physicochemical properties of the SLN, such as particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, drug entrapment efficiency, drug loading capacity and in vitro drug release behaviors were investigated, comparing with those of SLN prepared by conventional aqueoethod. The SLN prepared by the novel method displayed smaller particles size and higher dus solvent diffusion mrug entrapment efficiency than those of SLN prepared by the conventional method. The drug entrapment efficiency decreased with increasing of charged amount of drug, and 15.9% of drug loading was achieved as the charged amount of drug was 20%. The in vitro drug release tests indicated that the drug release rate was faster than that of SLN prepared by the conventional method, and the drug content in SLN did not affect the in vitro drug release profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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50
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Esposito E, Fantin M, Marti M, Drechsler M, Paccamiccio L, Mariani P, Sivieri E, Lain F, Menegatti E, Morari M, Cortesi R. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Delivery Systems for Bromocriptine. Pharm Res 2008; 25:1521-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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