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Hu Q, Li C, Huang Y, Wei Z, Chen L, Luo Y, Li X. Effects of Glutathione S-Transferases (GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1) gene variants in combination with smoking or drinking on cancers: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37707. [PMID: 38579033 PMCID: PMC10994484 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This meta-analysis aimed to systematically summarize the association between cancer risks and glutathione s-transferases (GSTs) among smokers and drinkers. METHODS Literature was searched through PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, and WANFANG published from 2001 to 2022. Stata was used with fixed-effect model or random-effect model to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Sensitivity and heterogeneity calculations were performed, and publication bias was analyzed by Begg and Egger's test. Regression analysis was performed on the correlated variables about heterogeneity, and the false-positive report probabilities (FPRP) and the Bayesian False Discovery Probability (BFDP) were calculated to assess the confidence of a statistically significant association. RESULTS A total of 85 studies were eligible for GSTs and cancer with smoking status (19,604 cases and 23,710 controls), including 14 articles referring to drinking status (4409 cases and 5645 controls). GSTM1-null had significant associations with cancer risks (for smokers: OR = 1.347, 95% CI: 1.196-1.516, P < .001; for nonsmokers: OR = 1.423, 95% CI: 1.270-1.594, P < .001; for drinkers: OR = 1.748, 95% CI: 1.093-2.797, P = .02). GSTT1-null had significant associations with cancer risks (for smokers: OR = 1.356, 95% CI: 1.114-1.651, P = .002; for nonsmokers: OR = 1.103, 95% CI: 1.011-1.204, P = .028; for drinkers: OR = 1.423, 95% CI: 1.042-1.942, P = .026; for nondrinkers: OR = 1.458, 95% CI: 1.014-2.098, P = .042). Negative associations were found between GSTP1rs1695(AG + GG/AA) and cancer risks among nondrinkers (OR = 0.840, 95% CI: 0.711-0.985, P = .032). CONCLUSIONS GSTM1-null and GSTT1-null might be related cancers in combination with smoking or drinking, and GSTP1rs1695 might be associated with cancers among drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiurui Hu
- College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuiping Li
- College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Huang
- College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenxia Wei
- College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Luo
- College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- College and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
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Ferreira GD, Fernandes GMDM, Penteado C, Cória VR, Galbiatti-Dias ALDS, Russo A, Castanhole-Nunes MMU, Silva RFD, Silva RDCMAD, Pavarino ÉC, Torreglosa Ruiz Cintra M, Goloni-Bertollo EM. Polymorphisms in xenobiotic metabolism-related genes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:737-744. [PMID: 33896378 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1893408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the relationship between polymorphisms in microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH; Tyr113His and His139Arg substitution) and glutathione S-transferase (GST; GSTM1 deletion, GSTT1 deletion, and GSTP1.Ala114Val substitution) and their correlation with clinico-histopathological features in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).We evaluated environmental risk factors and genetic alterations in 556 individuals (86 cases and 470 controls). PCR multiplex for GSTM1 and GSTT1, polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for GSTP1, and real-time PCR for mEH were performed. Statistical analyses were performed using multiple logistic regression tests.Age over 48 years (p < 0.001) and alcohol consumption (p = 0.021) were the predictors of increased risk of developing HCC. GSTP1.Ala114Val for all regression models (p < 0.05), except the recessive model, and the GSTT1 null genotype (odds ratio [OR] = 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.21-0.87, p = 0.019) were predictors of an increased risk of developing HCC. Polymorphic GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1.Ala114Val, and mEH.His139Arg and wild-type mEH.Tyr113His (OR = 5.04; 95% CI = 1.59-16.04; p = 0.006) were associated with HCC.Age over 48 years, alcohol consumption, and the presence of polymorphic variants of GSTP1 and GSTT1 were associated with the risk of developing HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Dionísio Ferreira
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Maria de Mendonça Fernandes
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila Penteado
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Vivian Romanholi Cória
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Lívia da Silva Galbiatti-Dias
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil.,São José do Rio Preto Regional Medical School Foundation - FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Anelise Russo
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Márcia Maria Urbanin Castanhole-Nunes
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil.,São José do Rio Preto Regional Medical School Foundation - FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Renato Ferreira da Silva
- Study Group of Liver Tumors - GETF, Surgery Department, São José do Rio Preto Medical School Fundation - FAMERP/FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil.,São José do Rio Preto Regional Medical School Foundation - FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Martins Alves da Silva
- Study Group of Liver Tumors - GETF, Surgery Department, São José do Rio Preto Medical School Fundation - FAMERP/FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil.,São José do Rio Preto Regional Medical School Foundation - FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Érika Cristina Pavarino
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil.,São José do Rio Preto Regional Medical School Foundation - FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Eny Maria Goloni-Bertollo
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit - UPGEM, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil.,São José do Rio Preto Regional Medical School Foundation - FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
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3
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Miao LF, Wang XY, Ye XH, Cui MS, He XF. Combined effects of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms on breast cancer risk: A MOOSE-compliant meta-analysis and false-positive report probabilities test. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14333. [PMID: 30732156 PMCID: PMC6380837 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many molecular epidemiology studies have reported an association between the combined effects of glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) polymorphisms on breast cancer risk. However, the results have been controversial.A meta-analysis was performed to clarify this issue.Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology guidelines was used. Pooled the crude odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model or fixed-effects model. Several subgroup analyses were conducted by ethnicity, source of control, matching, and menopausal status. In addition, we also performed sensitivity analysis and publication bias. Moreover, a false-positive report probability (FPRP) test was applied to assess positive results.A significantly increased breast cancer risk was observed in overall population (GSTM1 null/GSTT1 present [- +] vs GSTM1 present/GSTT1 present [+ +]: OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.03-1.36, GSTM1 null/GSTT1 null [- -] vs + +: OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.29-2.06, (- +) + GSTM1 present/GSTT1 null (+ -) vs + +: OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.05-1.31, (- +) + (+ -) + (- -) vs + +: OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.12-1.44, and - - vs (- +) + (+ -) + (+ +): OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.17-1.66) and several subgroup analyses, such as Caucasians, Indians, postmenopausal women, and so on. However, positive results were only considered noteworthy in overall population (- - vs + +: FPRP = 0.150 and (- +) + (+ -) + (- -) vs + +: FPRP = 0.162). Moreover, no significant association was observed when we used the trim and fill method to adjust the pooled data from all populations. Further, none of positive results of sensitivity analysis were considered noteworthy (FPRP >0.2).These positive findings should be interpreted with caution and indicate that an increased breast cancer risk may most likely result from false-positive results, rather than from true associations or biological factors on the combined effects of GSTM1 and GSTT1. Future studies should be based on sample sizes well-powered and attention needs to be paid to study design to further identify this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Feng Miao
- Department of Galactophore, Affiliated Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Shanxi, Changzhi
| | - Xiao-Yan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Basic Medical College of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xiang-Hua Ye
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
| | - Meng-Shen Cui
- Department of Galactophore, Affiliated Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Shanxi, Changzhi
| | - Xiao-Feng He
- Department of Science and Education, Affiliated Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Shanxi, Changzhi, PR China
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Baglia ML, Cook LS, Mei-Tzu C, Wiggins C, Hill D, Porter P, Li CI. Alcohol, smoking, and risk of Her2-overexpressing and triple-negative breast cancer relative to estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:1849-1857. [PMID: 29708591 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence is limited on how alcohol consumption and smoking are associated with risk of different subtypes of breast cancer, such as triple-negative (TN) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-overexpressing (H2E) breast cancers, which may have different etiologies from more common luminal (estrogen receptor [ER+]) breast cancers. In this population-based case-case study, we evaluated the association between alcohol, smoking, and risk of H2E and TN breast cancer, compared with ER+ breast cancers, among women aged 20-69 years. Using polytomous regression, associations between alcohol consumption, smoking, and breast cancer risk were evaluated in 909 ER+, 1,290 TN, and 489 H2E breast cancer patients, with ER+ breast cancer patients as the reference group. Current alcohol consumption at diagnosis was associated with a lower risk of H2E breast cancer (odds ratio = 0.74, 95% confidence interval: 0.58-0.92) relative to ER+ cancers. No difference in association was observed by menopausal status. No association between alcohol consumption and TN breast cancer relative to ER+ breast cancer was observed. Women who smoked did not have an altered risk of TN or H2E breast cancer, relative to ER+ cancer. Our results suggest that alcohol is associated with lower risk of H2E breast cancer relative to ER+ breast cancer. This study adds to the body of epidemiologic evidence that breast cancer etiology differs by breast cancer subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Baglia
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Linda S Cook
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico (UNM) and the UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - C Mei-Tzu
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Charles Wiggins
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico (UNM) and the UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Deirdre Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico (UNM) and the UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Peggy Porter
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Christopher I Li
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
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5
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Hussain T, Alrokayan S, Upasna U, Pavithrakumari M, Jayapriya J, Kutala VK, Naushad SM. Meta-analysis of genetic polymorphisms in xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and their association with breast cancer risk. J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-0946-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Connor AE, Baumgartner KB, Baumgartner RN, Pinkston CM, Boone SD, John EM, Torres-Mejía G, Hines LM, Giuliano AR, Wolff RK, Slattery ML. Cigarette Smoking and Breast Cancer Risk in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Women: The Breast Cancer Health Disparities Study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2015; 25:299-310. [PMID: 26682495 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2015.5502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few epidemiological studies have included Hispanics with the evaluation of the effects of cigarette smoking and breast cancer. We examined the relationship between cigarette smoking, ethnicity, and breast cancer risk using data from the Breast Cancer Health Disparities Study (BCHDS). MATERIALS AND METHODS The BCHDS is a consortium of three population-based case-control studies, including U.S. non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) (1,525 cases; 1,593 controls), U.S. Hispanics/Native Americans (1,265 cases; 1,495 controls), and Mexican women (990 cases; 1,049 controls). Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Breast cancer risk was elevated among Mexican former smokers (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.04-1.96) and among those who smoked ≥ 31 years (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.13-3.35), compared to never smokers. In addition, Mexican former smokers with a history of alcohol consumption had increased breast cancer risk (OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.01-5.21). Among NHW premenopausal women, breast cancer risk was increased for smoking ≥ 20 cigarettes per day (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.07-2.41). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest the possibility of ethnic differences with the associations between cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avonne E Connor
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, School of Public Health & Information Sciences, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Kathy B Baumgartner
- 2 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, School of Public Health & Information Sciences, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Richard N Baumgartner
- 2 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, School of Public Health & Information Sciences, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Christina M Pinkston
- 2 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, School of Public Health & Information Sciences, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Stephanie D Boone
- 2 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, School of Public Health & Information Sciences, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Esther M John
- 3 Cancer Prevention Institute of California , Fremont, California.,4 Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Gabriela Torres-Mejía
- 5 Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional , Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Lisa M Hines
- 6 Department of Biology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs , Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Anna R Giuliano
- 7 H. Lee Moffit Cancer Center & Research Institute , Tampa, Florida
| | - Roger K Wolff
- 8 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Martha L Slattery
- 8 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
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7
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Kawai M, Malone KE, Tang MTC, Li CI. Active smoking and the risk of estrogen receptor-positive and triple-negative breast cancer among women ages 20 to 44 years. Cancer 2014; 120:1026-34. [PMID: 24515648 PMCID: PMC4090108 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence regarding the correlation between smoking and breast cancer among young women is mixed, and previous studies have not assessed whether smoking is associated differentially with risks of the major breast cancer subtypes. METHODS This was a population-based, case-control study of 778 women with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers and 182 women with ER-negative, progesterone receptor-negative, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (triple-negative [TN]), invasive breast cancers ages 20 to 44 years who were diagnosed from 2004 to 2010 in the Seattle-Puget Sound metropolitan area. A control group of 938 cancer-free women also was included. Associations between various aspects of smoking history and the risks of ER-positive and TN breast cancer were assessed using polytomous logistic regression. RESULTS Ever-smokers had a 1.3-fold increased risk (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-fold to 1.7-fold increased risk) of breast cancer overall; and, when stratified by cancer subtype, they had a 1.4-fold increased risk (95% CI, 1.1-fold to 1.8-fold increased risk) of ER-positive breast cancer, but there was no elevation in their risk of TN disease (odds ratio, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.7-1.6). Current/recent smokers with a ≥10 pack-year history of smoking had a 1.6-fold increased risk (95% CI, 1.1-fold to 2.4-fold increased risk) of ER-positive breast cancer but had no increase in their risk of TN breast cancer (odds ratio, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.5-1.9). CONCLUSIONS The current results suggested that young women who are current/recent smokers with high pack-year histories may have an increased risk of ER-positive breast cancer but not TN breast cancer. Although this association was modest, the findings suggest that an increased risk of ER-positive breast cancer may be another health risk incurred by young women who smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kawai
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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8
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Glantz SA, Johnson KC. The Surgeon General Report on Smoking and Health 50 Years Later: Breast Cancer and the Cost of Increasing Caution. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:37-46. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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9
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Kanliada D, Coskunpinar E, Orhan KS, Oltulu YM, Celik M, Eren A, Yaylim I, Deger K. Investigation of biomarker in laryngeal carcinomas. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 28:186-90. [PMID: 24395286 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study is to determine whether there is a role of podoplanin and glutathione S-transferases T1 (GST-T1) expression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS In this study, 33 patients were enrolled and gene expression analysis was performed by qRT-PCR. The podoplanin and GST-T1 expression patterns were analyzed to determine their correlation with clinicopathologic parameters of laryngeal cancer. RESULTS Of all included patients, 20 had supraglottic, and 13 had glottic laryngeal cancer. Increased expression of podoplanin was found in seven (35%) supraglottic tumor tissues and seven (53.8%) glottic tumor tissues, but GST-T1 expression was not detected. CONCLUSION Podoplanin expression did not show any prediction for tumor differentiation, regional metastasis, thyroid cartilage invasion, lymphatic vessel invasion, or tumor differentiation for laryngeal cancer, and also there were no significant differences in podoplanin expression between glottic and supraglottic regions, but extracapsullar extension is almost statistically significance (P = 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Kanliada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Studying the Association of Polymorphic Variants of GSTM1 and GSTT1 Genes with Breast Cancer in Female Residents of Altai Krai. Bull Exp Biol Med 2009; 148:89-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-009-0649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Qiu LX, Yuan H, Yu KD, Mao C, Chen B, Zhan P, Xue K, Zhang J, Hu XC. Glutathione S-transferase M1 polymorphism and breast cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis involving 46,281 subjects. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 121:703-8. [PMID: 19936916 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Published data on the association between present/null polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and breast cancer risk are inconclusive. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, a meta-analysis was performed. Medline, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched. Crude ORs with 95% CIs were used to assess the strength of association between the GSTM1 present/null polymorphism and breast cancer risk. The pooled ORs were performed for null versus present genotype. A total of 59 studies including 20,993 cases and 25,288 controls were involved in this meta-analysis. Overall, significantly elevated breast cancer risk was associated with null genotype when all studies were pooled into the meta-analysis (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.04-1.16). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, significantly increased risks were found for Caucasians (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.00-1.10) and Asians (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.08-1.35). When stratified by population-based studies or hospital-based studies, statistically significantly elevated risks were found among population-based studies (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.03-1.20). In the subgroup analysis by menopausal status, statistically significantly increased risks were found among postmenopausal women (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04-1.28). In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggests that the GSTM1 null genotype is a low-penetrant risk factor for developing breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xin Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Sergentanis TN, Economopoulos KP. GSTT1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 121:195-202. [PMID: 19760040 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic glutathione S-transferase comprises multiple isoenzymes; studies have principally examined mu-1 (GSTM1: null/present), theta-1 (GSTT1: null/present) and pi-1 (GSTP1 Ile105Val) gene polymorphisms concerning breast cancer risk. Regarding GSTT1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms, studies remain controversial and no recent meta-analysis has appeared. This meta-analysis aims to examine whether GSTT1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms are associated with breast cancer risk. Separate analyses were performed on Chinese and non-Chinese populations, in an attempt to investigate race-specific effects. Eligible articles were identified by a search of MEDLINE bibliographic database for the period up to August 2009. Regarding GSTT1 null/present genotype, 41 case-control studies were eligible (16,589 breast cancer cases and 19,995 controls); 30 case-control studies were eligible for GSTP1 Ile105Val (16,908 cases and 20,016 controls). Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were appropriately derived from fixed-effects or random-effects models. At the overall analysis, the null GSTT1 genotype was associated with elevated breast cancer risk (pooled OR = 1.114, 95% CI: 1.035-1.199, random effects). However, the association seemed confined to non-Chinese populations (33 studies, pooled OR = 1.128, 95% CI: 1.042-1.221, random effects), given that the association was not significant in the subset of Chinese studies (eight studies, pooled OR = 1.061, 95% CI: 0.875-1.286, random effects). Regarding GSTP1 Ile105Val, no statistically significant associations were detected in non-Chinese populations (25 studies). On the other hand, the GG genotype was associated with increased breast cancer risk in Chinese populations (five studies, pooled OR = 1.297, 95% CI: 1.023-1.645, fixed effects); accordingly, the recessive model yielded statistically significant results (pooled OR = 1.273, 95% CI: 1.006-1.610, fixed effects). In conclusion, polymorphisms of both GSTT1 and GSTP1 genes seem associated with elevated breast cancer risk in a race-specific manner. Given the small number of Chinese studies, the finding on GSTP1 Ile105Val merits further investigation.
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Cardoso Filho C, Lourenço G, Shinzato JY, Zeferino LC, Ferreira Costa F, Passos Lima CS, Costa Gurgel MS. Clinical and pathological implications of GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene deletions in sporadic breast cancer. Oncol Rev 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12156-008-0054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Sakoda LC, Blackston CR, Xue K, Doherty JA, Ray RM, Lin MG, Stalsberg H, Gao DL, Feng Z, Thomas DB, Chen C. Glutathione S-transferase M1 and P1 polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer and fibrocystic breast conditions in Chinese women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 109:143-55. [PMID: 17624589 PMCID: PMC2741390 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes encoded by the glutathione S-tranferase mu 1 (GSTM1) and pi 1 (GSTP1) genes, which are expressed in breast tissue, catalyze the detoxification of endogenous and exogenous electrophiles. Reduced enzyme activity, due to carriage of the GSTM1 deletion or the GSTP1 Ile105Val Val allele, may therefore affect susceptibility to breast cancer and related conditions. In a case-control study of Chinese women, we examined whether these polymorphisms were associated with risk of breast cancer and fibrocystic breast conditions. Women diagnosed with breast cancer (n=615) or fibrocystic breast conditions (n=467) were compared to women without clinical breast disease (n=878). We also examined whether these associations differed by menopausal status or by presence of proliferation in the extra-tumoral epithelium among women with breast cancer and in lesions among women with fibrocystic conditions. No overall association of either GST polymorphism with risk of breast cancer or fibrocystic breast conditions was observed. There was some evidence of slightly elevated cancer risk associated with carriage of the GSTM1 null genotype and at least one GSTP1 105-Val allele (OR=1.33, 95% CI, 0.99-1.80), compared to carriage of the GSTM1 non-null and GSTP1 Ile/Ile genotypes. This relationship was stronger in women who had breast cancer with extra-tumoral tissue proliferation (OR=1.77, 95% CI, 1.03-3.04). Our results suggest that GSTM1 and GSTP1 genotypes do not individually influence susceptibility to breast cancer or fibrocystic breast conditions. The observed increased risk of breast cancer associated with joint carriage of the GSTM1 null genotype and GSTP1 105-Val allele needs confirmation in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori C. Sakoda
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christie R. Blackston
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kan Xue
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jennifer A. Doherty
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roberta M. Ray
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ming Gang Lin
- Program in Cancer Biology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Helge Stalsberg
- Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dao Li Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Zhongshan Hospital Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziding Feng
- Program in Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David B. Thomas
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chu Chen
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Correspondence to: Chu Chen, Ph.D., Program in Epidemiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop M5-C800, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA. Phone: 206-667-6644, Fax: 206-667-2537. E-mail:
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15
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Rennstam K, Jönsson G, Tanner M, Bendahl PO, Staaf J, Kapanen AI, Karhu R, Baldetorp B, Borg A, Isola J. Cytogenetic characterization and gene expression profiling of the trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer cell line JIMT-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 172:95-106. [PMID: 17213017 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Revised: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to the HER-2 targeting drug trastuzumab can be observed clinically, but the lack of suitable experimental models hampers studies of resistance mechanisms. We characterized a HER-2-positive carcinoma cell line (JIMT-1) derived from a 62-year-old breast cancer patient which was clinically resistant to trastuzumab. Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed a complex hyperdiploid karyotype with numerous marker chromosomes and unbalanced translocations. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) revealed numerous regions of copy number aberration (CNA). Further analysis by array CGH identified 27 regions of CNA (16 amplified, 11 deleted). Thirty-eight percent of the genes in the amplified regions were overexpressed, compared to only 9% in regions of normal copy number ratios (CNR). Accordingly, 26% of the genes in the deleted regions were underexpressed, compared to 10% in regions of normal CNR. Most amplified and overexpressed genes were located on chromosome 1 as well as on 8q, 12q14.1, 17q11 approximately q21, and 20q13. In 17q11 approximately q21, we identified two separate amplicons, the HER-2 amplicon and a previously unreported amplicon at 17q21.31. Several aberrant genes are implicated in cancer development (e.g., JUN, CDK4, and SLUG protooncogenes, as well as the drug/hormone-metabolizing genes GSTM1 and CYP24). We conclude that cytogenetic and expression profiling of JIMT-1 revealed several new features that need further characterization and may shed light on trastuzumab resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromosome Aberrations/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Middle Aged
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization/drug effects
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Trastuzumab
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Rennstam
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Barngatan 2:1, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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16
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Gago-Dominguez M, Jiang X, Castelao JE. Lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress genes and dietary factors in breast cancer protection: a hypothesis. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 9:201. [PMID: 17224037 PMCID: PMC1851400 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently proposed that lipid peroxidation may be a common mechanistic pathway by which obesity and hypertension lead to increased renal cell cancer risk. During this exercise, we noted a risk factor swap between breast and kidney cancer (oophorectomy and increased parity, detrimental for kidney, beneficial for breast; high blood pressure, detrimental for kidney, beneficial for breast when it occurs during pregnancy; alcohol, beneficial for kidney, detrimental for breast, and so on). We have subsequently proposed the hypothesis that lipid peroxidation represents a protective mechanism in breast cancer, and reviewed the evidence of the role of lipid peroxidation on established hormonal and non-hormonal factors for breast cancer. Here, we review the evidence in support of lipid peroxidation playing a role in the relationships between dietary factors and breast cancer. Available evidence implicates increased lipid peroxidation products in the anti-carcinogenic effect of suspected protective factors for breast cancer, including soy, marine n-3 fatty acids, green tea, isothiocyanates, and vitamin D and calcium. We also review the epidemiological evidence supporting a modifying effect of oxidative stress genes in dietary factor-breast cancer relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gago-Dominguez
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033-0800, USA
| | - Xuejuan Jiang
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033-0800, USA
| | - J Esteban Castelao
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033-0800, USA
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17
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Nagata C, Mizoue T, Tanaka K, Tsuji I, Wakai K, Inoue M, Tsugane S. Tobacco smoking and breast cancer risk: an evaluation based on a systematic review of epidemiological evidence among the Japanese population. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2006; 36:387-94. [PMID: 16766567 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyl031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our research group undertook an appraisal of the body of epidemiological studies on cancer in Japan to evaluate the existing evidence concerning the association between health-related lifestyles and cancer. As tobacco smoking may be one of the few modifiable risk factors for breast cancer, we focused on the association between tobacco smoking and the risk of breast cancer in this review. METHODS A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify epidemiological studies on the association between smoking and breast cancer incidence or mortality among the Japanese from 1966 to 2005. Evaluation of associations was based on the strength of evidence and the magnitude of association, together with biological plausibility as previously evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. RESULTS Three cohort studies and eight case-control studies were identified. The relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR) of breast cancer for current smokers ranged from 0.71 to 6.26 in these studies. A significantly increased risk among current smokers compared with never smokers (RR = 1.7) was reported in one out of the three cohort studies. Moderate or strong associations between smoking and breast cancer risk (OR > 2.0) were observed in four of the eight case-control studies. Experimental studies have supported the biological plausibility of a positive association between tobacco smoking and breast cancer risk. CONCLUSION We conclude that tobacco smoking possibly increases the risk of breast cancer in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Nagata
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
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18
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Wu SH, Tsai SM, Hou MF, Lin HS, Hou LA, Ma H, Lin JT, Yeh FL, Tsai LY. Interaction of genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 2E1 and glutathione S-transferase M1 to breast cancer in Taiwanese woman without smoking and drinking habits. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 100:93-8. [PMID: 16758119 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-006-9226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 03/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
P450 (CYP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) are involved in the activation and detoxification of many potential carcinogens. Although, the interaction between environmental exposure and genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) in breast cancer has been assessed, the gene-gene interactions between CYP2E1 and GSTM1 related to breast cancer have not been focused on and reported. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study to investigate whether the genetic interaction effects of CYP2E1 and GSTM1 modify the risk of developing breast cancer independent of the effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. Individuals with the C2/C2 genotype of CYP2E1 had a lower risk (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.08-0.74) when compared with those with the C1/C1 genotype. However, there was no significant difference (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.73-1.50) in the GSTM1 genotype frequency between the cases with breast cancer and that of the controls. When individuals with the genotype of C1/C1 or C1/C2 of CYP2E1 and the wild-type of GSTM1 were compared with those of C2/C2 of CYP2E1 and the null-type of GSTM1 however, we found a significantly increased risk (OR = 3.50, 95% CI = 1.01-16.55) in the breast cancer patients. Our findings indicated a gene-gene interaction between CYP2E1 and GSTM1 was accessible to developing breast cancer in Taiwanese women without the habits of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption even though independent effects of CYP2E1 and GSTM1 were weak or non-significant and suggest that environmental carcinogen besides cigarette and alcohol consumption could induce breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Hsien Wu
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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van der Hel OL, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, van Gils CH, Roest M, Slothouber B, Grobbee DE, Peeters PHM. Cumulative genetic defects in carcinogen metabolism may increase breast cancer risk (The Netherlands). Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16:675-81. [PMID: 16049806 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-005-1227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Variants in the metabolic genes NAT1, NAT2, GSTM1 or GSTT1, may cause differences in individual detoxifying capacity of possible carcinogens. We examined the cumulative effect of putative at risk genotypes on breast cancer risk and we examined the extent to which these polymorphisms modify the association between smoking and breast cancer. A case cohort study was conducted in the DOM cohort with 676 breast cancer cases and a random sample of 669 individuals. No effect of the NAT1, NAT2 or GSTM1 genotypes on breast cancer risk was observed. However, women with GSTT1 null genotype had a 30% increased breast cancer risk compared to women with GSTT1 present (RR = 1.30 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.64)). Smoking did not influence breast cancer risk nor did genetic variations in NAT1, NAT2 or GSTM1 in combination with smoking. Compared to women who never smoked with GSTT1 present, women with GSTT1 null genotype and who formerly smoked showed an increased breast cancer risk (RR = 2.55 (95% CI 1.10-5.90)), but current smokers who smoked 20 cigarettes or more per day did not (RR = 1.06 (95% CI 0.51-2.18)). Increasing numbers of putative at risk genotypes increased breast cancer risk in a dose dependent manner (p for trend 0.01). The risk was more than doubled in women with all four risk genotypes, RR = 2.45 (95% CI 1.24-4.86), compared to women with zero putative at risk genotypes. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that presence of three or more putative at risk genotypes increases breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga L van der Hel
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Zheng T, Holford TR, Zahm SH, Owens PH, Boyle P, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Wise JP, Stephenson LP, Ali-Osman F. Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genetic polymorphisms, alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:58-62. [PMID: 12556960 PMCID: PMC2376773 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption has been inconsistently associated with breast cancer risk. Recent studies suggest that genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) may modify this relation. To determine if breast cancer risk is associated with GSTM1 and GSTT1 genetic polymorphisms, and to evaluate the effect modification between GST genotypes and alcohol consumption in the risk of breast cancer, we conducted a case-control study in the state of Connecticut in the period 1998 and 2001. Cases were histologically confirmed, incident breast cancer patients in New Haven County, CT. Controls were randomly selected from women histologically confirmed to be without breast cancer. The study results show that, while GSTM1 genotypes were not associated with breast cancer risk, GSTT1-null genotype was associated with a significant 90% increased risk for postmenopausal women (OR=1.9, 95% CI 1.2-3.0). Analysis by GST genotypes and alcohol consumption shows that GSTM1A ever-drinking women had a 2.5-fold (OR=2.5, 95% CI 1.1-5.5) increased risk of breast cancer compared to the GSTM1A never-drinkers, and the risk increases with duration and daily amount of alcohol consumption. Postmenopausal women with GSTT1-null genotype, who consumed a lifetime of >250 kg of spirit-equivalents, had an almost seven-fold increased risk (OR=6.8, 95% CI 1.4-33.9), and drinking commencing at younger ages appears to carry a higher risk. An OR of 8.2 (95% CI 1.2-57.4) was observed for those with GSTM1A, and GSTT1-null genotypes who had consumed a lifetime of >250 kg of spirit-equivalents. In conclusion, alcohol consumption may increase breast cancer risk among those who carry susceptible GST genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, 60 College, New Haven, CT, USA.
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