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A paradox of parasite resistance: disease-driven trophic cascades increase the cost of resistance, selecting for lower resistance with parasites than without them. Evol Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Bartlett LJ, Visher E, Haro Y, Roberts KE, Boots M. The target of selection matters: An established resistance-development-time negative genetic trade-off is not found when selecting on development time. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1109-1119. [PMID: 32390292 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trade-offs are fundamental to evolutionary outcomes and play a central role in eco-evolutionary theory. They are often examined by experimentally selecting on one life-history trait and looking for negative correlations in other traits. For example, populations of the moth Plodia interpunctella selected to resist viral infection show a life-history cost with longer development times. However, we rarely examine whether the detection of such negative genetic correlations depends on the trait on which we select. Here, we examine a well-characterized negative genotypic trade-off between development time and resistance to viral infection in the moth Plodia interpunctella and test whether selection on a phenotype known to be a cost of resistance (longer development time) leads to the predicted correlated increase in resistance. If there is tight pleiotropic relationship between genes that determine development time and resistance underpinning this trade-off, we might expect increased resistance when we select on longer development time. However, we show that selecting for longer development time in this system selects for reduced resistance when compared to selection for shorter development time. This shows how phenotypes typically characterized by a trade-off can deviate from that trade-off relationship, and suggests little genetic linkage between the genes governing viral resistance and those that determine response to selection on the key life-history trait. Our results are important for both selection strategies in applied biological systems and for evolutionary modelling of host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J Bartlett
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Elisa Visher
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Katherine E Roberts
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Mike Boots
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Penley MJ, Greenberg AB, Khalid A, Namburar SR, Morran LT. No measurable fitness cost to experimentally evolved host defence in the Caenorhabditis elegans-Serratia marcescens
host-parasite system. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1976-1981. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arooj Khalid
- Department of Biology; Emory University; Atlanta GA USA
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Faria VG, Martins NE, Paulo T, Teixeira L, Sucena É, Magalhães S. Evolution of Drosophila resistance against different pathogens and infection routes entails no detectable maintenance costs. Evolution 2015; 69:2799-809. [PMID: 26496003 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens exert a strong selective pressure on hosts, entailing host adaptation to infection. This adaptation often affects negatively other fitness-related traits. Such trade-offs may underlie the maintenance of genetic diversity for pathogen resistance. Trade-offs can be tested with experimental evolution of host populations adapting to parasites, using two approaches: (1) measuring changes in immunocompetence in relaxed-selection lines and (2) comparing life-history traits of evolved and control lines in pathogen-free environments. Here, we used both approaches to examine trade-offs in Drosophila melanogaster populations evolving for over 30 generations under infection with Drosophila C Virus or the bacterium Pseudomonas entomophila, the latter through different routes. We find that resistance is maintained after up to 30 generations of relaxed selection. Moreover, no differences in several classical life-history traits between control and evolved populations were found in pathogen-free environments, even under stresses such as desiccation, nutrient limitation, and high densities. Hence, we did not detect any maintenance costs associated with resistance to pathogens. We hypothesize that extremely high selection pressures commonly used lead to the disproportionate expression of costs relative to their actual occurrence in natural systems. Still, the maintenance of genetic variation for pathogen resistance calls for an explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor G Faria
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Apartado 14, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nelson E Martins
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Apartado 14, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tânia Paulo
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Apartado 14, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Luís Teixeira
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Apartado 14, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Élio Sucena
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Apartado 14, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal. .,Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, edifício C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Sara Magalhães
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, edifício C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Páez DJ, Fleming-Davies AE, Dwyer G. Effects of pathogen exposure on life-history variation in the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). J Evol Biol 2015. [PMID: 26201381 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Investment in host defences against pathogens may lead to trade-offs with host fecundity. When such trade-offs arise from genetic correlations, rates of phenotypic change by natural selection may be affected. However, genetic correlations between host survival and fecundity are rarely quantified. To understand trade-offs between immune responses to baculovirus exposure and fecundity in the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), we estimated genetic correlations between survival probability and traits related to fecundity, such as pupal weight. In addition, we tested whether different virus isolates have different effects on male and female pupal weight. To estimate genetic correlations, we exposed individuals of known relatedness to a single baculovirus isolate. To then evaluate the effect of virus isolate on pupal weight, we exposed a single gypsy moth strain to 16 baculovirus isolates. We found a negative genetic correlation between survival and pupal weight. In addition, virus exposure caused late-pupating females to be identical in weight to males, whereas unexposed females were 2-3 times as large as unexposed males. Finally, we found that female pupal weight is a quadratic function of host mortality across virus isolates, which is likely due to trade-offs and compensatory growth processes acting at high and low mortality levels, respectively. Overall, our results suggest that fecundity costs may strongly affect the response to selection for disease resistance. In nature, baculoviruses contribute to the regulation of gypsy moth outbreaks, as pathogens often do in forest-defoliating insects. We therefore argue that trade-offs between host life-history traits may help explain outbreak dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Páez
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A E Fleming-Davies
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - G Dwyer
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Undorf-Spahn K, Fritsch E, Huber J, Kienzle J, Zebitz CPW, Jehle JA. High stability and no fitness costs of the resistance of codling moth to Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV-M). J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 111:136-42. [PMID: 22824003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Resistance against the biocontrol agent Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV-M) was previously observed in field populations of codling moth (CM, C. pomonella) in South-West Germany. Incidental observations in a laboratory reared field colony (CpR) indicated that this resistance is rather stable, even in genetically heterogeneous CM colonies consisting of both susceptible and resistant individuals. To test this hypothesis, the resistance level of CpR that was 1000times less susceptible to CpGV-M was followed for more than 60 generations of rearing. Even without virus selection pressure, the high level of resistance, expressed as median lethal concentration, remained stable for more than 30 generations and declined only by a factor of 10 after 60 generations. When cohorts of the F32 and F56 generations of the same colony were selected to CpGV-M for five and two generations, respectively, the resistance level increased to factor of >1,000,000 compared to a susceptible control colony. Laboratory reared colonies of CpR, did not exhibit any measurable fitness costs under laboratory conditions in terms of fecundity and fertility. Resistance testing of seven selected codling moth field populations collected between 2003 and 2008 in commercial orchards in Germany that were repeatedly sprayed with CpGV products gave evidence of different levels of resistance and a more than 20-fold increase of the resistance in 1-3 years when selection by CpGV-M was continued. A maximum 1,000,000-fold level of resistance to CpGV-M that could be induced in the laboratory under virus pressure had been also observed in one field population. The high stability of resistance observed in the genetically heterogenous colony CpR indicates that resistance to CpGV-M is not very costly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Undorf-Spahn
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Institute for Biological Control, Darmstadt, Germany
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Cory JS, Franklin MT. Evolution and the microbial control of insects. Evol Appl 2012; 5:455-69. [PMID: 22949921 PMCID: PMC3407864 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2012.00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect pathogens can be utilized in a variety of pest management approaches, from inundative release to augmentation and classical biological control, and microevolution and the consideration of evolutionary principles can potentially influence the success of all these strategies. Considerable diversity exists in natural entomopathogen populations and this diversity can be either beneficial or detrimental for pest suppression, depending on the pathogen and its mode of competition, and this should be considered in the selection of isolates for biological control. Target hosts can exhibit considerable variation in their susceptibility to entomopathogens, and cases of field-evolved resistance have been documented for Bacillus thuringiensis and baculoviruses. Strong selection, limited pathogen diversity, reduced gene flow, and host plant chemistry are linked to cases of resistance and should be considered when developing resistance management strategies. Pre- and post-release monitoring of microbial control programs have received little attention; however, to date there have been no reports of host-range evolution or long-term negative effects on nontarget hosts. Comparative analyses of pathogen population structure, virulence, and host resistance over time are required to elucidate the evolutionary dynamics of microbial control systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny S Cory
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser UniversityBurnaby, BC, Canada
- * Correspondence Jenny S. Cory, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Tel.: 17787825714; fax: 17787823496; e-mail:
| | - Michelle T Franklin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser UniversityBurnaby, BC, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
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Duncan AB, Fellous S, Kaltz O. REVERSE EVOLUTION: SELECTION AGAINST COSTLY RESISTANCE IN DISEASE-FREE MICROCOSM POPULATIONS OF PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM. Evolution 2011; 65:3462-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Genetic variation in fitness parameters associated with resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in male and female Trichoplusia ni. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 107:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) increases susceptibility to a nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Invertebr Pathol 2010; 105:204-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sex linkage of CpGV resistance in a heterogeneous field strain of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.). J Invertebr Pathol 2010; 103:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 10/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cory JS, Myers JH. Within and between population variation in disease resistance in cyclic populations of western tent caterpillars: a test of the disease defence hypothesis. J Anim Ecol 2009; 78:646-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cory JS, Myers JH. The Ecology and Evolution of Insect Baculoviruses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2003. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny S. Cory
- Molecular Ecology and Biocontrol Group, NERC Center for Ecology and Hydrology, Mansfield Road, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX1 3SR;
- Center for Biodiversity Research, Departments of Zoology and Agricultural Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, V6T 1Z4;
| | - Judith H. Myers
- Molecular Ecology and Biocontrol Group, NERC Center for Ecology and Hydrology, Mansfield Road, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX1 3SR;
- Center for Biodiversity Research, Departments of Zoology and Agricultural Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, V6T 1Z4;
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