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Quality Evaluation of Complementary Food Produced by Solid-State Fermentation of Fonio, Soybean and Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato Blends. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9030250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
During infancy and early childhood, obtaining the adequate amount of appropriate nutrition has paramount importance for the full development of a child’s potential. The focus of this study was to evaluate the complementary food produced by solid-state fermentation of fonio and soybean using Rhizopusoligosporus (2710) and orange-fleshed sweet potatoes (OFSP) using Lactobacillus planterum (B-41621). Solid-state fermentation (SSF) was carried out by inoculating fonio and soybean with a spore suspension (1 × 10⁶ spores/mL) of Rhizopusoligosporus (2710) and OFSP with a spore suspension (1 × 10⁶ spores/mL) of Lactobacillus plantarium (B-41621). The samples were blended in the following ratios: fonio and soybean 100: 100 (AS), fonio/soybean and OFSP 50: 50(ASO). These were compared with a commercial infant formula, which served as the control (CTRL). Quality characteristics of the samples were evaluated. The results showed that moisture, crude protein, fiber, ash content, beta carotene, iron and titratable acidity ranged from 54.97–56.27, 17.10–19.02%, 7.08–7.60%, 2.09–2.38%, 15.80–17.35 mg/100 g, 6.57–8.41 mg/100 g and 0.16–0.48%, respectively. An increase in fermentation time significantly (p < 0.05) increased these contents. In sensory scores, there were no significant (p > 0.05) differences between the average mean scores of the samples. This study shows that nutrient-rich complementary food of acceptable quality can be produced from blends using SSF for the optimum growth and development of infants.
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Karigidi KO, Olaiya CO. Improving the nutritional quality of yam flour by substitution with Curculigo pilosa and in vitro digestibility and sensory analysis of its pasta. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Adejuwon KP, Osundahunsi OF, Akinola SA, Oluwamukomi MO, Mwanza M. Effect of Fermentation on Nutritional Quality, Growth and Hematological Parameters of Rats Fed Sorghum-Soybean-Orange flesh Sweet Potato Complementary Diet. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:639-650. [PMID: 33598149 PMCID: PMC7866588 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein quality of complementary foods developed from fermented and unfermented sorghum, soybeans, and orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) flour blends was evaluated using rat model. The test diet was as follows: UF2: unfermented sorghum (56%), soybean (17%), and OFSP (27%); UF3: unfermented sorghum (59%), soybean (31%), and OFSP (10%); F2: fermented sorghum (56%), soybean (17%), and OFSP (27%); and F3: fermented sorghum (59%), soybean (31%), and OFSP (10%), while cerelac served as positive control, corn starch (basal diet), and ogi (negative control). Forty-nine Wistar albino rats were grouped and fed with diets for 28 days. The growth, hematological, serum parameters of animals, protein quality, and proximate composition of developed diet were determined. Fermentation significantly improved the protein content and nutritional indices of experimental animals. Moisture content ranged from 2.5% to 9.24%, protein (7.09%-25.29%), ash (1.09%-3.71%), fat (10.28%-15.24%), and fiber (0.85%-3.17%). The biological values (BV) ranged from 75.11% to 78.44%. The weight gained in rat fed the formulated diet ranged from 46.0 g to 77.3 g and was highest in F3. The packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration (HBC), red blood cell (RBC), and lymphocytes were highest in F3. Urea nitrogen and creatinine of the rats fed with formulated diets ranged from 3.58 to 15.32 mg/dl and 1.56 to 6.15 mg/dl, respectively. Sample F3 is a protein-rich complementary food that is comparable to ogi and suitable to manage malnutrition and support growth in children. However, clinical trials on the formulated diet are needed to further substantiate its nutritional potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikelomo P. Adejuwon
- Department of Nutrition and Health PromotionOndo State Primary Healthcare Development AgencyAkureNigeria
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyFederal University of TechnologyAkureOndo StateNigeria
| | | | - Stephen A. Akinola
- Department of MicrobiologyFood Security and Safety NicheFaculty of Natural and Agricultural SciencesNorth West UniversityMmabathoSouth Africa
| | - Matthew O. Oluwamukomi
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyFederal University of TechnologyAkureOndo StateNigeria
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Center for Animal Health StudiesFood Security and Safety NicheFaculty of Natural and Agricultural SciencesNorth West UniversityMmabathoSouth Africa
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OYETORO ABIODUNOMOWONUOLAADEBAYO, OGUNDIPE OLADEINDEOLATUNDE, ADEYEYE SAMUELAYOFEMIOLALEKAN, AKANDE EMMANUELADEDAPO, AKINYELE ABIOLABUSOLA. Production and Evaluation of Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus)Milk Flavoured with Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.12944/crnfsj.7.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recently, research focus is on phyto-plants with their health benefits. This study, therefore, was carried out to produce and evaluate the quality and acceptability of tiger nut milk flavoured with Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Milk was prepared from tiger nut and blended with Moringa extract in ratios 95:5, 90:10 and 85:15 respectively while 100% tiger nut milk was used as a control. Samples were coded as NOD, MDA, JNJ and ABD respectively. Proximate composition, emulsification, total titratable acidity (TTA), pH and sensory analysis were carried out on the samples. Results showed that sample JNJ had the highest percentages of carbohydrate and protein of 4.33+0.02% and 2.34+0.02% respectively, ABD had the highest percentages of lipid, ash and emulsifying property of 2.54+0.02%, 0.028+0.01% and 444+4.24mg/100g respectively. The pH of all samples varies between 7.13 and 7.24. Sensory evaluation showed that sample NOD was the most acceptable. Most of the parameters measured are significantly different (p˂0.05). This study concluded that sample NOD could be produced for consumption and will be acceptable by the consumers. The higher the amount of Moringa oleifera leaf extract added to the imitation milk the better the health benefit it offers. This is because sample JNJ (85:15 tiger nut-moring) has the highest amount of protein and minerals when assessed)
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - EMMANUEL ADEDAPO AKANDE
- Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Department of Food Science and Engineering, P.M.B 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - ABIOLA BUSOLA AKINYELE
- Yaba College of Technology, Department of Food Technology, P.M.B. 2011, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
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Jumbe TJ, Pickens CA, Valentini K, Adjepong M, Li W, Kinabo JL, Fenton JI. Evaluation of fatty acid and mineral content of Tanzanian seeds and oils. J Food Compost Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Loughrill E, Zand N. An investigation into the fatty acid content of selected fish-based commercial infant foods in the UK and the impact of commonly practiced re-heating treatments used by parents for the preparation of infant formula milks. Food Chem 2016; 197:783-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Barbosa JTP, Santos CMM, Peralva VN, Flores EMM, Korn M, Nóbrega JA, Korn MGA. Microwave-assisted diluted acid digestion for trace elements analysis of edible soybean products. Food Chem 2015; 175:212-7. [PMID: 25577072 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the decomposition of soybean based edible products (soy extract, textured soy protein, transgenic soybeans, and whole soy flour) was developed to essential (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Se, V, and Zn) and non-essential (As, Ba, Cd, Pb, and Sr) trace elements determination by ICP OES and ICP-MS respectively. Effects related to the concentration of HNO3 (2.1-14.5 mol L(-1)) and the use of hydrogen peroxide on the efficiency of decomposition was evaluated based on the residual carbon content (RCC). It was demonstrated that 2.1 mol L(-1) HNO3 plus 1.0 mL H2O2 was suitable for an efficient digestion, since RCC was lower than 18% and the agreement with certified values and spike recoveries were higher than 90% for all analytes. The concentrations of analytes in the samples (minimum-maximum in mgkg(-1)) were: The concentrations of analytes in the samples (minimum-maximum in mgkg(-1)) were: As (<0.007-0.040), Ba (0.064-10.6), Cd (<0.006-0.028), Co (0.012-102), Cr (0.56-5.88), Cu (6.53-13.9), Fe (24.9-126), Mn (16.4-35.2), Ni (0.74-4.78), Se (<2.90-25), Sr (2.48-20.1), Pb (<0.029-0.11), V (<0.027-20), and Zn (30.1-47.3). Soy-based foods investigated in this study presented variable composition in terms of essential and potentially toxic elements, which can be attributed to different methods of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Tiago P Barbosa
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador 40170-280, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Clarissa M M Santos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa N Peralva
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Erico M M Flores
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauro Korn
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Joaquim A Nóbrega
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Graças A Korn
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador 40170-280, Bahia, Brazil.
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Mir-Marqués A, González-Masó A, Cervera ML, de la Guardia M. Mineral profile of Spanish commercial baby food. Food Chem 2014; 172:238-44. [PMID: 25442549 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Commercial baby foods are an important part of the daily intake of babies from 6 to 12 months. The mineral profile of commercial baby foods in Spain was determined to establish levels of essential and non-essential elements, and their contribution to adequate intake (AI) and estimated average requirement (EAR). Thirty-five jars of commercial foods containing meat, fish, vegetables and fruit were obtained from the Spanish market and the mineral composition determined for 14 elements. In general, the baby foods analysed were sufficient for an adequate mineral intake, but contributions to AI and EAR for iron, zinc and calcium were very low (5-20%, 10-60% and 10-70%, respectively). This deficiency could be associated with growth problems or diseases in adulthood, and fortification of commercial products is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Mir-Marqués
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jerónimo Muñoz Building, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Anna González-Masó
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jerónimo Muñoz Building, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - M Luisa Cervera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jerónimo Muñoz Building, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain.
| | - Miguel de la Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jerónimo Muñoz Building, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
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Li H, Zhu K, Zhou H, Peng W, Guo X. Comparative study about some physical properties, in vitro digestibility and immunoreactivity of soybean protein isolate for infant formula. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 68:124-130. [PMID: 23649294 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-013-0358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine molecular weight subunit distributions of soy protein isolate (SPI) by SDS-PAGE and gel size exclusion chromatography, and further to investigate the differences of thixotropy, viscosity, in vitro digestibility and immunoreactivity of SPI for infant formula produced in Chinese domestic companies and world famous SPI manufacturers such as Dupont and Fuji. The molecular subunit distributions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and gel size exclusion chromatography, indicating that Solae and Fuji were hydrolyzed by proteolytic enzymes. The thixotropy of Fuji and Solae significantly reduced around by 95 %, compared with those of Mantianxue and Dupont Zhengzhou. The allergen contents of Fuji and Solae strikingly decreased by 60 and 84 % respectively, in contrast to that of Mantianxue. The in vitro protein digestibility of Solae at the end of pepsin and trypsin digestion markedly increased by 11.7 and 11.3 %, respectively, in comparison to those of Mantianxue. Suitable enzymatic hydrolyzed SPIs showed lower thixotropy, viscosity, immunoreactivity and higher in vitro protein digestibility than those from the other SPIs. The lower thixotropy indicates low difficulty or shear stress in swallowing for infants. The lower immunoreactivity will improve the safety of SPI for cow milk allergic babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Glew RH, Laabes EP, Presley JM, Schulze J, Andrews R, Wang YC, Chang YC, Chuang LT. Fatty acid, amino acid, mineral and antioxidant contents of acha ( Digitaria exilis) grown on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2013; 5:1-8. [PMID: 26635994 PMCID: PMC4666555 DOI: 10.5897/ijnam13.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Digitaria exilis (Kippist) Stapf (also known as acha, hungry rice) has been cultivated for millennia in the dry savannahs of West Africa, but much remains to be learned about its nutritional properties. Acha was collected in four villages in Northern Nigeria and analyzed for fatty acids, minerals, amino acids and antioxidant content. Fatty acids accounted for 1.91% of the dry weight, with 47.4% linoleic acid and 30.5% oleic acid. The content of the essential minerals, copper, magnesium, molybdenum, zinc and calcium averaged 4.88, 1060, 0.23, 23.0 and 172 μg/g, respectively. The protein content was 6.53% and the essential amino acid pattern, except for lysine, compared favorably to a World Health Organization (WHO) reference protein. The total polyphenolic content of methanolic extracts of acha matched that of common cereals (for example, maize, rice, wheat) and the extracts contained substantial amounts of free-radical scavenging substances. Thus, acha is a source of many nutrients critical to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Glew
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Emmanuel P Laabes
- Department of Family Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Jack M Presley
- Genome Center Proteomics Core, Molecular Structure Facility, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - John Schulze
- Genome Center Proteomics Core, Molecular Structure Facility, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ronnee Andrews
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety, Ohio, USA
| | - Yuan-Chen Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Te Chuang
- Department of Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Kayitesi E, de Kock HL, Minnaar A, Duodu KG. Nutritional quality and antioxidant activity of marama–sorghum composite flours and porridges. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Michaelsen KF, Dewey KG, Perez-Exposito AB, Nurhasan M, Lauritzen L, Roos N. Food sources and intake of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in low-income countries with emphasis on infants, young children (6-24 months), and pregnant and lactating women. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2011; 7 Suppl 2:124-40. [PMID: 21366872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With increasing interest in the potential effects of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in early life, there is a need for data on the dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in low-income countries. This review compiles information on the content in breast milk and in foods that are important in the diets of low-income countries from the few studies available. We also estimate the availability of fat and fatty acids in 13 low-income and middle-income countries based on national food balance sheets from the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization Statistical Database (FOASTAT). Breast milk docosahexaenoic acid content is very low in populations living mainly on a plant-based diet, but higher in fish-eating countries. Per capita supply of fat and n-3 fatty acids increases markedly with increasing gross domestic product (GDP). In most of the 13 countries, 70-80% of the supply of PUFA comes from cereals and vegetable oils, some of which have very low α-linolenic acid (ALA) content. The total n-3 fatty acid supply is below or close to the lower end of the recommended intake range [0.4%E (percentage of energy supply)] for infants and young children, and below the minimum recommended level (0.5%E) for pregnant and lactating women in the nine countries with the lowest GDP. Fish is important as a source of long-chain n-3 fatty acids, but intake is low in many countries. The supply of n-3 fatty acids can be increased by using vegetable oils with higher ALA content (e.g. soybean or rapeseed oil) and by increasing fish production (e.g. through fish farming).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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VanderJagt DJ, Waymire L, Obadofin MO, Marjon N, Glew RH. A cross-sectional study of the growth characteristics of Nigerian infants from birth to 2 years of age. J Trop Pediatr 2009; 55:356-62. [PMID: 19372149 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmp022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Malnutrition compromises the growth of children in sub-Saharan Africa. In Nigeria, the prevalence of childhood malnutrition approaches 40%. There are few reports relating the growth characteristics of breast-fed Nigerian infants to the anthropometric properties of their mothers. A total of 100 urban and rural mother/baby pairs were recruited. The mean BMI values of the urban and rural mothers were 24.2 and 21.3 kg m(-2), respectively. The mean length, weight and head circumference of the rural infants were significantly lower than those of the urban infants. Z-scores based on World Health Organization standards showed: (i) length-for-age z-score <-2 in urban (27%) and rural (33%) children; (ii) a higher incidence of underweight and small HC in rural (33%; and 13%) versus urban children (12% and 0%); and (iii) positive correlations between all three z-scores and maternal BMI. Negative correlations were observed between infant age and z-scores for length-for-age, weight-for-age and HC-for-age.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J VanderJagt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
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Abstract
The protein quality of three milk-cereal-based infant foods (paps) was evaluated by determining their amino acid contents and calculating the amino acid score. Proteins were subjected to acid hydrolysis, prior to which cysteine and methionine were oxidized with performic acid. Amino acids were determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection with a prior derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate. Tryptophan was determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection after basic hydrolysis. Glutamic acid, proline and leucine were the most abundant amino acids, whereas tryptophan and cysteine had the lowest contents. Tryptophan was the limiting amino acid in the analyzed infant foods. A pap serving (250 ml) contributes significantly to fulfillment of the recommended dietary allowances of essential and semi-essential amino acids for infants (7-12 months old) and young children (1-3 years old).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Bosch
- Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Imran M, Khan H, Hassan SS, Khan R. Physicochemical characteristics of various milk samples available in Pakistan. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2008; 9:546-51. [PMID: 18600784 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0820052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report physicochemical characteristics of various kinds of liquid milk commercially available in Pakistan in comparison with those of fresh natural milk from animals. Milk samples were collected from local markets at Peshawar, Pakistan, and analyzed for their physical features, including moisture, total solids, specific gravity, conductivity, viscosity and titratable acidity (lactic acid equivalent), and chemical components and macro-minerals, including total protein, casein, lactose, ash and minerals (Na, K and Mg). These items were compared with the physicochemical characteristics of the fresh natural milk samples from buffalo, cow and goat. The results were also compared with reported nutritional quality of milk from various countries and World Health Organization (WHO) standards. We found that all the physical features and chemical components of commercially available milk in Pakistan markets meet WHO's requirements, except for Na, K, Ca and Mg, which are below the standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Imran
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Bond B, Fernandez DR, VanderJagt DJ, Williams M, Huang YS, Chuang LT, Millson M, Andrews R, Glew RH. Fatty acid, amino acid and trace mineral analysis of three complementary foods from Jos, Nigeria. J Food Compost Anal 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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